Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Advances in Therapy 8/2018

Open Access 24.07.2018 | Original Research

Clinical, Ultrasound, and Predictability Outcomes Following Certolizumab Pegol Treatment (with Methotrexate) in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis: 52-Week Results from the CZP-SPEED Study

verfasst von: Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini, Emilio Filippucci, Silvano Adami, Pier Luigi Meroni, Alberto Batticciotto, Luca Idolazzi, Orazio De Lucia, Pablo Talavera, Thomas Kumke, Walter Grassi

Erschienen in: Advances in Therapy | Ausgabe 8/2018

Abstract

Introduction

To assess the impact of certolizumab pegol (CZP) treatment on clinical, patient-reported, and musculoskeletal ultrasound outcomes and to determine the treatment response time point most predictive of long-term outcomes in Italian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

CZP-SPEED (NCT01443364) was a 52-week, open-label, prospective, interventional, multicenter study. Biologic-naïve patients with moderate-to-severe active RA, who had failed at least one DMARD treatment, received CZP (400 mg at weeks 0, 2, and 4, then 200 mg every 2 weeks) concomitantly with methotrexate. The primary objective was to identify the time point of clinical response {decrease in 28-joint Disease Activity Score [DAS28(ESR)] ≥ 1.2} most predictive of a clinical response at week 52. Additional clinical and patient-reported outcomes were measured. Power Doppler (PD) ultrasound was used to assess synovial effusion, synovial proliferation, PD signal, cartilage damage, and bone erosion according to international guidelines.

Results

A total of 132 patients were enrolled and received CZP; 91/132 (69%) completed to week 52. Predicted 52-week responses for early responders (week 2 onwards) were between 65% and 70%. Rapid improvements in joint cavity widening and PD signal were observed to week 8 and maintained to week 52. Cartilage damage and bone erosion were stable over 52 weeks. No new safety signals were identified.

Conclusion

In Italian CZP-treated patients with moderate-to-severe RA, week 12 clinical responses may be predictive of long-term response at week 52. Rapid improvements in clinical, patient-reported, and musculoskeletal ultrasound outcomes were maintained to week 52. These data may aid rheumatologists to make earlier treatment decisions.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01443364.

Funding

UCB Pharma.
Hinweise

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s12325-018-0751-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Prof. Adami sadly passed away during the development of this publication.

Enhanced Digital Features

To view enhanced digital features for this article go to https://​doi.​org/​10.​6084/​m9.​figshare.​6736469.

Introduction

Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (anti-TNFs) are an established treatment option for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), capable of ameliorating disease activity, slowing progression of joint damage, and improving health-related quality of life [1].
Certolizumab pegol (CZP) is a PEGylated, Fc-free anti-TNF that, owing to its innovative structure, exerts a prolonged half-life [2] and potentially different pharmacokinetic properties compared to other anti-TNF agents [3]; evidence from murine models suggests that CZP may be able to penetrate inflamed arthritic tissue to a greater extent compared to infliximab and adalimumab [36].
Previous research from the RAPID-1 trial indicates that patients who do not achieve a 28-joint Disease Activity Score [DAS28(ESR)] response within the first 12 weeks of CZP and methotrexate (MTX) combination therapy are unlikely to reach low disease activity (LDA) at 12 or 52 weeks [7, 8]. However, since these observations were based on post hoc analyses, further studies are required to support these predictability results. This early identification of patients who do not respond to CZP therapy can help physicians follow treat-to-target recommendations [9], facilitating earlier reassessment of current treatment. This is likely to lead to more rapid achievement of clinical goals.
Power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) is a straightforward, noninvasive imaging instrument employed to evaluate both clinical and subclinical synovitis [1015], which can be used alongside clinical and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in order to assess disease activity. Prior research on the usage of PDUS in rheumatology has proven its reliability and sensitivity. This tool is able to visualize the synovial inflammatory joint changes in RA that may have previously gone undetected by conventional clinical and radiographic examinations [10]. Furthermore, previous studies suggest that PDUS brings additional value alongside clinical examination, both in improving early diagnosis of RA through the detection of subclinical synovitis as well as establishing whether true RA remission has been achieved [1618]. Thus PDUS can be used to support the diagnosis process and may help to predict long-term clinical outcomes—an indispensable advantage for clinicians. According to the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR) recommendations for the use of biologics in RA, synovitis assessed by PDUS may be considered as an image biomarker for poor prognostic features [17, 19].
The primary objective of this study was to identify the time point of clinical response with the highest predictive value at week 52. The secondary study objective was to assess the PDUS response over time in a subgroup of patients. In order to achieve these objectives, CZP efficacy, safety, and predictability in terms of clinical, PROs, and PDUS outcomes were assessed over 52 weeks in a cohort of Italian patients with moderate-to-severe RA. We hypothesized that CZP treatment would improve clinical outcomes, PROs, and PDUS outcomes after 52 weeks.

Methods

Study Design

The CZP-SPEED study (NCT01443364 and EudraCT 2011-000385-35) was a 52-week, open-label, prospective, interventional, multicenter study which evaluated the predictability of disease control at week 52 based on early response to CZP (in combination with MTX) in Italian patients with RA. CZP was supplied by UCB Pharma. Concomitant use of oral corticosteroids (≤ 10 mg/day prednisone, or equivalent) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was permitted at stable doses during the course of the study. Analgesics without anti-inflammatory action and oral opioid analgesics were also permitted during the study but could not be used prior to clinical assessments on the day of a scheduled visit. Assessments were carried out at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 52.

Patients

Patients enrolled in the trial were biologic-naïve, had moderate-to-severe RA (defined as at least six swollen and at least six tender joints) and had failed treatment with at least one disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD); which is in line with the indication of CZP stated in the approved label [Summary of product Characteristics (SmPC)] [20]. Patients were treated with CZP (400 mg at weeks 0, 2 and 4, followed by 200 mg every 2 weeks) in combination with MTX (≥ 15 or ≤ 25 mg per week, unless limited by subject intolerance or toxicity). The doses of CZP used in the study were in agreement with the approved label (SmPC) for treatment of RA with CZP [20]. The safety set (SS) consisted of all patients who received at least one dose of CZP. The full analysis set (FAS) consisted of all patients in the SS who had a valid baseline and post-baseline efficacy measurement for the primary objective. A subgroup of these patients (the PDUS subgroup) provided additional ultrasound and radiographic imaging evaluations if they had been diagnosed with RA for at most 2 years and they presented with at least two of the following PDUS findings: synovial proliferation, synovial vascularization, or presence of fluid in at least one metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint.

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible Italian authorities [the Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA)] and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

Study Procedures and Evaluations

The primary objective was to detect the time point of clinical response with the highest positive predictive value (PPV). PPV was defined as the percentage of patients with a clinical response [reduction from baseline in DAS28(ESR) of at least 1.2] up to week 12, who also had clinical response [reduction from baseline in DAS28(ESR) of at least 1.2] at week 52.
Additional clinical exploratory variables included American College of Rheumatology ACR20/50/70 response [21], DAS28(ESR), DAS28(CRP), Patient Global Assessment of Disease Activity (PtGADA) [22], Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity (PhGADA), Patient Assessment of Arthritis Pain (PtAAP), and Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) [21].

Imaging Evaluations

The secondary objective of the study was to observe the effectiveness of PDUS in assessing both disease activity and impact of treatment in the subgroup of subjects undergoing PDUS. Additionally, the degrees of joint damage of the hands, wrists, and feet were assessed radiographically using the van der Heijde modified total Sharp score (mTSS) in the PDUS subgroup of patients [23, 24].
The second and third MCP joints, bilaterally together with another MCP joint (the most clinically involved), were examined by ultrasound measurements at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 52. Ultrasound variables under evaluation were joint cavity widening, synovial proliferation, Power Doppler (PD) signal (synovial vascularization), bone erosion, and cartilage damage score measurements according to international guidelines. Joint cavity widening and PD signal were scored from 0 to 3 depending on the extent of synovial effusion and/or proliferation [25, 26] and the level of PD signal at the synovial tissue [27, 28], respectively. Cartilage damage and bone erosions were scored from 0 to 4 on the basis of metacarpal cartilage thickness at the MCP joint level [29, 30] and diameter of bone erosion per joint [26, 31], respectively. PDUS sum scores were the sum of the scores generated using these two semiquantitative scoring systems [25, 27].
A standardized instrumentation (MyLab ™70 XVG or Mylab ™Twice-Esaote Biomedica, or GE Logiq 9, equipped with a broadband linear probe of 6–18 MHz) and operational technique was adopted with multiplanar scanning technique on dorsal, lateral, and volar aspects of the MCP joints. All sonographers were trained before the start of the study. All images were re-assessed by an assigned ultrasound expert reader and analyzed for inter-reader reliability.

Safety Measurements

Safety measurements assessed included adverse events (AEs) classified by system organ class (SOC) and preferred term (PT) using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) version 18.0. Only treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) were included in the summary tables.

Statistical Analysis

The SS consisted of all enrolled patients who received at least one dose of study medication. Clinical outcomes and PROs were assessed in the full analysis set (FAS), defined as all patients who received at least one dose of CZP and had at least one baseline and at least one post-baseline DAS28(ESR) assessment (the primary clinical variable). PDUS outcomes were assessed in a subgroup of enrolled patients with RA disease duration less than 2 years and proof of at least two of the following: synovial proliferation, synovial vascularization, and presence of fluid in at least one selected joint.
A sample size of 120 patients was calculated to be appropriate to produce 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with sufficient precision (± 0.069) to estimate predictability for the base case of a 60% response rate. Precision would be higher if the proportion of responders was greater than 60%. At least 40 (33.3%) of the 120 included patients were planned to be part of the PDUS subgroup of patients.
In order to analyze the primary objective, DAS28(ESR) was measured at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 and was used to predict maintenance of long-term efficacy in CZP-treated patients, using the PPV and negative predictive values (NPV). Logistic regression was performed post hoc to evaluate the predictive ability of early responders, up to week 12, and long-term efficacy at week 52, after controlling for the prognostic factors [baseline DAS28(ESR), gender, age, and duration of RA]. Area under curve (AUC) was obtained from fitting the logistic regression model with week 52 response as the dependent variable and early response (weeks 1–12) as the independent variable. The model with the maximum AUC was considered the better predictor.
PPV was defined using the equation: [32] \( \frac{n}{N} \times 100, \) where n is the number of patients with a clinical response at week 52 and a clinical response at a specified early time point, and N is all patients with a clinical response at a specified early time point. Clinical response was defined as a reduction in DAS28(ESR) of at least 1.2. For NPV, n is the number of patients who did not have a clinical response at week 52 nor a clinical response at a specified early time point.
A mixed effects linear model for repeated measures was used to examine the effect of each of the prognostic factors on the sum scores describing disease activity (joint cavity widening, synovial proliferation, and PD signal/blood flow) and disease severity (progression in cartilage damage and bone erosions). Within this model, “week” was a repeated measure and the prognostic factors [baseline DAS28(ESR), gender, age, duration of RA] were fixed effects. The regression coefficient, standard error (SE), and p values associated with each prognostic factor are presented. During a post hoc analysis, patient duration of RA and the presence or absence of bone erosion were assessed for PDUS outcomes. Correlation analysis was conducted between PDUS and mTSS at each visit using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Inter-reader reliability of all six joints was assessed in a subgroup of the PDUS patients at baseline and weeks 6, 12, and 36 using a blinded expert to review the images for PD signal/blood flow and cartilage damage. The first and second readings of the images were analyzed for inter-reader reliability using Cohen’s kappa statistics.
Missing data were imputed using non-responder imputation (NRI) for categorical data and last observation carried forward (LOCF) for continuous data.

Results

Patient Disposition and Baseline Characteristics

In total, 132 patients were enrolled and received CZP (SS) between December 2011 and May 2015, of whom 131 (99%) comprised the FAS, and 91 (69%) completed to week 52 (Fig. 1). The primary reasons for discontinuation included adverse events (15 patients), lack of efficacy (14 patients), loss to follow-up (3 patients), consent withdrawn (5 patients), and other (4 patients) (Fig. 1). The PDUS subgroup consisted of 66 (50.0%) patients, and 43/66 (65.2%) PDUS patients completed to week 52 (Fig. 1). The primary reasons for discontinuation in the PDUS subgroup included adverse events (9 patients), lack of efficacy (8 patients), loss to follow-up (2 patients), consent withdrawn (3 patients), and other (1 patient) (Fig. 1).
Baseline characteristics were similar between the FAS and PDUS subgroup (Table 1). Characteristics by duration of RA prior to study enrollment are shown in Supplementary Table S1. At baseline, 131/132 (99.2%) enrolled patients had previously taken, or were taking, concomitant DMARDs, including methotrexate [126 (95.5%) patients], methotrexate sodium [6 (4.5%) patients], and leflunomide [3 (2.3%) patients]. Prior and concomitant use of permitted medications (corticosteroids, NSAIDs, non-anti-inflammatory analgesics, and oral opioid analgesics) are reported in Supplementary Table S2.
Table 1
Patient characteristics at baseline for the full analysis set and PDUS subgroup
Mean (SD), unless otherwise stated
Full analysis set n = 131
PDUS subgroupa n = 66
Age, years
54.8 (13.2)
53.4 (13.7)
Female, n (%)
107 (81.7)
54 (81.8)
Disease duration, median (min; max)
1.8 (0; 5)
1.5 (1; 2)
 ≤ 2 years, n (%)
88 (67.2)
66 (100.0)
 > 2 years, n (%)
43 (32.8)
0 (0.0)
With extra-articular features, n (%)
16 (12.2)
7 (10.6)
Duration of morning stiffness, median hours (min; max)
1.0 (0; 24)
1.0 (1; 24)
 < 2 h, n (%)
92 (70.2)
51 (77.3)
 ≥ 2 h, n (%)
39 (29.8)
15 (22.7)
DAS28(ESR)
5.9 (1.1)
5.7 (1.0)
DAS28(CRP)
5.3 (1.0)
5.1 (1.0)
HAQ-DI
1.3 (0.7)
1.3 (0.7)
PtAAP
56.5 (23.4)
53.8 (24.3)
PtGADA
57.3 (23.2)
53.5 (24.1)
PhGADA
56.6 (19.1)
52.0 (18.9)
PDUS sum score
20.5 (11.7)
mTSS, median (min; max)
20.0 (0; 121)
20.0 (0; 121)
ESR, median mm/h (min; max)
35.0 (2; 140)
32.0 (2; 105)
CRP median mg/L (min; max)
6.4 (0; 201)
5.3 (0; 201)
Bone erosion,b n (%)
45 (34.4)
43 (65.2)
CRP C-reactive protein, DAS28 28-joint disease activity score, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, FAS full analysis set, HAQ-DI health assessment questionnaire-disability index, mTSS modified total Sharp score, PDUS Power Doppler ultrasound score, PtAAP patient’s assessment of arthritis pain, PtGADA patient’s global assessment of disease activity, PhGADA physician’s global assessment of disease activity, VAS visual analogue scale
aPDUS subgroup defined as patients with duration of RA < 2 years
bBone erosion measured by ultrasound and reported as number of erosions

Predictability

DAS28(ESR) response [DAS28(ESR) ≥ 1.2 from baseline] rates were 70% by week 4 of treatment and remained at a similar level for the remainder of the trial (Supplementary Fig. S1). Patients with disease duration of at most 1 year were less likely to experience DAS28(ESR) response compared to patients with more established disease (Supplementary Fig. S2b). Of the patients who responded with a DAS28(ESR) reduction of at least 1.2 at an early time point (week 2–12), this clinical response was still observed for 65–70% at week 52 (Fig. 2).
The week with the numerically greatest PPV was week 8, with 69.8% responders reporting at least a 1.2 point reduction in DAS28(ESR) at week 52; however, the predictive values of all time points from week 2 onwards were comparable (Fig. 2). Patients with disease duration of over 1 year had higher PPV and lower NPV outcomes compared to patients with shorter disease duration at all time points (Fig. 3). The post hoc logistic regression analysis did not identify any significant prognostic factors for predictability (Fig. 4).

Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes

Rapid improvements in clinical and patient-reported outcomes were observed from week 1 to week 12 and were maintained to week 52 (Fig. 5), including an improvement in DAS28(ESR) of − 2.31 from baseline to week 52 (Fig. 5a). However, no significant correlation between PDUS outcomes and DAS28(ESR) was observed.
The proportion of patients achieving ACR20/50/70 increased to week 12 (67.2%/41.2%/23.7%) and was maintained to week 52 (61.8%/47.3%/29.8%) (Fig. 5b). Mean improvement in HAQ-DI of − 0.57 from baseline to week 52 (Fig. 5c) and in PtAAP (− 26.2 change from baseline to week 52; Fig. 5d) was observed. Within the PDUS subgroup, mTSS scores remained approximately constant over the course of the study [median (standard deviation; SD) 20.0 (32.0) at baseline, median change from baseline 1.0 (15.8) at week 52] suggesting inhibition of radiographic progression in these patients (Supplementary Fig. S5).

PDUS Outcomes

Rapid reductions in joint cavity widening were observed to week 8 across joints analyzed, which were maintained to week 52 (Fig. 6a). Patients with presence of bone erosion had higher levels of joint cavity widening at baseline and experienced the greatest levels of joint cavity widening reduction over time (Supplementary Figs. S3a, b). There was also a rapid decrease in the PD signal at a joint level by week 8, which was maintained through week 52 (Fig. 6b). Patients with measurable bone erosion at baseline had higher PD signals overall, but also reported a greater level of improvement following CZP treatment (Supplementary Figs. S3c, d). Cartilage damage and bone erosion were stable over 52 weeks (Supplementary Fig. S4), indicating a lack of progression during the treatment period. Similarly, radiographic analysis of joints by mTSS showed that joint damage remained stable over 52 weeks (Supplementary Fig. S5). Correlation analysis at weeks 4, 12, and 52 between PDUS and mTSS resulted in correlation coefficients of at least 0.526 and p < 0.001. Inter-reader reliability of the readings of PDUS images (representative PDUS images provided in Supplementary Fig. S6) ranged from good (kappa > 0.75) at week 0 to moderate (kappa 0.4–0.75) at later time points in the study.
The mixed effect with repeated measures analysis indicated that duration of RA (< 1 year vs. ≥ 1–< 2 years) had a significant effect on the sum of the joint cavity widening, synovial proliferation, and PD signal (Table 2). Similar results were reported for the sum of the progression of cartilage damage and bone erosion scores (Table 2). Study site was not included as a fixed effect in these analyses as patient enrollment by study center was low (at most 11 patients). Two study sites had higher patient enrollment (24 and 27 patients) and the inclusion of site as a fixed variable (sites with high enrollment vs others) showed that the former did not have a significant effect on clinical response at week 52 (p > 0.05 for both sites). A post hoc analysis also suggested that reductions in joint cavity widening were greatest and PD signals were lowest in patients with RA disease duration of 1 year or less (Fig. 6c, d).
Table 2
Mixed effect repeated measures analysis reporting the overall mean differences in the sum score for joint cavity widening, synovial proliferation, and PD signal and cartilage damage, and bone erosions
Fixed effect
Sum score for joint cavity widening, synovial proliferation, and PD signal
Sum score for cartilage damage and bone erosions
Mean difference
95% CI
p value
Mean difference
95% CI
p value
DAS28(ESR) (≥ 5.1 vs < 5.1)
1.01
− 1.61, 3.64
0.44
0.08
− 4.72, 4.89
0.97
Gender (female vs male)
2.27
− 0.45, 4.99
0.10
1.26
− 3.71, 6.24
0.61
Age (≥ 65 years vs < 65 years)
− 1.60
− 4.13, 0.93
0.21
0.67
− 3.95, 5.30
0.77
Duration of RA (≥ 1– < 2 years vs < 1 year)
2.96
0.62, 5.30
0.01
5.31
1.03, 9.58
0.02
Data are reported for the full analysis set (FAS). Missing data were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF). The regression coefficients, 95% confidence intervals and p values are from a mixed effects linear model for repeated measures with baseline DAS28-ESR score, gender, age, and duration of RA as fixed effects, and week as the repeated measure. PDUS outcomes were analyzed by disease activity (sum score for joint cavity widening, synovial proliferation, and PD signal) and disease severity (sum score for cartilage damage and bone erosions) post hoc. Differences show the overall mean differences between the levels of the independent variables [i.e., DAS28(ESR) ≥ 5.1 compared to DAS28(ESR) < 5.1]. Mean differences > 0 indicate that the sum score for the first category of the fixed effect is greater than the second category
CI confidence interval, DAS disease activity score, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, FAS full analysis set, LOCF last observation carried forward, PD Power Doppler, PDUS Power Doppler ultrasound, RA rheumatoid arthritis, SE standard error

Safety

During the trial, 301 AEs occurred in 94 patients (71.2%) and 25 of these AEs were considered serious (Supplementary Table S3). The most common TEAEs occurring during the study were within the MedDRA SOC “infections and infestations”, which occurred in 49 patients (37.1%), including influenza viral infections (15 patients, 11.4%), herpes viral infections (12 patients, 9.1%), and upper and lower respiratory tract and lung infections (9 patients, 6.8% each); reported by preferred term. Overall, three patients (2.3%) reported a total of four serious infections [abdominal and gastrointestinal, eye and eyelid infections, lower respiratory tract and lung infections, and salmonella infections, each reported by one patient (0.8%)] and discontinued CZP treatment as a result. Infections were considered severe in two patients (1.5%). Malignant tumors were reported in three patients (2.3%) and included one case (0.8%) each of lobular breast carcinoma in situ, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and malignant melanoma in situ. No deaths were reported over the course of the study (Supplementary Table S3).

Discussion

In Italian CZP-treated RA patients, clinical response up to week 12 may be predictive of long-term response at week 52, independently of the following prognostic factors within the post hoc analysis: baseline DAS28(ESR) < 5.1 and ≥ 5.1, gender, age (< 65 and ≥ 65 years), and duration of RA (≤ 1 and > 1 year). However, the cutoff values used for these prognostic factors may not have been sufficient to identify changes; additionally, other baseline characteristics that were not selected and tested might have had an impact on predicting long-term response to CZP. The DAS28(ESR) results demonstrate that there was a “predictive window”, between week 4 and week 12, which was the most predictive of a long-term response to treatment. Patients with RA disease duration of 1 year or less had numerically lower rates of DAS28(ESR) response compared to patients with more established disease. Similarly, patients with disease duration of at least 1 year had higher PPV outcomes compared to patients with shorter disease duration. This does not align with previous reports in which disease duration was not a significant predictor of good DAS28 response rates or ACR20 response rates [33, 34]. The improvements in patient-reported HAQ-DI and PtAAP from baseline to week 52 show that in addition to the observed improvements in disease activity, patients experienced a better health-related quality of life, with less pain, over the duration of the study. The proportion of patients in the FAS completing the study to week 52 was 70% which is in line with the retention rates observed in the RAPID-1 and RAPID-2 randomized clinical trials at week 52 and week 24, respectively [35, 36]. Similar retention rates have also been observed in patients randomized to receive etanercept treatment after 2 years [37], and the National Swedish registry which assessed the effectiveness of CZP in patients with RA [38].
CZP-treated patients also experienced a rapid improvement in PDUS outcomes, which was then sustained to 1 year. Ultrasound has been shown to have a higher sensitivity and accuracy in detecting inflammation and anatomical damage resulting from RA than clinical and radiographic examinations [39, 40]. Studies have also indicated that PDUS is an effective method of measuring the response of RA symptoms to anti-TNF therapy [41, 42]. This study used PDUS to assess the response of RA patients to CZP treatment and a rapid decrease was observed in joint cavity widening and PD signal/blood flow from the start of CZP treatment up to week 8, which then remained stable throughout the remainder of the trial period. Mean bone erosion and cartilage damage, measured by PDUS, remained stable throughout the duration of the study. These findings were complemented by stable mean mTSS radiographic measurements to week 52, and PDUS and mTSS measurements were not significantly correlated when compared. Improvement in ultrasound outcomes has been observed in studies investigating other biologic agents, such as adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, and tocilizumab [4348] as well as in a recent case study using CZP in an RA patient [49]. Ultrasound bone erosion has also been described as a relapse risk factor in a recent observational study after discontinuation of biological therapies [50]. However, because of the heterogeneity of study designs, the studies cannot be directly compared.
RA duration was found to be a predictive baseline characteristic to explain PDUS results over time; post hoc analyses suggest that early RA patients with a disease duration less than 1 year experienced greater reductions in grayscale and PD findings (indicative of inflammation) compared to those with disease duration between 1 and 2 years. However, patient numbers in the subgroup comparisons were low.
In this study, cartilage damage and bone erosion were not found to worsen after the start of treatment and remained stable. This result was consistent with our hypothesis and almost all previous studies that demonstrated that anti-TNF treatment alone could slow down the decrease of bone mineral density [51] and cartilage damage, both as monotherapy [52], and when used alongside concomitant DMARD treatment [53]. No new safety signals were identified during this study, comparative with the current knowledge about CZP [54].
Limitations of this study included the open-label, single-arm study design, which may have introduced bias in favor of treatment response. This study also had a small sample size compared to the RAPID-1 trial [7]; however, our observations support the finding that DAS28(ESR) response rates at week 12 are predictive of disease activity at 52 weeks. Another limitation was the potential variability in the interpretation of PDUS images, since ultrasonographers were based at individual sites as a result of the multicenter nature of the study. However, this was mitigated by all ultrasonographers being experts who used appropriate equipment and followed predefined recommendations to align the definition of scanning method and standardize scoring. Inter-reader reliability was also quantified through the re-assessment of all images by a second experienced ultrasonographer and showed a decrease in reliability over the course of the study. This may be due to the observed decrease in disease activity over time, as variability has been shown to be at a maximum when image subscores are between 1 and 2, where loss of sharpness, or a partial thickness defect, is observed in the cartilage layer [29].

Conclusions

This study found that clinical response to week 12 in RA patients treated with CZP may be predictive of response at week 52. A rapid decrease in PDUS-measured joint cavity widening and PD signal was observed to week 8, which was then maintained to week 52. In addition, no progression in cartilage damage or bone erosion was observed. No new safety signals were identified during this study, comparative with the current knowledge about CZP [54] and other anti-TNF therapies [55].

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the patients, the investigators and their teams who took part in this study.

Funding

UCB sponsored the study and the development of the manuscript and reviewed the text to ensure that from UCB perspective, the data presented in the publication are scientifically, technically and medically supportable, that they do not contain any information that has the potential to damage the intellectual property of UCB, and that the publication complies with applicable laws, regulations, guidelines and good industry practice. Article processing charges were funded by UCB Pharma. The authors approved the final version to be published after critically revising the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors had full access to all of the data in this study and take complete responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis.

Medical Writing and/or Editorial Assistance Authorship

The authors also acknowledge Susanne Wiegratz, UCB Pharma GmbH, Monheim, Germany for publication coordination, Simone E. Auteri, UCB Pharma, Brussels, Belgium for critical review of the manuscript, and Sarah Jayne Clements, PhD and Maria Haughton, CMPP at Costello Medical, Cambridge, UK, for medical writing and editorial assistance in preparing this manuscript for publication, based on the authors’ input and direction. Support for third-party medical writing assistance and article processing changes were funded by UCB Pharma.

Authorship

All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.

Author Contributions

Substantial contributions to study conception and design: WG; substantial contributions to acquisition of data: EF, ODL, WG; substantial contributions to analysis and interpretation of data: PSP, EF, PLM, AB, LI, ODL, PT, TK, WG; drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content: PSP, EF, PLM, AB, LI, ODL, PT, TK, WG; final approval of the version of the article to be published: PSP, EF, PLM, AB, LI, ODL, PT, TK, WG.

Disclosures

Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini: Speaker fees; Emilio Filippucci: Speaker fees: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Roche, UCB Pharma; Luca Idolazzi: Speaker fees from Celgene, AbbVie, UCB Pharma, and Janssen; Pablo Talavera: Employee of UCB Pharma; Thomas Kumke: Employee of UCB Pharma; Walter Grassi: Consultancies, speaker fees and/or honoraria: AbbVie, BMS, Gruenthal Menarini, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma. Pier Luigi Meroni, Alberto Batticciotto, Orazio De Lucia and Silvano Adami have nothing to disclose.

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible Italian authorities [the Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA)] and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Data Availability

The datasets generated and analyzed during this study are available in anonymized format upon reasonable request via the CSDR platform (http://​www.​clinicalstudydat​arequest.​com).

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by-nc/​4.​0/​), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Unsere Produktempfehlungen

e.Med Interdisziplinär

Kombi-Abonnement

Für Ihren Erfolg in Klinik und Praxis - Die beste Hilfe in Ihrem Arbeitsalltag

Mit e.Med Interdisziplinär erhalten Sie Zugang zu allen CME-Fortbildungen und Fachzeitschriften auf SpringerMedizin.de.

© Springer Medizin

Bis 11. April 2024 bestellen und im ersten Jahr 50 % sparen!

e.Med Innere Medizin

Kombi-Abonnement

Mit e.Med Innere Medizin erhalten Sie Zugang zu CME-Fortbildungen des Fachgebietes Innere Medizin, den Premium-Inhalten der internistischen Fachzeitschriften, inklusive einer gedruckten internistischen Zeitschrift Ihrer Wahl.

© Springer Medizin

Bis 11. April 2024 bestellen und im ersten Jahr 50 % sparen!

e.Med Allgemeinmedizin

Kombi-Abonnement

Mit e.Med Allgemeinmedizin erhalten Sie Zugang zu allen CME-Fortbildungen und Premium-Inhalten der allgemeinmedizinischen Zeitschriften, inklusive einer gedruckten Allgemeinmedizin-Zeitschrift Ihrer Wahl.

© Springer Medizin

Bis 11. April 2024 bestellen und im ersten Jahr 50 % sparen!

Anhänge

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijlsma J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):960–77.CrossRefPubMed Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijlsma J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):960–77.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat McDonnell T, Ioannou Y, Rahman A. PEGylated drugs in rheumatology—why develop them and do they work? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(3):391–6.CrossRef McDonnell T, Ioannou Y, Rahman A. PEGylated drugs in rheumatology—why develop them and do they work? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(3):391–6.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Pasut G. Pegylation of biological molecules and potential benefits: pharmacological properties of certolizumab pegol. BioDrugs. 2014;28(1):15–23.CrossRef Pasut G. Pegylation of biological molecules and potential benefits: pharmacological properties of certolizumab pegol. BioDrugs. 2014;28(1):15–23.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Vashisht P, O’Dell J. Not all TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis are created equal: important clinical differences. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017;17(8):989–99.CrossRefPubMed Vashisht P, O’Dell J. Not all TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis are created equal: important clinical differences. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017;17(8):989–99.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Fechtenbaum M, Yusof MYM, Emery P. Certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis: current update. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014;14(6):841–50.CrossRefPubMed Fechtenbaum M, Yusof MYM, Emery P. Certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis: current update. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014;14(6):841–50.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Palframan R, Airey M, Moore A, Vugler A, Nesbitt A. Use of biofluorescence imaging to compare the distribution of certolizumab pegol, adalimumab, and infliximab in the inflamed paws of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol Methods. 2009;348(1):36–41.CrossRefPubMed Palframan R, Airey M, Moore A, Vugler A, Nesbitt A. Use of biofluorescence imaging to compare the distribution of certolizumab pegol, adalimumab, and infliximab in the inflamed paws of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol Methods. 2009;348(1):36–41.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Der Heijde D, Keystone EC, Curtis JR, et al. Timing and magnitude of initial change in disease activity score 28 predicts the likelihood of achieving low disease activity at 1 year in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with certolizumab pegol: a post hoc analysis of the RAPID 1 trial. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(7):1326–33.CrossRefPubMed Van Der Heijde D, Keystone EC, Curtis JR, et al. Timing and magnitude of initial change in disease activity score 28 predicts the likelihood of achieving low disease activity at 1 year in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with certolizumab pegol: a post hoc analysis of the RAPID 1 trial. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(7):1326–33.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Keystone EC, Curtis JR, Fleischmann RM, et al. Rapid improvement in the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis following certolizumab pegol treatment predicts better longterm outcomes: post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(6):990–6.CrossRefPubMed Keystone EC, Curtis JR, Fleischmann RM, et al. Rapid improvement in the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis following certolizumab pegol treatment predicts better longterm outcomes: post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(6):990–6.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(1):3–15.CrossRefPubMed Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(1):3–15.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhasin S, Cheung PP. The role of power Doppler ultrasonography as disease activity marker in rheumatoid arthritis. Dis Mark. 2015;2015:9. Bhasin S, Cheung PP. The role of power Doppler ultrasonography as disease activity marker in rheumatoid arthritis. Dis Mark. 2015;2015:9.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Colebatch AN, Edwards CJ, Østergaard M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(6):804–14.CrossRefPubMed Colebatch AN, Edwards CJ, Østergaard M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(6):804–14.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Døhn UM, Ejbjerg BJ, Hasselquist M, et al. Are bone erosions detected by magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography true erosions? A comparison with computed tomography in rheumatoid arthritis metacarpophalangeal joints. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(4):R110.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Døhn UM, Ejbjerg BJ, Hasselquist M, et al. Are bone erosions detected by magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography true erosions? A comparison with computed tomography in rheumatoid arthritis metacarpophalangeal joints. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(4):R110.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Filippucci E, Di Geso L, Grassi W. Progress in imaging in rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(10):628–34.CrossRefPubMed Filippucci E, Di Geso L, Grassi W. Progress in imaging in rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(10):628–34.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Tămaş M-M, Filippucci E, Becciolini A, et al. Bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: ultrasound findings in the early stage of the disease. Rheumatology. 2014;53(6):1100–7.CrossRefPubMed Tămaş M-M, Filippucci E, Becciolini A, et al. Bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: ultrasound findings in the early stage of the disease. Rheumatology. 2014;53(6):1100–7.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Vreju F, Filippucci E, Gutierrez M, et al. Subclinical ultrasound synovitis in a particular joint is associated with ultrasound evidence of bone erosions in that same joint in rheumatoid patients in clinical remission. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016;34(4):673–8.PubMed Vreju F, Filippucci E, Gutierrez M, et al. Subclinical ultrasound synovitis in a particular joint is associated with ultrasound evidence of bone erosions in that same joint in rheumatoid patients in clinical remission. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016;34(4):673–8.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Naredo E, Collado P, Cruz A, et al. Longitudinal power Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of joint inflammatory activity in early rheumatoid arthritis: predictive value in disease activity and radiologic progression. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(1):116–24.CrossRefPubMed Naredo E, Collado P, Cruz A, et al. Longitudinal power Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of joint inflammatory activity in early rheumatoid arthritis: predictive value in disease activity and radiologic progression. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(1):116–24.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Sreerangaiah D, Grayer M, Fisher BA, Ho M, Abraham S, Taylor PC. Quantitative power Doppler ultrasound measures of peripheral joint synovitis in poor prognosis early rheumatoid arthritis predict radiographic progression. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(1):89–93.CrossRef Sreerangaiah D, Grayer M, Fisher BA, Ho M, Abraham S, Taylor PC. Quantitative power Doppler ultrasound measures of peripheral joint synovitis in poor prognosis early rheumatoid arthritis predict radiographic progression. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(1):89–93.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Ten Cate DF, Luime JJ, Swen N, et al. Role of ultrasonography in diagnosing early rheumatoid arthritis and remission of rheumatoid arthritis—a systematic review of the literature. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(1):R4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ten Cate DF, Luime JJ, Swen N, et al. Role of ultrasonography in diagnosing early rheumatoid arthritis and remission of rheumatoid arthritis—a systematic review of the literature. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(1):R4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Caporali R, Conti F, Alivernini S, et al. Recommendations for the use of biologic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: update from the Italian Society for Rheumatology I. Efficacy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(3 Suppl 66):S7–14.PubMed Caporali R, Conti F, Alivernini S, et al. Recommendations for the use of biologic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: update from the Italian Society for Rheumatology I. Efficacy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(3 Suppl 66):S7–14.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, et al. American College of Rheumatology preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(6):727–35.CrossRefPubMed Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, et al. American College of Rheumatology preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(6):727–35.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat van Gestel AM, Haagsma CJ, van Riel PL. Validation of rheumatoid arthritis improvement criteria that include simplified joint counts. Arthritis Rheumatol. 1998;41(10):1845–50.CrossRef van Gestel AM, Haagsma CJ, van Riel PL. Validation of rheumatoid arthritis improvement criteria that include simplified joint counts. Arthritis Rheumatol. 1998;41(10):1845–50.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Heijde D. How to read radiographs according to the Sharp/van der Heijde method. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(1):261–3.PubMed van der Heijde D. How to read radiographs according to the Sharp/van der Heijde method. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(1):261–3.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Sokka T. Radiographic scoring in rheumatoid arthritis. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2008;66(2):166–8.PubMed Sokka T. Radiographic scoring in rheumatoid arthritis. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2008;66(2):166–8.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheel AK, Hermann KG, Kahler E, et al. A novel ultrasonographic synovitis scoring system suitable for analyzing finger joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(3):733–43.CrossRefPubMed Scheel AK, Hermann KG, Kahler E, et al. A novel ultrasonographic synovitis scoring system suitable for analyzing finger joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(3):733–43.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakefield RJ, Balint PV, Szkudlarek M, et al. Musculoskeletal ultrasound including definitions for ultrasonographic pathology. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(12):2485–7.PubMed Wakefield RJ, Balint PV, Szkudlarek M, et al. Musculoskeletal ultrasound including definitions for ultrasonographic pathology. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(12):2485–7.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown AK, Quinn MA, Karim Z, et al. Presence of significant synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-induced clinical remission: evidence from an imaging study may explain structural progression. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(12):3761–73.CrossRefPubMed Brown AK, Quinn MA, Karim Z, et al. Presence of significant synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-induced clinical remission: evidence from an imaging study may explain structural progression. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(12):3761–73.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Newman JS, Laing TJ, McCarthy CJ, Adler RS. Power Doppler sonography of synovitis: assessment of therapeutic response—preliminary observations. Radiology. 1996;198(2):582–4.CrossRefPubMed Newman JS, Laing TJ, McCarthy CJ, Adler RS. Power Doppler sonography of synovitis: assessment of therapeutic response—preliminary observations. Radiology. 1996;198(2):582–4.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Filippucci E, da Luz KR, Di Geso L, et al. Interobserver reliability of ultrasonography in the assessment of cartilage damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(10):1845–8.CrossRefPubMed Filippucci E, da Luz KR, Di Geso L, et al. Interobserver reliability of ultrasonography in the assessment of cartilage damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(10):1845–8.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Disler DG, Raymond E, May DA, Wayne JS, McCauley TR. Articular cartilage defects: in vitro evaluation of accuracy and interobserver reliability for detection and grading with US. Radiology. 2000;215(3):846–51.CrossRefPubMed Disler DG, Raymond E, May DA, Wayne JS, McCauley TR. Articular cartilage defects: in vitro evaluation of accuracy and interobserver reliability for detection and grading with US. Radiology. 2000;215(3):846–51.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gutierrez M, Filippucci E, Ruta S, et al. Inter-observer reliability of high-resolution ultrasonography in the assessment of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: experience of an intensive dedicated training programme. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(2):373–80.CrossRef Gutierrez M, Filippucci E, Ruta S, et al. Inter-observer reliability of high-resolution ultrasonography in the assessment of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: experience of an intensive dedicated training programme. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(2):373–80.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Curtis JR, Churchill M, Kivitz A, et al. A randomized trial comparing disease activity measures for the assessment and prediction of response in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating certolizumab pegol. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(12):3104–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Curtis JR, Churchill M, Kivitz A, et al. A randomized trial comparing disease activity measures for the assessment and prediction of response in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating certolizumab pegol. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(12):3104–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinblatt ME, Fleischmann R, van Vollenhoven RF, et al. Twenty-eight-week results from the REALISTIC phase IIIb randomized trial: efficacy, safety and predictability of response to certolizumab pegol in a diverse rheumatoid arthritis population. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:325.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Weinblatt ME, Fleischmann R, van Vollenhoven RF, et al. Twenty-eight-week results from the REALISTIC phase IIIb randomized trial: efficacy, safety and predictability of response to certolizumab pegol in a diverse rheumatoid arthritis population. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:325.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohammed RH, Farahat F, Kewan HH, Bukhari MA. Predictors of European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) good response, DAS-28 remission and sustained responses to TNF-inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study in refractory disease. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:207.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mohammed RH, Farahat F, Kewan HH, Bukhari MA. Predictors of European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) good response, DAS-28 remission and sustained responses to TNF-inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study in refractory disease. SpringerPlus. 2015;4:207.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Strand V, Mease P, Burmester GR, et al. Rapid and sustained improvements in health-related quality of life, fatigue, and other patient-reported outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate over 1 year: results from the RAPID 1 randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(6):R170.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Strand V, Mease P, Burmester GR, et al. Rapid and sustained improvements in health-related quality of life, fatigue, and other patient-reported outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate over 1 year: results from the RAPID 1 randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(6):R170.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Smolen J, Landewé RB, Mease P, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: the RAPID 2 study. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):797–804.CrossRefPubMed Smolen J, Landewé RB, Mease P, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: the RAPID 2 study. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):797–804.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, et al. Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(6):1443–50.CrossRefPubMed Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, et al. Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(6):1443–50.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Chatzidionysiou K, Kristensen LE, Eriksson J, van Askling J, Vollenhoven R, ARTIS Group. Effectiveness and survival-on-drug of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: results from the national Swedish register. Scand J Rheumatol. 2015;44(6):431–7.CrossRefPubMed Chatzidionysiou K, Kristensen LE, Eriksson J, van Askling J, Vollenhoven R, ARTIS Group. Effectiveness and survival-on-drug of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: results from the national Swedish register. Scand J Rheumatol. 2015;44(6):431–7.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Szkudlarek M, Klarlund M, Narvestad E, et al. Ultrasonography of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, conventional radiography and clinical examination. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(2):R52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Szkudlarek M, Klarlund M, Narvestad E, et al. Ultrasonography of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, conventional radiography and clinical examination. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(2):R52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Walther M, Harms H, Krenn V, Radke S, Faehndrich TP, Gohlke F. Correlation of power Doppler sonography with vascularity of the synovial tissue of the knee joint in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(2):331–8.CrossRefPubMed Walther M, Harms H, Krenn V, Radke S, Faehndrich TP, Gohlke F. Correlation of power Doppler sonography with vascularity of the synovial tissue of the knee joint in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(2):331–8.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Naredo E, Moller I, Cruz A, Carmona L, Garrido J. Power Doppler ultrasonographic monitoring of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2248–56.CrossRefPubMed Naredo E, Moller I, Cruz A, Carmona L, Garrido J. Power Doppler ultrasonographic monitoring of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2248–56.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Seymour MW, Kelly S, Beals CR, et al. Ultrasound of metacarpophalangeal joints is a sensitive and reliable endpoint for drug therapies in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a randomized, two-center placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(5):R198.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Seymour MW, Kelly S, Beals CR, et al. Ultrasound of metacarpophalangeal joints is a sensitive and reliable endpoint for drug therapies in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a randomized, two-center placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(5):R198.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, Perella C, et al. Clinical and ultrasonographic monitoring of response to adalimumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(1):35–40.PubMed Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, Perella C, et al. Clinical and ultrasonographic monitoring of response to adalimumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(1):35–40.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Iagnocco A, Perella C, Naredo E, et al. Etanercept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: clinical follow-up over one year by ultrasonography. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27(4):491–6.CrossRefPubMed Iagnocco A, Perella C, Naredo E, et al. Etanercept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: clinical follow-up over one year by ultrasonography. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27(4):491–6.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Filippucci E, Iagnocco A, Salaffi F, Cerioni A, Valesini G, Grassi W. Power Doppler sonography monitoring of synovial perfusion at the wrist joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(11):1433–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Filippucci E, Iagnocco A, Salaffi F, Cerioni A, Valesini G, Grassi W. Power Doppler sonography monitoring of synovial perfusion at the wrist joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(11):1433–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor PC, Steuer A, Gruber J, et al. Comparison of ultrasonographic assessment of synovitis and joint vascularity with radiographic evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of infliximab therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(4):1107–16.CrossRefPubMed Taylor PC, Steuer A, Gruber J, et al. Comparison of ultrasonographic assessment of synovitis and joint vascularity with radiographic evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of infliximab therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(4):1107–16.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiocco U, Ferro F, Vezzu M, et al. Rheumatoid and psoriatic knee synovitis: clinical, grey scale, and power Doppler ultrasound assessment of the response to etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(6):899–905.CrossRefPubMed Fiocco U, Ferro F, Vezzu M, et al. Rheumatoid and psoriatic knee synovitis: clinical, grey scale, and power Doppler ultrasound assessment of the response to etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(6):899–905.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Epis O, Filippucci E, Delle Sedie A, De Matthaeis A, Bruschi E. Clinical and ultrasound evaluation of the response to tocilizumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case series. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(5):737–42.CrossRefPubMed Epis O, Filippucci E, Delle Sedie A, De Matthaeis A, Bruschi E. Clinical and ultrasound evaluation of the response to tocilizumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case series. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(5):737–42.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawashiri S-Y, Michitsuji T, Kawakami A. Certolizumab pegol was effective for treating residual synovitis after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: therapeutic monitoring by ultrasound. J Med Ultrason. 2018;45(2):371–4.CrossRef Kawashiri S-Y, Michitsuji T, Kawakami A. Certolizumab pegol was effective for treating residual synovitis after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: therapeutic monitoring by ultrasound. J Med Ultrason. 2018;45(2):371–4.CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat S-y Kawashiri, Fujikawa K, Nishino A, et al. Ultrasound-detected bone erosion is a relapse risk factor after discontinuation of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose ultrasound power Doppler synovitis activity and clinical disease activity are well controlled. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):108.CrossRef S-y Kawashiri, Fujikawa K, Nishino A, et al. Ultrasound-detected bone erosion is a relapse risk factor after discontinuation of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose ultrasound power Doppler synovitis activity and clinical disease activity are well controlled. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):108.CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat den Broeder AA, Joosten LAB, Saxne T, et al. Long term anti-tumour necrosis factor α monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: effect on radiological course and prognostic value of markers of cartilage turnover and endothelial activation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(4):311–8.CrossRef den Broeder AA, Joosten LAB, Saxne T, et al. Long term anti-tumour necrosis factor α monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: effect on radiological course and prognostic value of markers of cartilage turnover and endothelial activation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(4):311–8.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Finckh A, Simard JF, Duryea J, et al. The effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in preventing progressive radiographic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(1):54–9.CrossRefPubMed Finckh A, Simard JF, Duryea J, et al. The effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in preventing progressive radiographic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(1):54–9.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bykerk VP, Cush J, Winthrop K, et al. Update on the safety profile of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis: an integrated analysis from clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):96–103.CrossRefPubMed Bykerk VP, Cush J, Winthrop K, et al. Update on the safety profile of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis: an integrated analysis from clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):96–103.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramiro S, Sepriano A, Chatzidionysiou K, et al. Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):1101–36.CrossRefPubMed Ramiro S, Sepriano A, Chatzidionysiou K, et al. Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):1101–36.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Clinical, Ultrasound, and Predictability Outcomes Following Certolizumab Pegol Treatment (with Methotrexate) in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis: 52-Week Results from the CZP-SPEED Study
verfasst von
Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini
Emilio Filippucci
Silvano Adami
Pier Luigi Meroni
Alberto Batticciotto
Luca Idolazzi
Orazio De Lucia
Pablo Talavera
Thomas Kumke
Walter Grassi
Publikationsdatum
24.07.2018
Verlag
Springer Healthcare
Erschienen in
Advances in Therapy / Ausgabe 8/2018
Print ISSN: 0741-238X
Elektronische ISSN: 1865-8652
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0751-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2018

Advances in Therapy 8/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.