Background
Methods
Protocol and registration
Eligibility criteria
Literature search
Study selection
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Synthesis
Results
Searches and selection
Study | Population | Intervention | Comparator(s) | Outcomes (Primary, Secondary) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Larcombe (1984) [48] | BDI ≥ 20; Self-reported depression ≥ 3 months; Met Feighner criteria for ‘definite’ or ‘probable’ depression; No psychological co-morbidities; Low suicide risk; Normal memory function; No concurrent or prior treatment with major tranquilisers or lithium. Diagnosis of MS confirmed by a neurologist | Six weekly 90 minute group cognitive behavioural therapy sessions | Waiting list for delayed treatment | BDI; HRSD; Mood Ratings (3 item questionnaire, 10 point scale); Depression as rated by significant other (6 item questionnaire, 4 point scale) |
Mohr (2001) [25] | BDI ≥ 16; HRSD ≥ 16; Clinical diagnosis of MDD assessed using SCID; No psychological or neurological co-morbidities, suicidal tendencies or CNS disorders; Willingness to abstain from any other treatment for depression than that provided in the study. Confirmed diagnosis of MS (Poser criteria) | Sixteen weekly 50 minute individually administered cognitive behavioural therapy sessions | Supportive-expressive group therapy; Sertraline | BDI; BDI-18; HRSD; MDD assessed using SCID |
Mohr (2005) [47] | BDI-II ≥ 16; HRSD ≥ 14; GNDS ≥ 3 on one or more areas of functioning; No co-morbid dementia, psychosis, substance abuse or suicidal tendencies; Not currently undergoing psychotherapy; No medication other than antidepressants. Diagnosis of MS confirmed by a neurologist | Sixteen weekly 50 minute telephone administered cognitive behavioural therapy sessions | Telephone administered supportive emotion-focused therapy | BDI-II; HRSD; MDD assessed using SCID; Positive affect measured using PANAS-PA |
Mohr (2000) [45] | POMS-DS ≥ 15; If in treatment for depression must have been in that treatment for ≥ 3 months; No co-morbid dementia or neurological disorders. Confirmed diagnosis of MS (Poser criteria) | Eight weekly 50 minute telephone administered cognitive behavioural therapy sessions | Standard care | POMS-DS; Post-treatment adherence to IFNβ-1a |
Forman (2010) [43] | Diagnosis of MS > 3 months; HADS ≥ 8 or GHQ-12 ≥ 3 | Six fortnightly 120 minute group therapy sessions based on cognitive-behavioural and psycho-educational framework | Standard care | HADS; GHQ-12; MSIS; MSSE; SF-36 |
Lincoln (2011) [44] | Diagnosis of MS > 12 months; HADS ≥ 8 or GHQ-12 ≥ 3. Diagnosis of MS confirmed by a neurologist | Six fortnightly 120 minute group therapy sessions based on cognitive-behavioural and psycho-educational framework | Standard care | BDI-II; HADS; GHQ-12; MSIS; MSSE; EQ-5D |
Cooper (2011) [30] | BDI-II ≥ 14 but < 29; EDSS < 8.5; MMSE < 24; No psychological co-morbidities; Low suicide risk; No treatment from psychologist, psychotherapist or psychiatrist within last 3 months. Confirmed diagnosis of MS (McDonald criteria) | Eight 50 minute computerised cognitive behavioural therapy sessions | Standard care | BDI-II; MSIS; SF-36; PHQ-9; GAD-7 |
Study characteristics
Population characteristics
Study | Mean age (SD) | Sex | Mean (SD) MS duration in years | MS disease course | EDSS/GNDS mean (SD) | Depression severity measure mean score (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Larcombe (1984) [48] | 42.5 (NR) | CBT: F7 M2; Ctrl: F6 M4 | NR | NR | NR | BDI. CBT: 27.44 (5.64); Ctrl: 29.00 (8.67) |
Mohr (2001) [25] | 43.9 (10.0) | F46 M17 | 7.7 (NR) | RR or SP | EDSS: 2.4 (NR) | BDI. CBT: 24.8 (7.1); Ctrl: 23.5 (7.6) |
Mohr (2005) [47] | CBT: 48.6 (9.6); Ctrl: 47.3 (10.1). | CBT: F47 M15; Ctrl: F51 M14 | CBT: 11.6 (10.1); Ctrl: 10.9 (10.1) | NR | GNDS. CBT: 23.9 (5.8); Ctrl 22.9 (6.7) | BDI. CBT: 27.00 (7.78); Ctrl: 28.32 (7.91) |
Mohr (2000) [45] | CBT: 42.6 (12.8); Ctrl: 42.1 (9.4) | CBT: F10 M6; Ctrl: F13 M3 | CBT: 6.1 (6.6); Ctrl: 6.1 (6.7) | CBT: RR16; Ctrl: RR16 | GNDS. CBT: 19.0 (9.2); Ctrl: 17.9 (9.2) | POMS-DS. CBT: 33.1 (12.4); Ctrl: 27.9 (12.1) |
Forman (2010) [43] | CBT: 47.3 (10.3); Ctrl: 47.7 (9.8) | CBT: F16 M4; Ctrl: F16 M4 | CBT: 7.3 (5.4); Ctrl: 12.4 (11.4) | CBT: RR13 PP3 SP3 B1; Ctrl: RR13 PP1 SP6 | GNDS. CBT: 19.39 (5.55); Ctrl: 25.37 (8.04) | HADS-D. CBT: 9.5 (3.3); Ctrl: 8.5 (4.3) |
Lincoln (2011) [44] | CBT: 44.5 (11.1); Ctrl: 47.5 (10.5) | NR | CBT: 9.2 (7.8); Ctrl: 10.5 (8.0) | CBT: RR55 PP4 SP12 B1; Ctrl: RR48 PP11 SP18 B2 | GNDS. CBT: 17.3 (7.8); Ctrl: 16.7 (6.9) | BDI. CBT: 23.1 (12.2); Ctrl: 21.9 (8.7) |
Cooper (2011) [30] | CBT: 48 (7.7); Ctrl: 42 (7.0) | CBT: F11 M1; Ctrl: F7 M5 | NR | CBT: RR7 SP5; Ctrl: RR12 | EDSS. CBT: 4.8 (1.7); Ctrl: 3.6 (1.8) | BDI. CBT: 21.0 (4.0); Ctrl: 23.3 (5.2) |
Intervention characteristics
Comparator characteristics
Quality assessment
First author | Allocation concealment | Randomisation | Blinding | Intention to treat (ITT) and withdrawals | Attrition at primary outcome timepoint | Largest number lost to follow-up |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Larcombe (1984) [48] Australia | Unclear | Unclear | Raters for HRSD were blind to experimental conditions and assessment occasions | 1/20 (5%) withdrew (1 CBT). Participant discontinued treatment after one session. No ITT analysis | 1/20 (5%) at 7 weeks (1 CBT) | 1/20 (5%) did not complete 7 week outcome assessment (1 CBT) |
Mohr (2001) [25] USA | Inadequate | Inadequate: Quasi-random, block randomisation | None | 11/63 (18%) dropped out of treatment (1 CBT, 4 Group therapy, 6 Sertraline). ITT analysis carried out on all subjects | 9/63 (14%) at 16 weeks (3 SEG, 6 Sertraline) | 9/63 (14%) did not complete 16 week outcome assessment (3 SEG, 6 Sertraline) |
Mohr (2005) [47] USA | Unclear | Unclear: Stratified based on whether patient currently diagnosed as having MDD and using antidepressant medication | All interviewers conducting telephone assessments were blinded to treatment allocation | 7/127 (6%) did not complete the 16 weeks of therapy (3 CBT, 4 Control). 6 participants dropped out by their own choice, 1 was removed from the trial due to an irrelevant issue. ITT analysis carried out on all subjects | 5/127 (4%) at 16 weeks (2 CBT, 3 Control) | 15/127 (12%) did not complete 28 week follow-up (6 CBT, 9 Control) |
Mohr (2000) [45] USA | Unclear | Unclear | None | 5/32 (16%) dropped out of treatment (5 CBT). CBT: Inability to make phone appointments or reported conflicts with other obligations. ITT analysis carried out on all subjects using last observation carried forward for missing data | 9/32 (28%) at 8 weeks (5 CBT, 4 Control). Control: 3 declined final assessment, 1 died (medical problem unrelated to MS) | 9/32 (28%) did not complete 8 week outcome assessment (5 CBT, 4 Control) |
Forman (2010) [43] UK | Inadequate: Independent researcher held allocation schedule. Small sample made later groups predictable | Adequate: Block randomisation, computer-generated list of random numbers | Single blind. Outcome questionnaires scored and entered onto computer by an independent researcher | 7/20 (35%) randomised to group CBT intervention did not attend the group sessions. No ITT analysis | 2/40 (5%) at 12 weeks (1 CBT, 1 Control). CBT: Did not return due to bereavement. Control: Did not return due to MS relapse | 3/40 (7.5%) did not complete 26 week follow-up (2 CBT, 1 Control) |
Lincoln (2011) [44] UK | Adequate: Web-based randomisation system | Adequate: Block randomisation, computer-generated | Data scored and entered onto database by researcher blind to treatment allocation | 1/151 subject withdrew (1 Control) shortly after randomisation. ITT analysis carried out on all subjects using last observation carried forward for missing data | 20/151 (13%) at 16 weeks (11 CBT, 9 Control). CBT: 2 patients were too ill, 9 failed to return outcome assessment. Control: 1 patient withdrew, 1 was too ill, 7 failed to return outcome assessment | 24/151 (16%) did not complete 32 week follow-up (14 CBT, 10 Control) |
Cooper (2011) [30] UK | Adequate: Web-based randomisation system | Adequate: Computer-generated | Statisticians and PI remained blind to treatment allocation codes until after the final analysis | 1/12 (8%) randomised to computerised CBT formally requested discontinuation of treatment citing time and lack of enthusiasm as reasons. ITT analysis carried out on all subjects using last observation carried forward for missing data | 3/24 (12.5%) at 8 weeks (3 CBT) | 6/24 (25%) did not complete 21 week follow-up (2 CBT, 4 Control) |