Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Maternal and Child Health Journal 6/2018

07.02.2018

Chlamydia trachomatis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Meta-analysis of Patients With and Without Infection

verfasst von: Courtney Olson-Chen, Kripa Balaram, David N. Hackney

Erschienen in: Maternal and Child Health Journal | Ausgabe 6/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Objectives

We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the association between Chlamydia trachomatis and adverse perinatal outcomes.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched between 1970 and 2013. Included studies reported perinatal outcomes in women with and without chlamydia. Summary odds ratios were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models. Study bias was assessed using a Funnel Plot and Begg’s test.

Results

Of 129 articles identified, 56 studies met the inclusion criteria encompassing 614,892 subjects. Chlamydia infection in pregnancy was associated with preterm birth (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.05, 1.54) with a large quantity of heterogeneity (I2 = 61%). This association lost significance when limiting the analysis to high-quality studies based on the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Chlamydia infection in pregnancy was also associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.0, 3.29), endometritis (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.20, 2.38), low birthweight (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.21, 1.48), small for gestational age (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05, 1.25) and intrauterine fetal demise (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.06, 1.94).

Conclusions

This review provides evidence that chlamydia in pregnancy is associated with a small increase in the odds of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. The literature is complicated by heterogeneity and the fact that the association may not hold in higher quality and prospective studies or those that use more contemporary nucleic acid testing.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Alger, L. S., Lovchik, J. C., Hebel, J. R., Blackmon, L. R., & Crenshaw, M. C. (1988). The association of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and group B streptococci with preterm rupture of the membranes and pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159(2), 397–404.CrossRefPubMed Alger, L. S., Lovchik, J. C., Hebel, J. R., Blackmon, L. R., & Crenshaw, M. C. (1988). The association of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and group B streptococci with preterm rupture of the membranes and pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159(2), 397–404.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for perinatal care (7th edn.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2012). Guidelines for perinatal care (7th edn.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews, W. W., Goldenberg, R. L., Hauth, J. C., Cliver, S. P., Connor, M., & Goepfert, A. R. (2005). Endometrial microbial colonization and plasma cell endometritis after spontaneous or indicated preterm versus term delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 193, 739–745.CrossRefPubMed Andrews, W. W., Goldenberg, R. L., Hauth, J. C., Cliver, S. P., Connor, M., & Goepfert, A. R. (2005). Endometrial microbial colonization and plasma cell endometritis after spontaneous or indicated preterm versus term delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 193, 739–745.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews, W. W., Goldenberg, R. L., Mercer, B., Iams, J., Meis, P., Moawad, A., et al. (2000). The Preterm Prediction Study: Association of second-trimester genitourinary chlamydia infection with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 183(3), 662–668.CrossRefPubMed Andrews, W. W., Goldenberg, R. L., Mercer, B., Iams, J., Meis, P., Moawad, A., et al. (2000). The Preterm Prediction Study: Association of second-trimester genitourinary chlamydia infection with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 183(3), 662–668.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews, W. W., Klebanoff, M. A., Thom, E. A., Hauth, J. C., Carey, J. C., Meis, P. J., et al. (2006). Midpregnancy genitourinary tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis: Association with subsequent preterm delivery in women with bacterial vaginosis and Trichomonas vaginalis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194, 493–500.CrossRefPubMed Andrews, W. W., Klebanoff, M. A., Thom, E. A., Hauth, J. C., Carey, J. C., Meis, P. J., et al. (2006). Midpregnancy genitourinary tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis: Association with subsequent preterm delivery in women with bacterial vaginosis and Trichomonas vaginalis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194, 493–500.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Berman, S. M., Harrison, R., Boyce, W. T., Haffner, W. J. J., Lewis, M., & Arthur, J. B. (1987). Low birth weight, prematurity and postpartum endometritis: Association with prenatal cervical Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257(9), 1189–1194.CrossRefPubMed Berman, S. M., Harrison, R., Boyce, W. T., Haffner, W. J. J., Lewis, M., & Arthur, J. B. (1987). Low birth weight, prematurity and postpartum endometritis: Association with prenatal cervical Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257(9), 1189–1194.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Black-Payne, C., Ahrabi, M. M., Bocchini, J. A., Ridenour, C. R., & Brouillette, R. M. (1990). Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis identified with chlamydiazyme during pregnancy: impact on perinatal complication and infants. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 35(4), 362–367.PubMed Black-Payne, C., Ahrabi, M. M., Bocchini, J. A., Ridenour, C. R., & Brouillette, R. M. (1990). Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis identified with chlamydiazyme during pregnancy: impact on perinatal complication and infants. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 35(4), 362–367.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Blas, M. M., Canchihuaman, F. A., Alva, I. E., & Hawes, S. E. (2007). Pregnancy outcomes in women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis: A population-based cohort study in Washington State. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83, 314–318.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Blas, M. M., Canchihuaman, F. A., Alva, I. E., & Hawes, S. E. (2007). Pregnancy outcomes in women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis: A population-based cohort study in Washington State. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83, 314–318.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Boyce, W. T., Schaefer, C., Harrison, H. R., Haffner, W. H. J., Lewis, M., & Wright, A. L. (1989). Sociocultural factors in puerperal infectious morbidity among Navajo women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(3), 604–615.CrossRefPubMed Boyce, W. T., Schaefer, C., Harrison, H. R., Haffner, W. H. J., Lewis, M., & Wright, A. L. (1989). Sociocultural factors in puerperal infectious morbidity among Navajo women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(3), 604–615.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, M. Y., Fairley, C. K., De Guingand, D., Hocking, J., Tabrizi, S., Wallace, E. M., et al. (2009). Screening pregnant women for chlamydia: What are the predictors of infection? Sexually Transmitted Infections, 85, 3–35.CrossRef Chen, M. Y., Fairley, C. K., De Guingand, D., Hocking, J., Tabrizi, S., Wallace, E. M., et al. (2009). Screening pregnant women for chlamydia: What are the predictors of infection? Sexually Transmitted Infections, 85, 3–35.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Claman, P., Toye, B., Peeling, R. W., Jessamine, P., & Belcher, J. (1995). Serologic evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and risk of preterm birth. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 153(3), 259–262.PubMedPubMedCentral Claman, P., Toye, B., Peeling, R. W., Jessamine, P., & Belcher, J. (1995). Serologic evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and risk of preterm birth. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 153(3), 259–262.PubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen, I., Tenenbaum, E., Fejgin, M., Altaras, M., Ben-Aderet, N., & Sarov, I. (1988). Serum-specific antibodies for Chlamydia trachomatis in premature contractions. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 158(3), 579–582.CrossRefPubMed Cohen, I., Tenenbaum, E., Fejgin, M., Altaras, M., Ben-Aderet, N., & Sarov, I. (1988). Serum-specific antibodies for Chlamydia trachomatis in premature contractions. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 158(3), 579–582.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen, I., Tenenbaum, E., Fejgin, M., Michaeli, G., Beyth, Y., & Sarov, I. (1990a). Serum-specific antibodies for Chlamydia trachomatis in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 30, 155–158.CrossRefPubMed Cohen, I., Tenenbaum, E., Fejgin, M., Michaeli, G., Beyth, Y., & Sarov, I. (1990a). Serum-specific antibodies for Chlamydia trachomatis in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 30, 155–158.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen, I., Veille, J. C., & Calkins, B. M. (1990b). Improved pregnancy outcome following successful treatment of chlamydial infection. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263(23), 3160–3163.CrossRefPubMed Cohen, I., Veille, J. C., & Calkins, B. M. (1990b). Improved pregnancy outcome following successful treatment of chlamydial infection. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263(23), 3160–3163.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Donders, G. G. G., Desmyter, J., De Wet, D. H., & Van Assche, F. A. (1993). The association of gonorrhea and syphilis with premature birth and low birthweight. Genitourinary Medicine, 69, 98–101.PubMedPubMedCentral Donders, G. G. G., Desmyter, J., De Wet, D. H., & Van Assche, F. A. (1993). The association of gonorrhea and syphilis with premature birth and low birthweight. Genitourinary Medicine, 69, 98–101.PubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Ekwo, E. E., Gosselink, C. A., Woolson, R., & Moawad, A. (1993). Risks for premature rupture of amniotic membranes. International Journal of Epidemiology, 22(3), 495–503.CrossRefPubMed Ekwo, E. E., Gosselink, C. A., Woolson, R., & Moawad, A. (1993). Risks for premature rupture of amniotic membranes. International Journal of Epidemiology, 22(3), 495–503.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat El-Shourbagy, M., Abd-El-Maeboud, K., Diab, K. M., El-Ghannam, A., Nabegh, L., & Ammar, S. (1996). Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Egyptian women: Incidence among different clinical risk groups. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 22(5), 467–472.CrossRefPubMed El-Shourbagy, M., Abd-El-Maeboud, K., Diab, K. M., El-Ghannam, A., Nabegh, L., & Ammar, S. (1996). Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Egyptian women: Incidence among different clinical risk groups. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 22(5), 467–472.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Feingold, M., Thomas, G. B., Sbarra, A., Selvaraj, R. J., Newton, E. R., & Cetrulo, C. L. (1988). Significance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 24, 109–111.PubMed Feingold, M., Thomas, G. B., Sbarra, A., Selvaraj, R. J., Newton, E. R., & Cetrulo, C. L. (1988). Significance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 24, 109–111.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat FitzSimmons, J., Shanahan, C. C., B., & Jungkind, D. (1986). Chlamydial infections in pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 31(1), 19–22.PubMed FitzSimmons, J., Shanahan, C. C., B., & Jungkind, D. (1986). Chlamydial infections in pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 31(1), 19–22.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Genc, M. R. (2002). Treatment of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy. Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 16(6), 913–922.CrossRefPubMed Genc, M. R. (2002). Treatment of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy. Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 16(6), 913–922.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gencay, M., Koskiniemi, M., Ammala, P., Fellman, V., Narvanen, A., Wahlstrom, T., et al. (2000). Chlamydia trachomatis seropositivity is associated both with stillbirth and preterm delivery. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, 108, 584–588.CrossRef Gencay, M., Koskiniemi, M., Ammala, P., Fellman, V., Narvanen, A., Wahlstrom, T., et al. (2000). Chlamydia trachomatis seropositivity is associated both with stillbirth and preterm delivery. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, 108, 584–588.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gencay, M., Koskiniemi, M., Saikku, P., Puolakkainen, M., Raivio, K., Koskela, P., et al. (1995). Chlamydia trachomatis seropositivity during pregnancy is associated with perinatal complications. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 21, 424–426.CrossRefPubMed Gencay, M., Koskiniemi, M., Saikku, P., Puolakkainen, M., Raivio, K., Koskela, P., et al. (1995). Chlamydia trachomatis seropositivity during pregnancy is associated with perinatal complications. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 21, 424–426.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gibbs, R. S., & Schachter, J. (1987). Chlamydial serology in patients with intra-amniotic infection and controls. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 14(4), 213–215.CrossRefPubMed Gibbs, R. S., & Schachter, J. (1987). Chlamydial serology in patients with intra-amniotic infection and controls. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 14(4), 213–215.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D., & Romero, R. (2008). Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet, 371(9606), 75–84.CrossRefPubMed Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D., & Romero, R. (2008). Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet, 371(9606), 75–84.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gravett, M. G., Nelson, H. P., DeRouen, T., Critchlow, C., Eschenbach, D. A., & Holmes, K. K. (1986). Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(14), 1899–1903.CrossRefPubMed Gravett, M. G., Nelson, H. P., DeRouen, T., Critchlow, C., Eschenbach, D. A., & Holmes, K. K. (1986). Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(14), 1899–1903.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hardy, P. H., Nell, E. E., Spence, M. R., Hardy, J. B., Graham, D. A., & Rosenbaum, R. C. (1984). Prevalence of six sexually transmitted disease agents among pregnant inner-city adolescents and pregnancy outcome. Lancet, 324(8398), 333–337.CrossRef Hardy, P. H., Nell, E. E., Spence, M. R., Hardy, J. B., Graham, D. A., & Rosenbaum, R. C. (1984). Prevalence of six sexually transmitted disease agents among pregnant inner-city adolescents and pregnancy outcome. Lancet, 324(8398), 333–337.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison, H. R., Alexander, E. R., Weinstein, L., Lewis, M., Nash, M., & Sim, D. A. (1983). Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma infections in pregnancy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 250(13), 1721–1727.CrossRefPubMed Harrison, H. R., Alexander, E. R., Weinstein, L., Lewis, M., Nash, M., & Sim, D. A. (1983). Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma infections in pregnancy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 250(13), 1721–1727.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Heggie, A. D., Lumicao, G. G., Stuart, L. A., & Gyves, M. T. (1981). Chlamydia trachomatis infection in mothers and infants. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 135, 507–511.CrossRefPubMed Heggie, A. D., Lumicao, G. G., Stuart, L. A., & Gyves, M. T. (1981). Chlamydia trachomatis infection in mothers and infants. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 135, 507–511.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hitti, J., Garcia, P., Totten, P., Paul, K., Astete, S., & Holmes, K. K. (2010). Correlates of cervical Mycoplasma genitalium and risk of preterm birth among Peruvian women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(2), 81–85.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hitti, J., Garcia, P., Totten, P., Paul, K., Astete, S., & Holmes, K. K. (2010). Correlates of cervical Mycoplasma genitalium and risk of preterm birth among Peruvian women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(2), 81–85.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Hollegaard, S., Vogel, I., Thorsen, P., Jensen, I. P., Mordhorst, C. H., & Jeune, B. (2007). Chlamydia trachomatis C-complex serovars are a risk factor for preterm birth. In Vivo, 21, 107–112.PubMed Hollegaard, S., Vogel, I., Thorsen, P., Jensen, I. P., Mordhorst, C. H., & Jeune, B. (2007). Chlamydia trachomatis C-complex serovars are a risk factor for preterm birth. In Vivo, 21, 107–112.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ismail, M. A., Chandler, A. E., Been, M. O., & Moawad, A. H. (1985). Chlamydial colonization of the cervix in pregnant adolescents. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 30(7), 549–553.PubMed Ismail, M. A., Chandler, A. E., Been, M. O., & Moawad, A. H. (1985). Chlamydial colonization of the cervix in pregnant adolescents. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 30(7), 549–553.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ismail, M. A., Pridjian, G., Hibbard, J. U., Harth, C., & Moawad, A. A. (1992). Significance of positive cervical cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. American Journal of Perinatology, 9(5/6), 368–370.CrossRefPubMed Ismail, M. A., Pridjian, G., Hibbard, J. U., Harth, C., & Moawad, A. A. (1992). Significance of positive cervical cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. American Journal of Perinatology, 9(5/6), 368–370.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Jain, A., Nag, V. L., Goel, M. M., & Chandrawati, U. C. (1991). Adverse foetal outcome in specific IgM positive Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 94, 420–423.PubMed Jain, A., Nag, V. L., Goel, M. M., & Chandrawati, U. C. (1991). Adverse foetal outcome in specific IgM positive Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 94, 420–423.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, H. L., Ghanem, K. G., Zenilman, J. M., & Erbelding, E. J. (2011). Sexually transmitted infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women attending inner city public sexually transmitted diseases clinics. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38, 167–171.CrossRefPubMed Johnson, H. L., Ghanem, K. G., Zenilman, J. M., & Erbelding, E. J. (2011). Sexually transmitted infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women attending inner city public sexually transmitted diseases clinics. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38, 167–171.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Karinen, L., Pouta, A., Bloigu, A., Koskela, P., Paldanius, M., Leinonen, M., et al. (2005). Serum C-reactive protein and Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in preterm delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106(1), 73–80.CrossRefPubMed Karinen, L., Pouta, A., Bloigu, A., Koskela, P., Paldanius, M., Leinonen, M., et al. (2005). Serum C-reactive protein and Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in preterm delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106(1), 73–80.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kataoka, S., Yamada, T., Chou, K., Nishida, R., Morikawa, M., Minami, M., et al. (2006). Association between preterm birth and vaginal colonization by mycoplasmas in early pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(1), 51–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kataoka, S., Yamada, T., Chou, K., Nishida, R., Morikawa, M., Minami, M., et al. (2006). Association between preterm birth and vaginal colonization by mycoplasmas in early pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(1), 51–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Kovacs, L., Nagy, E., Berbik, I., Meszaros, G., Deak, J., & Nyari, T. (1998). The frequency and role of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in premature labor. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 62, 47–54.CrossRefPubMed Kovacs, L., Nagy, E., Berbik, I., Meszaros, G., Deak, J., & Nyari, T. (1998). The frequency and role of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in premature labor. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 62, 47–54.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liu, B., Roberts, C. L., Clarke, M., Jorm, L., Hunt, J., & Ward, J. (2013). Chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections and the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes: A retrospective cohort study. Sexually Transmitted Infections. Published Online First: 4 September 2013. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051118. Liu, B., Roberts, C. L., Clarke, M., Jorm, L., Hunt, J., & Ward, J. (2013). Chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections and the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes: A retrospective cohort study. Sexually Transmitted Infections. Published Online First: 4 September 2013. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1136/​sextrans-2013-051118.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin, D. H., Koutsky, L., Eschenbach, D. A., Daling, J. R., Alexander, E. R., Benedetti, J. K., et al. (1982). Prematurity and perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by maternal Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Journal of the American Medical Association, 247(11), 1585–1589.CrossRefPubMed Martin, D. H., Koutsky, L., Eschenbach, D. A., Daling, J. R., Alexander, E. R., Benedetti, J. K., et al. (1982). Prematurity and perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by maternal Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Journal of the American Medical Association, 247(11), 1585–1589.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Martius, J., Krohn, M. A., Hillier, S. L., Stamm, W. E., Holmes, K. K., & Eschenbach, D. A. (1988). Relationships of vaginal Lactobacillus species, cervical Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis to preterm birth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 71(1), 89–95.PubMed Martius, J., Krohn, M. A., Hillier, S. L., Stamm, W. E., Holmes, K. K., & Eschenbach, D. A. (1988). Relationships of vaginal Lactobacillus species, cervical Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis to preterm birth. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 71(1), 89–95.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Medina, M., Moya, W., Hidalgo, L., Calle, A., Teran, E., & Chedraui, P. (2009). Molecular identification of endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection among gestational at risk for preterm birth in Ecuador. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 279, 9–10.CrossRefPubMed Medina, M., Moya, W., Hidalgo, L., Calle, A., Teran, E., & Chedraui, P. (2009). Molecular identification of endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection among gestational at risk for preterm birth in Ecuador. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 279, 9–10.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nadisauskiene, R., Bergstrom, S., Stankeviciene, I., & Spukaite, T. (1995). Endocervical pathogens in women with preterm and term labour. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 40(3), 179–182.CrossRefPubMed Nadisauskiene, R., Bergstrom, S., Stankeviciene, I., & Spukaite, T. (1995). Endocervical pathogens in women with preterm and term labour. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 40(3), 179–182.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ngassa, P. C., & Egbe, J. A. (1994). Maternal genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the risk of preterm labor. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 47, 241–246.CrossRefPubMed Ngassa, P. C., & Egbe, J. A. (1994). Maternal genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the risk of preterm labor. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 47, 241–246.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nyari, T. A., Woodward, M., Meszaros, G., Karsai, J., & Kovacs, L. (2001). Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the risk of perinatal mortality in Hungary. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 29(1), 55–59.CrossRefPubMed Nyari, T. A., Woodward, M., Meszaros, G., Karsai, J., & Kovacs, L. (2001). Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the risk of perinatal mortality in Hungary. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 29(1), 55–59.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Oakeshott, P., Hay, P., Hay, S., Steinke, F., Rink, E., & Kerry, S. (2002). Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks’ gestation: Prospective community based cohort study. British Medical Journal, 325(7376), 1334–1336A.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Oakeshott, P., Hay, P., Hay, S., Steinke, F., Rink, E., & Kerry, S. (2002). Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks’ gestation: Prospective community based cohort study. British Medical Journal, 325(7376), 1334–1336A.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Pakianathan, M. R., Ross, J. D., & McMillan, A. (1996). Characterizing patients with multiple sexually acquired infections: A multivariate analysis. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 7(5), 359–361.CrossRefPubMed Pakianathan, M. R., Ross, J. D., & McMillan, A. (1996). Characterizing patients with multiple sexually acquired infections: A multivariate analysis. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 7(5), 359–361.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Paul, V. K., Singh, M., Gupta, U., Buckshee, K., Bhargava, V. L., Takkar, D., et al. (1999). Chlamydia trachomatis infection among pregnant women: Prevalence and prenatal importance. National Medical Journal of India, 12(1), 11–14.PubMed Paul, V. K., Singh, M., Gupta, U., Buckshee, K., Bhargava, V. L., Takkar, D., et al. (1999). Chlamydia trachomatis infection among pregnant women: Prevalence and prenatal importance. National Medical Journal of India, 12(1), 11–14.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pitsouni, E., Iavazzo, C., Athanasiou, S., & Falagas, M. E. (2007). Single-dose azithromycin versus erythromycin or amoxicillin for Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 30(3), 213–221.CrossRefPubMed Pitsouni, E., Iavazzo, C., Athanasiou, S., & Falagas, M. E. (2007). Single-dose azithromycin versus erythromycin or amoxicillin for Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 30(3), 213–221.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Polk, B. F., Berlin, L., Kanchanaraksa, S., Munoz, A., Kramer, F., Spence, M., et al. (1989). Investigators of the Johns Hopkins study of cervicitis and adverse pregnancy outcome. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis with intrauterine growth retardation preterm delivery. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(6), 1247–1257.CrossRef Polk, B. F., Berlin, L., Kanchanaraksa, S., Munoz, A., Kramer, F., Spence, M., et al. (1989). Investigators of the Johns Hopkins study of cervicitis and adverse pregnancy outcome. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis with intrauterine growth retardation preterm delivery. American Journal of Epidemiology, 129(6), 1247–1257.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Preece, P. M., Ades, A., Thompson, R. G., & Brooks, J. H. (1989). Chlamydia trachomatis infection in late pregnancy: A prospective study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 3, 268–277.CrossRefPubMed Preece, P. M., Ades, A., Thompson, R. G., & Brooks, J. H. (1989). Chlamydia trachomatis infection in late pregnancy: A prospective study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 3, 268–277.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rastogi, S., Das, B., Salhan, S., & Mittal, A. (2003). Effect of treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 80, 129–137.CrossRefPubMed Rastogi, S., Das, B., Salhan, S., & Mittal, A. (2003). Effect of treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 80, 129–137.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rours, G. I. J. G., de Krijger, R. R., Ott, A., Willemse, H. F. M., de Groot, R., Zimmermann, L. J. I., et al. (2011a). Chlamydia trachomatis and placental inflammation in early preterm delivery. European Journal of Epidemiology, 26, 421–428.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rours, G. I. J. G., de Krijger, R. R., Ott, A., Willemse, H. F. M., de Groot, R., Zimmermann, L. J. I., et al. (2011a). Chlamydia trachomatis and placental inflammation in early preterm delivery. European Journal of Epidemiology, 26, 421–428.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Rours, G. I. J. G., Duijts, L., Moll, H. A., Arends, L. R., de Groot, R., Jaddoe, V. W., et al. (2011b). Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy associated with preterm delivery: A population-based prospective cohort study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 26, 493–502.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rours, G. I. J. G., Duijts, L., Moll, H. A., Arends, L. R., de Groot, R., Jaddoe, V. W., et al. (2011b). Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy associated with preterm delivery: A population-based prospective cohort study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 26, 493–502.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Ryan, G. M., Abdella, T. N., McNeeley, S. G., Baselski, V. S., & Drummond, D. E. (1990). Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy and effect of treatment on outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 162, 34–39.CrossRefPubMed Ryan, G. M., Abdella, T. N., McNeeley, S. G., Baselski, V. S., & Drummond, D. E. (1990). Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy and effect of treatment on outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 162, 34–39.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Silva, M. J., Florencio, G. L., Gabiatti, J. R., Amaral, R. L., Junior, E., J., & Goncalves, A. K. (2011). Perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with chlamydial infection: A meta-analysis study. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 15(6), 533–539.CrossRefPubMed Silva, M. J., Florencio, G. L., Gabiatti, J. R., Amaral, R. L., Junior, E., J., & Goncalves, A. K. (2011). Perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with chlamydial infection: A meta-analysis study. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 15(6), 533–539.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Silveira, M. F., Ghanem, K. G., Erbelding, E. J., Burke, A. E., Johnson, H. L., Singh, R. H., et al. (2009). Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: A case–control study. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 20, 465–469.CrossRefPubMed Silveira, M. F., Ghanem, K. G., Erbelding, E. J., Burke, A. E., Johnson, H. L., Singh, R. H., et al. (2009). Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: A case–control study. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 20, 465–469.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Skjeldestad, F. E., & Dalen, A. (1986). The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the cervix of puerperal women, and its consequences for the outcome of pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 4, 209–212.CrossRefPubMed Skjeldestad, F. E., & Dalen, A. (1986). The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the cervix of puerperal women, and its consequences for the outcome of pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 4, 209–212.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Stroup, D. F., Berlin, J. A., Morton, S. C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G. D., Rennie, D., et al. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(15), 2008–2012.CrossRefPubMed Stroup, D. F., Berlin, J. A., Morton, S. C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G. D., Rennie, D., et al. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(15), 2008–2012.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sweet, R. L., Landers, D. V., Walker, C., & Schachter, J. (1987). Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 156(4), 824–833.CrossRefPubMed Sweet, R. L., Landers, D. V., Walker, C., & Schachter, J. (1987). Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 156(4), 824–833.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tadmor, O. P., Shaia, M., Rosenman, H., Livshin, Y., Choukroun, C., Barr, I., et al. (1993). Pregnancy outcome in serologically indicated active Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 29, 280–284.PubMed Tadmor, O. P., Shaia, M., Rosenman, H., Livshin, Y., Choukroun, C., Barr, I., et al. (1993). Pregnancy outcome in serologically indicated active Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 29, 280–284.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tikkanen, M., Surcel, H. M., Bloigu, A., Nuutila, M., Hiilesmaa, V., Ylikorkala, O., et al. (2008). Prediction of placental abruption by testing for C-reactive protein and chlamydial antibody levels in early pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 116, 486–491.CrossRef Tikkanen, M., Surcel, H. M., Bloigu, A., Nuutila, M., Hiilesmaa, V., Ylikorkala, O., et al. (2008). Prediction of placental abruption by testing for C-reactive protein and chlamydial antibody levels in early pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 116, 486–491.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Turrentine, M. A., & Newton, E. R. (1995). Amoxicillin or erythromycin for the treatment of antenatal chlamydial infection: A meta-analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 86(6), 1021–1025.CrossRefPubMed Turrentine, M. A., & Newton, E. R. (1995). Amoxicillin or erythromycin for the treatment of antenatal chlamydial infection: A meta-analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 86(6), 1021–1025.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ville, Y., Carroll, S. G., Watts, P., Ward, M., & Nicolaides, K. H. (1997). Chlamydia trachomatis infection in prelabour amniorrhexis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 104, 1091–1093.CrossRef Ville, Y., Carroll, S. G., Watts, P., Ward, M., & Nicolaides, K. H. (1997). Chlamydia trachomatis infection in prelabour amniorrhexis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 104, 1091–1093.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wager, G. P., Martin, D. H., Koutsky, L., Eschenbach, D. A., Daling, J. R., Chiang, W. T., et al. (1980). Puerperal infectious morbidity: Relationship to route of delivery and to antepartum Chlamydia trachomatis infection. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 138(7), 1028–1033.CrossRefPubMed Wager, G. P., Martin, D. H., Koutsky, L., Eschenbach, D. A., Daling, J. R., Chiang, W. T., et al. (1980). Puerperal infectious morbidity: Relationship to route of delivery and to antepartum Chlamydia trachomatis infection. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 138(7), 1028–1033.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Waight, M. T., Rahman, M. M., Soto, P., & Tran, T. (2013). Sexually transmitted diseases during pregnancy in Louisiana, 2007–2009: High-risk populations and adverse newborn outcomes. Journal of Louisiana State Medical Society, 165, 219–226. Waight, M. T., Rahman, M. M., Soto, P., & Tran, T. (2013). Sexually transmitted diseases during pregnancy in Louisiana, 2007–2009: High-risk populations and adverse newborn outcomes. Journal of Louisiana State Medical Society, 165, 219–226.
Metadaten
Titel
Chlamydia trachomatis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Meta-analysis of Patients With and Without Infection
verfasst von
Courtney Olson-Chen
Kripa Balaram
David N. Hackney
Publikationsdatum
07.02.2018
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Maternal and Child Health Journal / Ausgabe 6/2018
Print ISSN: 1092-7875
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6628
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2451-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2018

Maternal and Child Health Journal 6/2018 Zur Ausgabe