Background
Methods
Results
Demographics
Variable | PD Number (%) | No PD Number (%) |
---|---|---|
Total (%) | 2640 (0.5) | 507,862 (99.5) |
Gender (% male) | 1459 (55.3) | 232,602 (45.8) |
Mean Age (sd) | 76.4 (9.1) | 68.2 (9.7) |
Age group | ||
55–64 | 308 (11.7) | 219,025 (43.1) |
65–74 | 722 (27.3) | 154,558 (30.4) |
75–84 | 1084 (41.1) | 98,236 (19.3) |
85 and above | 526 (19.9) | 36,043 (7.1) |
Deprivation Quintile | ||
Least Deprived | 562 (21.3) | 99,489 (19.6) |
2 | 635 (24.0) | 117,794 (23.2) |
3 | 612 (23.2) | 117,011 (23.0) |
4 | 464 (17.6) | 93,013 (18.3) |
Most Deprived | 367 (13.9) | 80,555 (15.9) |
Comorbidities
Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 2640 (0.5%) | No Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 507,862 (99.5%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) (standardised by age, gender and deprivation)b
| |
---|---|---|---|
Total number of morbiditiesa
| |||
None | 195 (7.4) | 116,358 (22.9) | 0.43 (0.38–0.49) |
One | 376 (14.3) | 113,634 (22.4) | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) |
Two | 487 (18.5) | 94,062 (18.5) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) |
Three | 430 (16.3) | 69,525 (13.7) | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) |
Four | 355 (12.7) | 47,109 (9.3) | 1.05 (0.94–1.19) |
Five | 291 (11.0) | 29,601 (5.8) | 1.38 (1.22–1.56) |
Six | 208 (7.8) | 17,800 (3.5) | 1.56 (1.35–1.81) |
Seven or more | 318 (12.0) | 19,773 (3.9) | 2.08 (1.84–2.35) |
Total number of physical conditionsa
| |||
None | 311 (11.8) | 129,846 (25.6) | 0.65 (0.58–0.74) |
One | 509 (19.3) | 123,984 (24.4) | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) |
Two | 558 (21.1) | 99,187 (19.5) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) |
Three | 444 (16.8) | 67,710 (13.3) | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) |
Four | 327 (12.4) | 41,539 (8.1) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) |
Five | 233 (8.8) | 23,414 (4.6) | 1.30 (1.13–1.47) |
Six | 121 (4.5) | 12,078 (2.4) | 1.19 (1.01–1.37) |
Seven or more | 137 (5.2) | 10,104 (2.0) | 1.52 (1.27–1.86) |
Total number of mental health conditions | |||
None | 1477 (56.0) | 406,379 (80.0) | 0.33 (0.30–0.36) |
One | 718 (27.2) | 74,234 (14.6) | 2.09 (1.92–2.27) |
Two | 376 (14.2) | 23,583 (4.6) | 3.08 (2.75–3.45) |
Three or more | 69 (2.6) | 3666 (0.7) | 3.14 (2.46–4.00) |
Physical health individual conditions
Condition | Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 2640 | No Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 507,862 | Odds ratio (95% CI) (standardised by age, gender and deprivation)a
|
---|---|---|---|
Constipation | 725 (27.5) | 29,629 (5.8) | 3.92 (3.57–4.31) |
Viral hepatitis | 1 (0.0) | 1684 (0.0) | 2.03 (0.27–14.99) p = 0.48 |
Epilepsy | 47 (1.8) | 5109 (1.0) | 1.79 (1.34–2.40) |
Multiple sclerosis | 9 (0.3) | 1683 (0.3) | 1.53 (0.79–2.97) p = 0.20 |
Visual impairment | 77 (2.9) | 6297 (1.2) | 1.37 (1.09–1.73) |
Stroke or transient ischaemic attack | 363 (13.8) | 33,146 (6.5) | 1.37 (1.22–1.53) |
Painful condition | 573 (21.7) | 85,233 (16.8) | 1.34 (1.22–1.47) |
Irritable bowel syndrome | 123 (4.6) | 21,903 (4.3) | 1.33 (1.11–1.60) |
Cirrhosis/chronic liver disease/alcoholic liver disease | 9 (0.3) | 1684 (0.3) | 1.27 (0.66–2.46) p = 0.46 |
Coronary heart disease | 664 (25.2) | 74,789 (14.7) | 1.22 (1.11–1.33) |
Prostate disease | 155 (5.9) | 13,252 (2.6) | 1.25 (1.05–1.48) |
Heart failure | 178 (6.7) | 17,193 (3.4) | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) p = 0.04 |
Any new cancer in the last 5 years | 267 (10.1) | 32,629 (6.4) | 1.16 (1.02–1.32) p = 0.02 |
Thyrotoxicosis/thyroid disorders incl. Hypothyroidism | 291 (11.0) | 47,874 (9.4) | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) |
Glaucoma | 135 (5.1) | 14,166 (2.8) | 1.15 (0.96–1.37) p = 0.10 |
Dyspepsia | 326 (12.4) | 51,172 (10.1) | 1.13 (1.01–1.22) |
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | 150 (5.7) | 18,800 (3.7) | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) p = 0.34 |
Diverticular disease | 239 (9.1) | 30,692 (6.0) | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) p = 0.38 |
Atrial fibrillation | 212 (8.0) | 22,378 (4.4) | 1.03 (0.89–1.18) p = 0.67 |
Diabetes | 348 (13.2) | 55,548 (10.9) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) p = 0.72 |
Inflammatory arthritis and related conditions incl. Gout | 269 (10.2) | 41,973 (8.3) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) p = 0.71 |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 25 (0.9) | 4787 (0.9) | 1.02 (0.69–1.52) p = 0.89 |
Hearing loss | 284 (10.8) | 36,486 (7.2) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) p = 0.89 |
Psoriasis or eczema | 26 (0.9) | 4775 (0.9) | 0.93 (0.63–1.08) p = 0.74 |
Chronic sinusitis | 17 (0.6) | 4334 (0.9) | 0.91 (0.56–1.47) p = 0.70 |
Active asthma | 141 (5.3) | 32,307 (6.4) | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) p = 0.14 |
Migraine | 8 (0.3) | 3697 (0.7) | 0.84 (0.42–1.69) p = 0.64 |
Hypertension | 1087 (41.1) | 192,833 (38.0) | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) |
Bronchiectasis | 11 (0.4) | 2311 (0.5) | 0.81 (0.46–1.48) p = 0.50 |
Chronic kidney disease | 226 (8.6) | 31,719 (6.3) | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) |
Mental health conditions
Condition | Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 2640 | No Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 507,862 | Odds ratio (95% CI) (standardised by age, gender and deprivation)a
|
---|---|---|---|
Schizophrenia (and related non-organic psychosis) or bipolar disorder | 92 (3.5) | 5216 (1.0) | 3.77 (3.05–4.66) |
Dementia | 319 (12.2) | 10,873 (2.1) | 3.31 (2.91–3.77) |
Learning Disability | 15 (0.6) | 1337 (0.3) | 3.06 (1.82–5.13) |
Depression | 738 (28.0) | 62,774 (12.4) | 3.02 (2.76–3.29) |
Anxiety & other neurotic, stress related & somatoform disorders | 431 (16.3) | 32,991 (6.5) | 2.32 (2.08–2.59) |
Alcohol misuse | 83 (3.1) | 18,454 (3.6) | 1.01 (0.81–1.27) p = 0.87 |
Anorexia or bulimia | 5 (0.2) | 1007 (0.5) | 0.91 (0.38–2.21) p = 0.85 |
Polypharmacy in people with PD versus controls
Number of active repeat medicationsa
| Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 2640 | No Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 507,862 | Odds ratio (95% CI) Directly standardised for age, sex, and number of physical conditionsb
|
---|---|---|---|
None | 191 (7.2) | 148,615 (29.3) | 0.38 (0.32 to 0.45) |
One | 122 (4.6) | 56,729 (11.2) | 0.61 (0.51 to 0.73) |
Two | 167 (6.3) | 53,903 (10.6) | 0.71 (0.60 to 0.83) |
Three | 230 (8.7) | 48,760 (9.6) | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.05) p = 0.23 |
Four | 252 (9.6) | 44,000 (8.7) | 0.95 (0.83 to 1.08) p = 0.46 |
Five to nine | 1172 (44.5) | 124,619 (24.5) | 1.40 (1.28 to 1.53) |
Ten or more | 506 (19.2) | 31,236 (6.2) | 1.90 (1.68 to 2.15) |