Background
Methods
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antibiotic susceptibility testing
PCR amplification of antibiotic resistance genes
Target genes | Primer name | Sequence 5’-3’ | Size/ Annealing temp. | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
16S rRNA | 16S rRNA-F | AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG | 1500/58 | [15] |
16S rRNA-R | ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT | |||
bla
OXA-23
|
bla
OXA-23-F | GATCGGATTGGAGAACCAGA | 501/52 | [16] |
bla
OXA-23-R | ATTTCTGACCGCATTTCCAT | |||
bla
OXA-51
|
bla
OXA-51-F | TAATGCTTTGATCGGCCTTG | 353/52 | [16] |
bla
OXA-51-R | TGGATTGCACTTCATCTTGG | |||
bla
OXA-24
|
bla
OXA-24-F | GGTTAGTTGGCCCCCTTAAA | 246/52 | [16] |
bla
OXA-24-R | AGTTGAGCGAAAAGGGGATT | |||
bla
OXA-58
|
bla
OXA-58-F | AAGTATTGGGGCTTGTGCTG | 599/52 | [16] |
bla
OXA-58-R | CCCCTCTGCGCTCTACATAC | |||
bla
IMP
|
bla
IMP –F | GGAATAGAGTGGCTTAAYTCTC | 232/52 | [20] |
bla
IMP –R | GGTTTAAYAAAACAACCACC | |||
bla
VIM
|
bla
VIM –F | GATGGTGTTTGGTCGCATA | 390/52 | [20] |
bla
VIM –R | CGAATGCGCAGCACCAG | |||
bla
NDM
|
bla
NDM–F | GGTTTGGCGATCTGGTTTTC | 621/52 | [21] |
bla
NDM–R | CGGAATGGCTCATCACGATC | |||
bla
ADC
|
bla
ADC-F | TAAACACCACATATGTTCCG | 663/56 | [19] |
bla
ADC-F | ACTTACTTCAACTCGCGACG | |||
aphA6
|
aphA6-F | ATGGAATTGCCCAATATTATTC | 736/55 | [14] |
aphA6-R | TCAATTCAATTCATCAAGTTTTA | |||
ISAba1
| ISAba1-F | CATTGGCATTAAACTGAGGAGAAA | 451/52 | [22] |
ISAba1-R | TTGGAAATGGGGAAAACGAA | |||
ISAba125
| ISA125-F | TGTTGAAGCGATCCGTTGTT | 755/57 | This study |
ISA125-R | GTGCGACAGTTTCAAAAGCCA | |||
Rep-PCR | ERIC-2 | AAGTAAGTGACTGGGGTGAGCG | variable length/45 | [24] |
IPM-EDTA combined disk test
Repetitive element PCR-mediated DNA fingerprinting (rep-PCR)
Results
Demographic characteristic of patients
Antibiotic susceptibility
Sites | β-lactamase gene patterns | No. of isolates | Rep-PCR Types (n) | MIC (μg/ml) range | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAZ | IMP | TG | CL | ||||
Intensive care unit |
bla
OXA-51/ OXA-23
| 25 | A (2), B (6), C (8), D (6), E (2), F (1) | 4– > 256 | 1– > 32 | 1.6–3.9 | 0.13–2 |
bla
OXA-51/ OXA-23/ NDM-1
| 2 | B (1), C (1) | >256 | >32 | 1.7–3.2 | 0.61–0.79 | |
General ward |
bla
OXA-51/ OXA-23
| 9 | A (1), B (1), C (1), D (5), G (1) | >256 | >24–>32 | 2–3.4 | 0.32–0.88 |
Post-operative ward |
bla
OXA-51/ OXA-23
| 4 | A (1), B (1), C (2) | >256 | >32 | 2.3–3.3 | 0.54–0.78 |
bla
OXA-51/ OXA-23/ NDM-1
| 4 | A (1), C (2) D (1) | >256 | >32 | 2.1–3.2 | 0.23–0.51 |