Skip to main content
Erschienen in: World Journal of Surgical Oncology 1/2018

Open Access 01.12.2018 | Research

Clinical outcome of primary giant cell tumor of bone after curettage with or without perioperative denosumab in Japan: from a questionnaire for JCOG 1610 study

verfasst von: Hiroshi Urakawa, Tsukasa Yonemoto, Seiichi Matsumoto, Tatsuya Takagi, Kunihiro Asanuma, Munenori Watanuki, Akira Takemoto, Norifumi Naka, Yoshihiro Matsumoto, Akira Kawai, Toshiyuki Kunisada, Tadahiko Kubo, Makoto Emori, Hiroaki Hiraga, Hiroshi Hatano, Satoshi Tsukushi, Yoshihiro Nishida, Toshihiro Akisue, Takeshi Morii, Mitsuru Takahashi, Akihito Nagano, Hideki Yoshikawa, Kenji Sato, Masanori Kawano, Koji Hiraoka, Kazuhiro Tanaka, Yukihide Iwamoto, Toshifumi Ozaki

Erschienen in: World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Ausgabe 1/2018

Abstract

Background

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an intermediate tumor known to be locally aggressive, but rarely metastasizing. To plan a prospective study of GCTB, we performed a questionnaire survey for institutions participating in the Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Study Group (BSTTSG) in the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) in 2015.

Methods

We reviewed 158 consecutive patients with primary GCTB treated with curettage without perioperative denosumab from 2008 to 2010 in Japan. We investigated local and distant recurrence rates after definitive curettage. We also investigated the recurrence rate after treatment with preoperative and/or postoperative denosumab with curettage in recent years. There were 40 patients treated with perioperative denosumab, and the factors affecting recurrence in them were investigated.

Results

Answers were available from 24 of 30 institutions (80.0%) participating in JCOG BSTTSG. Thirty (19.0%) and 4 (2.5%) of 158 patients developed local and distant recurrence after curettage without perioperative denosumab from 2008 to 2010, respectively. Campanacci grade and embolization before surgery were significantly associated with increasing incidence of local recurrence after curettage (p = 0.034 and p = 0.022, respectively). In patients treated with perioperative desnosumab, 120 mg denosumab was administered subcutaneously for a median 6 (2–41) and 6 (1–14) times in preoperative and postoperative settings, respectively. The recurrence rates were 6 of 21 (28.6%), 2 of 9 (22.2%), and 0 of 10 (0.0%) in the preoperative, postoperative, and both pre- and postoperative denosumab treatment groups, respectively. With all of the preoperative treatments, administration exceeding five times was significantly associated with a decreased incidence of local recurrence after curettage (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The recurrence rate of GCTB was still high after curettage, especially in Campanacci grade III, and improvements in the therapeutic strategy are needed in this cohort. There is a possibility that a sufficient dose of preoperative denosumab can reduce recurrence after curettage. Recently, we have started a clinical trial, JCOG1610, to investigate the efficacy of preoperative denosumab in patients who can be treated with curettage in GCTB.
Abkürzungen
BSTTSG
Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Study Group
GCTB
Giant cell tumor of bone
JCOG
Japan clinical oncology group
PMMA
Polymethyl methacrylate
RANK
Receptor activator of NF-κB
RANKL
Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand

Background

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an intermediate tumor known to be locally aggressive, but rarely metastasizing in the WHO classification [1]. GCTB possibly originates from the metaphyseal region [2], and accounts for 4–5% of all skeletal neoplasms in Japan. Local and distant recurrence rates were reported in 24.8–30.8% [36] and 2% [7, 8] of the patients after curettage, respectively. To reduce local recurrence and preserve the adjacent joint, adjuvant treatments such as high-speed burr [3], phenol [5, 9], ethanol, liquid nitrogen [5], and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) [3, 5, 9] have been reported. Even though there were some reports of GCTB in Japan [7, 10, 11], the recent clinical results of GCTB after curettage in multiple institutions in Japan have not been well documented.
Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) and then interrupts RANK-RANKL interactions. In GCTB, the stromal cells and osteoclast-like giant cells express RANKL and RANK, respectively, and the RANK-RANKL interaction is considered to be necessary for the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts [12]. Therefore, the RANK-RANKL interaction has a critical role for bone destruction in GCTB, and dramatic change was observed after treatment of denosumab in GCTB. Multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells and stromal cells were decreased after denosumab treatment for GCTB [13]. A recent phase 2 study demonstrated the effects of denosumab for patients with unresectable GCTB and salvageable GCTB whose surgery was associated with severe morbidity [14]. Denosumab was accepted for health insurance coverage in Japan in 2014. However, the role of denosumab in patients with GCTB who can be treated by curettage has not been well defined.
We performed a questionnaire survey for institutions participating in the Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Study Group (BSTTSG) in the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) in 2015 for planning a clinical trial of JCOG1610, a randomized phase III study of preoperative denosumab with curettage for GCTB. The first aim of the present study was to identify the historical outcome after curettage for GCTB without perioperative desnosumab in Japan. The second purpose was to identify the clinical use of perioperative denosumab and the factors influencing local recurrence after perioperative denosumab with curettage.

Methods

Patients

We reviewed 158 patients with GCTB treated by curettage without perioperative desnosumab from 2008 to 2010 in institutions participating in the JCOG BSTTSG. We also reviewed 40 patients with GCTB treated with curettage and perioperative denosumab.

Methods

We performed a questionnaire survey for institutions participating in the BSTTSG in JCOG in April and June 2015. This questionnaire survey was performed for planning a clinical trial of JCOG 1610 (UMIN000029451), a randomized phase III study of preoperative denosumab with curettage for GCTB. We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and filled out the questionnaire. The questionnaire included standard treatments (e.g., local adjuvant, reconstruction) of curettage for GCTB in each institution, details (e.g., number of extremities, Campanacci grade, pathological fracture at presentation, and embolization before surgery) of GCTB treated with curettage from 2008 to 2010, and clinical results (e.g., number of local recurrences, distant recurrences, and death) after the curettage, and details (e.g., sites, Campanacci grade, pathological fracture at presentation, time to the recurrence, final joint preservation, and embolization before surgery) of the patients with local recurrence. We also asked about perioperative use of denosumab for GCTB. The questionnaire included the indications of denosumab for GCTB in each institution, the number of patients treated with preoperative, postoperative, and both pre- and postoperative denosumab, respectively, number of times of perioperative denosumab administration, and clinical results of local recurrence after the perioperative denosumab with curettage. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine (Nagoya, Japan) and a waiver of informed consent was provided.

Statistics

A chi-square test was used to analyze the correlation of various clinical factors with recurrence. Clinical factors such as sites (extremity, trunk), Campanacci grade (I, II, III), pathological fracture at presentation (yes, no), timing of denosumab (preoperative only vs postoperative only, both preoperative and postoperative vs preoperative or postoperative, preoperative only vs both preoperative and postoperative, postoperative only vs both preoperative and postoperative), and number of times of denosumab administration (5>, 5≦) were analyzed as related to the frequency of recurrence. p values of < 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Responses to the questionnaire were available from 24 of 30 institutions (80.0%) participating to JCOG BSTTSG. Standard treatments of curettage for GCTB in the 24 institutions are summarized in Table 1. As a local adjuvant therapy, high-speed burr was used after curettage in 22 of 24 (92%) institutions followed by ethanol (8 of 24 institutions, 33%), liquid nitrogen (6 of 24 institutions, 25%), and phenol (3 of 24 institutions, 13%). Autologous bone graft and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were used for reconstruction after curettage in 18 (75%) and 17 (71%) of 24 institutions, respectively. Characteristics of the patients with GCTB were summarized in Table 2. Primary tumor sites were in an extremity in 151 of 158 (96%) patients and trunk in 7 of 158 (4%). Sixteen of 158 (10%) evaluated as Campanacci grade I, 97 of 158 (61%) as Campanacci grade II, and 45 of 158 (29%) as Campanacci grade III.
Table 1
Standard treatments with curettage for GCTBa in 24 institutions
Treatments
No. of institutions (%)
Local adjuvants
 High-speed burr
22 (92%)
 Ethanol
8 (33%)
 Liquid nitrogen
6 (25%)
 Phenol
3 (13%)
Reconstruction after curettage
 Autologous bone graft
18 (75%)
 PMMAb
17 (71%)
 β-TCPc
11 (46%)
 Hydroxyapatite
10 (42%)
 Allogeneic bone graft
2 (8%)
aGCTB giant cell tumor of bone
bPMMA, polymethyl methacrylate
cβ-TCP, β tricalcium phosphate; some of the replies by responded institutions are overlapped
Table 2
Characteristics of patients of GCTBa treated with curettage from 2008 to 2010
Characteristics
No. of patients (%)
Primary tumor site
 Extremity
151 (96%)
 Trunk
7 (4%)
Campanacci grade
 Grade I
16 (10%)
 Grade II
97 (61%)
 Grade III
45 (29%)
Pathological fracture at presentation
 Yes
26 (16%)
 No
132 (84%)
Do you use denosumab for this case now?
 Yes
83 (52%)
 No
75 (48%)
Embolization before surgery
 Yes
8 (5%)
 No
150 (95%)
aGCTB, giant cell tumor of bone
Thirty of 158 (19.0%) developed local recurrence, and 4 of 158 (2.5%) developed distant recurrence after curettage without perioperative denosumab. In extremities, 29 of 151 (19.2%) developed local recurrence, and 4 of 151 (2.6%) developed distant recurrence after curettage. There were no deaths after curettage. Campanacci grade and embolization before surgery were significantly associated with an increased incidence of local recurrence after curettage (p = 0.034 and p = 0.022, respectively) (Table 3). Demographics of local recurrent patients after curettage for GCTB were summarized in Table 4. Local recurrence occurred in 1 of 16 (6.2%) in Campanacci grade I, 15 of 97 (15.5%) in Campanacci grade II, and 14 of 45 (31.1%) in Campanacci grade III. Median time to local recurrence was 15.5 months (5–69 months) after curettage, and joint preservation was achieved in 26 of 30 patients (86.7%).
Table 3
Univariate analysis of local recurrence in patients with GCTBa treated with curettage from 2008 to 2010. (n = 158)
Clinical factors
No. of local recurrence (%)
Univariate analysis
p valueb
Site
 Extremity
29/151 (19.2%)
p = 0.746
 Trunk
1/7 (14.3%)
Campanacci grade
 Grade I
1/16 (6.3%)
p = 0.034
 Grade II
15/97 (15.5%)
 Grade III
14/45 (31.1%)
Pathological fracture at presentation
 Yes
5/26 (16.7%)
p = 0.972
 No
25/132 (18.9%)
Do you use denosumab for this case now?
 Yes
15/83 (18.1%)
p = 0.758
 No
15/75 (20.0%)
Embolization before surgery
 Yes
4/8 (50%)
p = 0.022
 No
26/150 (17.3%)
aGCTB, giant cell tumor of bone
bChi-square test
Table 4
Characteristics of local recurrent patients after curettage for GCTBa from 2008 to 2010
Sites
Campanacci grade
Pathological fracture at presentation
Time to recurrence (months)
Final joint preservation
Embolization before curettage
Tibia
II
No
25
Possible
No
Femur
II
No
60
Possible
Yes
Metatarsal bone
II
No
60
Impossible
Yes
Femur
III
No
6
Impossible
No
Tibia
III
No
36
Possible
Yes
Tibia
II
No
27
Possible
No
Fibula
II
No
6
Possible
No
Femur
III
No
11
Possible
No
Femur
II
No
28
Possible
No
Ulna
III
No
6
Possible
No
Femur
II
No
9
Possible
No
Tibia
II
No
21
Possible
No
Femur
II
No
24
Impossible
No
Femur
III
No
6
Possible
No
Radius
II
No
6
Impossible
No
Tibia
III
Yes
24
Possible
Yes
Tibia
III
Yes
14
Possible
No
Fibula
II
No
35
Possible
No
Femur
III
Yes
21
Possible
No
Lumbar spine
III
No
60
Not available
No
Femur
II
No
12
Possible
No
Femur
III
Yes
5
Possible
No
Femur
II
No
6
Possible
No
Talus
II
No
12
Possible
No
Femur
III
Yes
30
Possible
No
Femur
III
No
6
Possible
No
Femur
III
No
22
Possible
No
Femur
III
No
7
Possible
No
Femur
II
No
17
Possible
No
Femur
I
No
7
Possible
No
aGCTB, giant cell tumor of bone
The indications of denosumab for GCTB at the 24 institutions are summarized in Table 5. As a general policy, denosumab was used perioperatively at 6 of 24 (25%) institutions. Actually, 40 patients were treated with perioperative denosumab in 16 institutions. The number of GCTB patients treated with perioperative denosumab and that of the institutions where they were treated were listed in Table 6. Denosumab was administered subcutaneously at 120 mg, but the dosing interval was not included in the questionnaire. Median number of times of denosumab administration were 6 (2–41) and 6 (1–14) in the preoperative and postoperative settings, respectively. The local recurrences were observed in 6 of 21 (28.6%), 2 of 9 (22.2%), and 0 of 10 (0.0%) patients treated with the preoperative, postoperative, and both preoperative and postoperative denosumab, respectively. In 31 patients treated with any preoperative denosumab, administration exceeding 5 times was significantly associated with a decreased incidence of local recurrence after curettage (p < 0.001) (Table 7). Question for toxicity or side effects during perioperative denosumab were not included in the questionnaire survey.
Table 5
Indication of denosumab for GCTBa in 24 institutions
Indications of denosumab
No. of institutions (%)
Unresectable
21 (88%)
Difficult to joint preservation
17 (71%)
Expanding to soft tissue
11 (46%)
Adjusting the time of operation
7 (29%)
Perioperative use with curettage
6 (25%)
No experience of denosumab use
3 (13%)
aGCTB, giant cell tumor of bone; some of the replies by responded institutions are overlapped
Table 6
No. of patients and institutions treated with perioperative denosumab for GCTBa
Timing of perioperative denosumab
No. of patients (%)
No. of institutions (%)
Preoperative only
21 (53%)
10 (63%)
Postoperative only
9 (23%)
5 (31%)
Both pre- and postoperative
10 (25%)
5 (31%)
Total
40
16*
aGCTB, giant cell tumor of bone
*Some institutions performed denosumab at different timing
Table 7
Univariate analysis of local recurrence in patients treated with perioperative denosumab and curettage for GCTBa (n = 40)
Comparison of factors
No. of local recurrence (%)
Univariate analysis
p valueb
All patients (n = 40)
Timing of denosumab
 Preoperative only
6/21 (28.6%)
p = 0.719
 Postoperative only
2/9 (22.2%)
Timing of denosumab
 Both pre- and postoperative
0/10 (0.0%)
p = 0.068
 Pre- or postoperative only
8/30 (26.7%)
Preoperative (n = 31)
Times of denosumab administration
 5>
5/7 (71.4%)
p < 0.001
 5≦
1/24 (4.2%)
 Timing of denosumab
 Preoperative only
6/21 (28.6%)
p = 0.060
 Both pre- and postoperative
0/10 (18.9%)
Postoperative (n = 19)
 Times of denosumab administration
 5>
0/7 (0.0%)
p = 0.253
 5≦
2/12 (16.7%)
Embolization before surgery
 Postoperative only
2/9 (22.2%)
p = 0.115
 Both pre- and postoperative
0/10 (0.0%)
aGCTB, giant cell tumor of bone
bChi-square test

Discussion

To plan a clinical trial JCOG 1610, a randomized phase III study of preoperative denosumab with curettage for GCTB, we conducted a questionnaire survey to comprehend the historical clinical results after curettage of GCTB without perioperative denosumab. Although the clinical outcomes after curettage of GCTB have been reported sporadically in Japan [7, 10, 11], the more recent clinical results of GCTB after curettage in multiple institutions in Japan are not as clear. To determine the recent perioperative use in Japan, we also reviewed patients with GCTB treated with curettage and perioperative denosumab. Even though denosumab was accepted for health insurance coverage in Japan in 2014, the risk/benefit ratio of denosumab when used for patients with GCTB who are treatable by curettage is not well defined.
There are some limitations in our study. First, because of its questionnaire format, we did not have data regarding the follow-up period after curettage. We investigated GCTB patients treated from 2008 to 2010 and performed this questionnaire survey in 2015, meaning that the follow-up period can be considered adequate given that most recurrences in GCTB occur within 5 years [36] and recurrent GCTB is usually treated at the same institution where the first surgery was performed. Second, there was a lack of important data such as size of tumor, detailed sites, and Campanacci grade of GCTB treated with perioperative denosumab, which could act as confounding factors. Because our study is a questionnaire survey, we could not conduct an additional survey due to unlinkable anonymizing of our data. Third, we could not perform multivariate analysis because of the small number of recurrences and lack of information regarding other important clinical factors. Finally, we could not determine whether the patients treated with preoperative denosumab were all suitable for curettage from the time of their initial consultation.
As a local adjuvant therapy, a high-speed burr was used after curettage in 92% of institutions followed by ethanol (33%), liquid nitrogen (25%), and phenol (13%) in our study. Clinical results of these local adjuvant therapies have been reported [3, 5, 9], but it is difficult to determine the advantage of each treatment. Generally, the high-speed burr is easier to use than drug therapies such as ethanol, liquid nitrogen, and phenol, accounting for its extensive use in Japan.
In our study, autologous bone graft and PMMA were used for reconstruction after curettage in 75% and 71% of institutions, respectively. Some reports demonstrated the clinical benefit of PMMA for decreasing local recurrence after curettage of GCTB [3, 4, 6, 9]. Autologous bone graft is widely used in Japan because the lack of a bone bank precludes routine use of allogenic bone.
In our study, the local recurrence rate after curettage was 19.0%. Previous reports showed local recurrence of GCTB in 24.8–30.8% after curettage [36], and so our local recurrence rate is slightly better than that documented in these previous reports. Past reports have shown some clinical factors affecting local recurrence such as tumor extension, surgical margin, local adjuvant therapy, Campanacci grade, use of PMMA, and soft tissue progression on multivariate analyses [4, 5, 9]. In our study, Campanacci grade was well balanced similar to previous studies [9, 15], and we ascribe the better local recurrence rate achieved in our study to the wide use of local adjuvant treatments as well as PMMA in many institutions.
In our study, Campanacci grade was significantly associated with increasing incidence of local recurrence after curettage, and this result was similar to that noted in previous studies [4]. Embolization before surgery was also significantly associated with the increasing incidence of local recurrence after curettage, but it was difficult to interpret. Since the embolization is usually used for patients with GCTB which is large and expected bleeding, there was a possibility that these factors had affected the result. However, in the present study, one of the recurrent cases after embolization had GCTB in metatarsal bone (Table 4). Our study included only a small number of cases of GCTB in the trunk and a previous report showed a high local recurrence rate of 43.3% in axial cases after curettage [4]. However, there was no difference in the local recurrence rate between location in the trunk (1 of 7 patients, 14.3%) and extremity (29 of 151 patients, 19.2%) in our study. There was no significant relation between pathological fracture at first visit and local recurrence in our study. A past report also could not demonstrate an effect of pathological fracture on local recurrence in a meta-analysis [16]. Local recurrent GCTB is known to be highly re-recurrent after curettage with rates of re-recurrence of 32 to 34% [17, 18]. Our study included no patients after recurrence, and our analysis was limited to primary tumors. Distant recurrence rate was 2.6% after curettage in our study, and this result was similar to that noted in previous studies [7, 8].
In our study, 16 of 24 (67%) institutions actually performed perioperative use of denosumab with curettage, and the recurrence rates were 6 of 21 (28.6%), 2 of 9 (22.2%), and 0 of 10 (0.0%) with preoperative, postoperative, and both pre- and postoperative treatments with curettage, respectively. One study on the perioperative use of denosumab for GCTB with curettage demonstrated local recurrence in 17 of 116 patients (15%) with a median follow-up period of 13.0 months [19]. However, the study included patients with unresectable GCTB and salvageable GCTB whose surgery was associated with severe morbidity, and the effect of denosumab for patients with GCTB who can be treated by curettage at the first visit was not clear. Our study may have also included some patients who could not be treated by curettage at first, but we could not identify those patients due to the questionnaire format used.
Median numbers of administration times of denosumab were 6 (2–41) and 6 (1–14) in the preoperative and postoperative settings, respectively in our study. Some reports demonstrated histopathological changes after 6 months treatment with denosumab [20, 21], but 6 months are thought to be too long to use it as a post- and/or preoperative treatment in patients with GCTB which can be treated by curettage. In our study, more than five administration times was significantly associated with a decreased incidence of local recurrence after curettage in 31 patients treated with preoperative or both pre- and postoperative denosumab, meaning that a sufficiently high dose of preoperative denosumab can suppress local recurrence after curettage. When used as a running dose, five times administration of denosumab takes 3 months. This relatively short administration period is associated with major benefits, both economic and social, for patients, and this dose is specified in JCOG1610.
The clinical use of perioperative denosumab is complicated by various issues such as economic problem, side effects, and pregnancy. The cost of one-shot denosumab (120 mg) for GCTB is 46,685 yen (approximately 420 dollar) in Japan as of October 2017. In the previous phase 2 trial of GCTB, denosumab caused diverse side effects such as arthralgia (20%), headache (18%), nausea (17%), fatigue (16%), back pain (15%), extremity pain (15%), hypocalcemia (5%), and osteonecrosis of jaw (1%) of any grade [14]. The use of denosumab for pregnant women should be avoided because it was reported to increase postnatal mortality, decreased body weight gain, and decreased growth/development in a study of infants exposed in utero in cynomolgus monkeys [22]. This may affect the clinical use of denosumab for premenopausal women. In addition, there is a report that denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis did not interfere with fracture healing [23], but the effects of denosumab on pathological fracture healing and final joint preservation have not been well understood in GCTB patients. Malignant transformation occurs in less than 1% of GCTB [1], and recently, malignant transformation was reported after treatment with denosumab [24] and requires particular caution. In addition, recent study showed a higher rate of recurrence in the GCTB treated with denosumab and curettage compared to historical control without denosumab in retrospective study [25]. For these reasons, perioperative treatment of denosumab should not be done unless an advantage is considered or proved in GCTB which can be treated by curettage.
At present, we have started a clinical trial, JCOG1610 (UMIN000029451), to investigate the efficacy of preoperative denosumab in patients with GCTB which can be treated with curettage. The primary aim of JCOG1610 is to confirm the effects of preoperative denosumab on recurrence after curettage. A previous report demonstrated that proliferation of stromal cells cultured from clinical specimens following denosumab treatment was approximately 50% slower than that of specimens from untreated patients [20]. Even though denosumab did not completely prevent proliferation of stromal cells which have been considered as genuine tumor cells [20], there is a possibility that preoperative denosumab may decrease local and distant recurrences after the curettage of the tumor stromal cells biologically suppressed by denosumab. Secondary endpoints of JCOG1610 include overall survival, joint-preserved survival, local relapse-free survival, metastasis-free survival, adverse events, serious adverse events, surgical and postoperative complications, and discontinuance of denosumab. Systemic denosumab treatment can affect joint-preserved survival, and both local and distant recurrence.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the recurrence rate of GCTB after curettage was 19.0% in Japan and especially high in Campanacci grade III; therefore, improvements in the therapeutic strategy are needed in this cohort. There is a possibility that a sufficient dose of preoperative denosumab can reduce recurrence after curettage. Recently, we have started JCOG1610 to investigate the efficacy of preoperative denosumab in patients with GCTB which can be treated with curettage.

Acknowledgements

We thank young researchers in JCOG BSTTSG, Dr. Shintaro Iwata, Dr. Makoto Endo, Dr. Tomoya Matsunobu, Dr. Tomoki Nakamura, Dr. Fumihiko Nakatani, and Dr. Kazuya Oshima for the kind advice regarding this questionnaire survey.

Funding

We do not have a funding for this questionnaire study.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets supporting the conclusions of the article are included within the article.
This study was approved by the ethics committee of Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine (Nagoya, Japan) and a waiver of informed consent was provided.
Not applicable.

Competing interests

None of the authors have any financial or personal relationships with any other persons or organizations that could potentially and/or inappropriately influence their work and conclusion.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Fletcher CDM. WHO classification of tumours of soft tissue and bone. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2013. Fletcher CDM. WHO classification of tumours of soft tissue and bone. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2013.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Futamura N, Urakawa H, Tsukushi S, Arai E, Kozawa E, Ishiguro N, Nishida Y. Giant cell tumor of bone arising in long bones possibly originates from the metaphyseal region. Oncol Lett. 2016;11:2629–34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Futamura N, Urakawa H, Tsukushi S, Arai E, Kozawa E, Ishiguro N, Nishida Y. Giant cell tumor of bone arising in long bones possibly originates from the metaphyseal region. Oncol Lett. 2016;11:2629–34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Balke M, Schremper L, Gebert C, Ahrens H, Streitbuerger A, Koehler G, Hardes J, Gosheger G. Giant cell tumor of bone: treatment and outcome of 214 cases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2008;134:969–78.CrossRefPubMed Balke M, Schremper L, Gebert C, Ahrens H, Streitbuerger A, Koehler G, Hardes J, Gosheger G. Giant cell tumor of bone: treatment and outcome of 214 cases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2008;134:969–78.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaston CL, Bhumbra R, Watanuki M, Abudu AT, Carter SR, Jeys LM, Tillman RM, Grimer RJ. Does the addition of cement improve the rate of local recurrence after curettage of giant cell tumours in bone? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93:1665–9.CrossRefPubMed Gaston CL, Bhumbra R, Watanuki M, Abudu AT, Carter SR, Jeys LM, Tillman RM, Grimer RJ. Does the addition of cement improve the rate of local recurrence after curettage of giant cell tumours in bone? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93:1665–9.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Heijden L, van der Geest IC, Schreuder HW, van de Sande MA, Dijkstra PD. Liquid nitrogen or phenolization for giant cell tumor of bone?: a comparative cohort study of various standard treatments at two tertiary referral centers. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:e35.CrossRefPubMed van der Heijden L, van der Geest IC, Schreuder HW, van de Sande MA, Dijkstra PD. Liquid nitrogen or phenolization for giant cell tumor of bone?: a comparative cohort study of various standard treatments at two tertiary referral centers. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:e35.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao ZH, Yin JQ, Xie XB, Zou CY, Huang G, Wang J, Shen JN. Local control of giant cell tumors of the long bone after aggressive curettage with and without bone cement. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:330.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gao ZH, Yin JQ, Xie XB, Zou CY, Huang G, Wang J, Shen JN. Local control of giant cell tumors of the long bone after aggressive curettage with and without bone cement. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:330.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Masui F, Ushigome S, Fujii K. Giant cell tumor of bone: a clinicopathologic study of prognostic factors. Pathol Int. 1998;48:723–9.CrossRefPubMed Masui F, Ushigome S, Fujii K. Giant cell tumor of bone: a clinicopathologic study of prognostic factors. Pathol Int. 1998;48:723–9.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Siebenrock KA, Unni KK, Rock MG. Giant-cell tumour of bone metastasising to the lungs. A long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80:43–7.CrossRefPubMed Siebenrock KA, Unni KK, Rock MG. Giant-cell tumour of bone metastasising to the lungs. A long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80:43–7.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Arbeitsgemeinschaft K, Becker WT, Dohle J, Bernd L, Braun A, Cserhati M, Enderle A, Hovy L, Matejovsky Z, Szendroi M, et al. Local recurrence of giant cell tumor of bone after intralesional treatment with and without adjuvant therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:1060–7.CrossRef Arbeitsgemeinschaft K, Becker WT, Dohle J, Bernd L, Braun A, Cserhati M, Enderle A, Hovy L, Matejovsky Z, Szendroi M, et al. Local recurrence of giant cell tumor of bone after intralesional treatment with and without adjuvant therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:1060–7.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Muramatsu K, Ihara K, Taguchi T. Treatment of giant cell tumor of long bones: clinical outcome and reconstructive strategy for lower and upper limbs. Orthopedics. 2009;32:491.CrossRefPubMed Muramatsu K, Ihara K, Taguchi T. Treatment of giant cell tumor of long bones: clinical outcome and reconstructive strategy for lower and upper limbs. Orthopedics. 2009;32:491.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Oda Y, Miura H, Tsuneyoshi M, Iwamoto Y. Giant cell tumor of bone: oncological and functional results of long-term follow-up. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1998;28:323–8.CrossRefPubMed Oda Y, Miura H, Tsuneyoshi M, Iwamoto Y. Giant cell tumor of bone: oncological and functional results of long-term follow-up. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1998;28:323–8.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Atkins GJ, Haynes DR, Graves SE, Evdokiou A, Hay S, Bouralexis S, Findlay DM. Expression of osteoclast differentiation signals by stromal elements of giant cell tumors. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:640–9.CrossRefPubMed Atkins GJ, Haynes DR, Graves SE, Evdokiou A, Hay S, Bouralexis S, Findlay DM. Expression of osteoclast differentiation signals by stromal elements of giant cell tumors. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:640–9.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Branstetter DG, Nelson SD, Manivel JC, Blay JY, Chawla S, Thomas DM, Jun S, Jacobs I. Denosumab induces tumor reduction and bone formation in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:4415–24.CrossRefPubMed Branstetter DG, Nelson SD, Manivel JC, Blay JY, Chawla S, Thomas DM, Jun S, Jacobs I. Denosumab induces tumor reduction and bone formation in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:4415–24.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Chawla S, Henshaw R, Seeger L, Choy E, Blay JY, Ferrari S, Kroep J, Grimer R, Reichardt P, Rutkowski P, et al. Safety and efficacy of denosumab for adults and skeletally mature adolescents with giant cell tumour of bone: interim analysis of an open-label, parallel-group, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:901–8.CrossRefPubMed Chawla S, Henshaw R, Seeger L, Choy E, Blay JY, Ferrari S, Kroep J, Grimer R, Reichardt P, Rutkowski P, et al. Safety and efficacy of denosumab for adults and skeletally mature adolescents with giant cell tumour of bone: interim analysis of an open-label, parallel-group, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:901–8.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Campanacci M, Baldini N, Boriani S, Sudanese A. Giant-cell tumor of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:106–14.CrossRefPubMed Campanacci M, Baldini N, Boriani S, Sudanese A. Giant-cell tumor of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:106–14.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Salunke AA, Chen Y, Chen X, Tan JH, Singh G, Tai BC, Khin LW, Puhaindran ME. Does pathological fracture affect the rate of local recurrence in patients with a giant cell tumour of bone?: a meta-analysis. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B:1566–71.CrossRefPubMed Salunke AA, Chen Y, Chen X, Tan JH, Singh G, Tai BC, Khin LW, Puhaindran ME. Does pathological fracture affect the rate of local recurrence in patients with a giant cell tumour of bone?: a meta-analysis. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B:1566–71.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Takeuchi A, Tsuchiya H, Niu X, Ueda T, Jeon DG, Wang EH, Asavamongkolkul A, Kusuzaki K, Sakayama K, Kang YK. The prognostic factors of recurrent GCT: a cooperative study by the Eastern Asian Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. J Orthop Sci. 2011;16:196–202.CrossRefPubMed Takeuchi A, Tsuchiya H, Niu X, Ueda T, Jeon DG, Wang EH, Asavamongkolkul A, Kusuzaki K, Sakayama K, Kang YK. The prognostic factors of recurrent GCT: a cooperative study by the Eastern Asian Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. J Orthop Sci. 2011;16:196–202.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Klenke FM, Wenger DE, Inwards CY, Rose PS, Sim FH. Recurrent giant cell tumor of long bones: analysis of surgical management. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:1181–7.CrossRefPubMed Klenke FM, Wenger DE, Inwards CY, Rose PS, Sim FH. Recurrent giant cell tumor of long bones: analysis of surgical management. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:1181–7.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Rutkowski P, Ferrari S, Grimer RJ, Stalley PD, Dijkstra SP, Pienkowski A, Vaz G, Wunder JS, Seeger LL, Feng A, et al. Surgical downstaging in an open-label phase II trial of denosumab in patients with giant cell tumor of bone. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22:2860–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rutkowski P, Ferrari S, Grimer RJ, Stalley PD, Dijkstra SP, Pienkowski A, Vaz G, Wunder JS, Seeger LL, Feng A, et al. Surgical downstaging in an open-label phase II trial of denosumab in patients with giant cell tumor of bone. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22:2860–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Mak IW, Evaniew N, Popovic S, Tozer R, Ghert M. A translational study of the neoplastic cells of Giant cell tumor of bone following neoadjuvant denosumab. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:e127.CrossRefPubMed Mak IW, Evaniew N, Popovic S, Tozer R, Ghert M. A translational study of the neoplastic cells of Giant cell tumor of bone following neoadjuvant denosumab. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:e127.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas D, Henshaw R, Skubitz K, Chawla S, Staddon A, Blay JY, Roudier M, Smith J, Ye Z, Sohn W, et al. Denosumab in patients with giant-cell tumour of bone: an open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:275–80.CrossRefPubMed Thomas D, Henshaw R, Skubitz K, Chawla S, Staddon A, Blay JY, Roudier M, Smith J, Ye Z, Sohn W, et al. Denosumab in patients with giant-cell tumour of bone: an open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:275–80.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Bussiere JL, Pyrah I, Boyce R, Branstetter D, Loomis M, Andrews-Cleavenger D, Farman C, Elliott G, Chellman G. Reproductive toxicity of denosumab in cynomolgus monkeys. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;42:27–40.CrossRefPubMed Bussiere JL, Pyrah I, Boyce R, Branstetter D, Loomis M, Andrews-Cleavenger D, Farman C, Elliott G, Chellman G. Reproductive toxicity of denosumab in cynomolgus monkeys. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;42:27–40.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Adami S, Libanati C, Boonen S, Cummings SR, Ho PR, Wang A, Siris E, Lane J, Group FF-HW, Adachi JD, et al. Denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis does not interfere with fracture-healing: results from the FREEDOM trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:2113–9.CrossRefPubMed Adami S, Libanati C, Boonen S, Cummings SR, Ho PR, Wang A, Siris E, Lane J, Group FF-HW, Adachi JD, et al. Denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis does not interfere with fracture-healing: results from the FREEDOM trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:2113–9.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Aponte-Tinao LA, Piuzzi NS, Roitman P, Farfalli GL. A high-grade sarcoma arising in a patient with recurrent benign giant cell tumor of the proximal tibia while receiving treatment with denosumab. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:3050–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Aponte-Tinao LA, Piuzzi NS, Roitman P, Farfalli GL. A high-grade sarcoma arising in a patient with recurrent benign giant cell tumor of the proximal tibia while receiving treatment with denosumab. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:3050–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Errani C, Tsukamoto S, Leone G, Righi A, Akahane M, Tanaka Y, Donati DM. Denosumab may increase the risk of local recurrence in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone treated with curettage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100:496–504.CrossRefPubMed Errani C, Tsukamoto S, Leone G, Righi A, Akahane M, Tanaka Y, Donati DM. Denosumab may increase the risk of local recurrence in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone treated with curettage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100:496–504.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Clinical outcome of primary giant cell tumor of bone after curettage with or without perioperative denosumab in Japan: from a questionnaire for JCOG 1610 study
verfasst von
Hiroshi Urakawa
Tsukasa Yonemoto
Seiichi Matsumoto
Tatsuya Takagi
Kunihiro Asanuma
Munenori Watanuki
Akira Takemoto
Norifumi Naka
Yoshihiro Matsumoto
Akira Kawai
Toshiyuki Kunisada
Tadahiko Kubo
Makoto Emori
Hiroaki Hiraga
Hiroshi Hatano
Satoshi Tsukushi
Yoshihiro Nishida
Toshihiro Akisue
Takeshi Morii
Mitsuru Takahashi
Akihito Nagano
Hideki Yoshikawa
Kenji Sato
Masanori Kawano
Koji Hiraoka
Kazuhiro Tanaka
Yukihide Iwamoto
Toshifumi Ozaki
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2018
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
World Journal of Surgical Oncology / Ausgabe 1/2018
Elektronische ISSN: 1477-7819
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-018-1459-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2018

World Journal of Surgical Oncology 1/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

CME: 2 Punkte

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

CME: 2 Punkte

Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht, PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske Das Webinar S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“ beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

CME: 2 Punkte

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.