Background
Methods
Participants
Participants | Mean (DP) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 23.8 (3.62) |
Height (m) | 1.69 (0.09) |
Weight (Kg) | 69.99 (12.45) |
Gender | Male (10); Female (10) |
IPAC activity level | High (9); Moderate (11) |
Instrumentation
Experimental procedures
Data processing
Statistical analysis
Results
OUT vs assistive mode walking in the device: sagittal plane
Conditions | Statistical analysis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OUT | AM | SDM | OUT vs AM | AM vs SDM | ||
Sagittal kinematic (degree) |
F
|
p
|
F
|
p
| |||
Maximum ankle (D-FLEX) | 79.34 (4.42) | 79.69 (4.49) | 83.97 (4.04) | 0.264 | 0.614 | 25.858 |
0.000
|
Minimum ankle (P-FLEX) | 51.14 (6.95) | 44.78 (6.32) | 45.93 (7.64) | 32.797 |
0.000
| 2.570 | 0.125 |
Ankle angular excursion | 28.19 (5.61) | 34.90 (4.18) | 38.03 (6.73) | 28.089 |
0.000
| 7.571 |
0.013
|
Maximum hip (FLEX) | 29.09 (7.33) | 30.47 (6.85) | 38.33 (7.82) | 0.702 | 0.413 | 51.824 |
0.000
|
Hip angular excursion | 42.40 (4.71) | 46.09 (6.63) | 53.60 (7.33) | 7.725 |
0.012
| 28.789 |
0.000
|
Maximum knee (EXT) | 4.35 (4.87) | 3.27 (4.51) | 0.40 (4.75) | 2.019 | 0.172 | 9.851 |
0.005
|
Minimum knee (FLEX) | −59.02 (4.62) | −58.26 (4.34) | −60.81 (4.34) | 0.685 | 0.418 | 14.982 |
0.001
|
Sagittal Kinetic (Nm/Kg) | |||||||
Maximal anterior-posterior force (BF) | 1.44 (0.27) | 0.65 (0.39) | 0.11 (0.07) | 83.223 |
0.000
| 34.739 |
0.000
|
Minimal anterior-posterior force (PF) | −1.52 (0.22) | −1.63 (0.26) | −2.12 (0.30) | 2.075 | 0.166 | 66.126 |
0.000
|
Maximal vertical force | 10.64 (0.69) | 11.11 (0.67) | 11.19 (0.70) | 7.616 |
0.012
| 0.503 | 0.487 |
Minimal vertical force | −0.30 (0.12) | −0.19 (0.10) | −0.21 (0.11) | 50.481 |
0.000
| 1.718 | 0.206 |
Maximal hip moment (FLEX) | 0.37 (0.12) | 0.46 (0.16) | 0.33 (0.18) | 11.517 |
0.003
| 17.541 |
0.000
|
Minimal hip moment (EXT) | −0.61 (0.09) | −0.73 (0.18) | −0.92 (0.31) | 12.422 |
0.002
| 12.885 |
0.002
|
Sagittal impulse (Ns/kg) |
F
|
p
|
F
|
p
| |||
Breaking force | 0.30 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.06) | 90.621 |
0.000
| 16.554 |
0.001
|
Propulsive force | −0.28 (0.08) | −0.36 (0.13) | −0.64 (0.18) | 4.819 |
0.041
| 37.438 |
0.000
|
Vertical force ES | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.82 (0.15) | 0.85 (0.12) | 6.007 |
0.024
| 0.863 | 0.365 |
Vertical force MS | 3.65 (0.41) | 3.95 (0.60) | 3.81 (0.41) | 10.400 |
0.004
| 2.471 | 0.132 |
OUT vs assistive mode walking in the device: frontal plane
Conditions | Statistical analysis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OUT | AM | SDM | OUT vs AM | AM vs SDM | ||
Frontal kinematic (degree) |
F
|
p
|
F
|
p
| |||
Maximum hip (ABD) | 8.70 (2.96) | 6.86 (3.69) | 9.80 (4.35) | 3.718 | 0.070 | 25.587 |
0.000
|
Minimum hip (AD) | −4.51 (4.29) | −1.43 (4.77) | −1.11 (6.00) | 11.413 |
0.003
| 0.363 | 0.554 |
Hip angular excursion | 13.58 (3.56) | 9.24 (2.46) | 12.05 (3.56) | 22.946 |
0.000
| 24.612 |
0.000
|
Maximum knee (ABD) | 2.74 (3.71) | 1.88 (4.23) | 1.02 (4.40) | 2.231 | 0.152 | 3.541 | 0.075 |
Minimum knee (AD) | −6.22 (4.14) | −7.31 (5.18) | −8.38 (5.78) | 1.974 | 0.176 | 8.487 |
0.009
|
Frontal kinetic (Nm/Kg) | |||||||
Maximal lateral force | 0.90 (0.18) | 0.75 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.23) | 22.410 |
0.000
| 0.064 | 0.802 |
OUT vs assistive mode walking in the device: center of mass displacement
Assistive mode vs self-drive mode walking in the device: sagittal plane
Assistive mode vs self-drive mode walking in the device: frontal plane
Assistive mode vs self-drive mode walking in the device: center of mass displacement
Variables | OUT vs AM condition | AM vs SDM condition | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sagittal plane | Frontal plane | Sagittal plane | Frontal plane | |
Angular displacement | • Ankle plantar flexion larger in AM • Hip angular excursion larger in AM | • Hip adduction and angular excursion smaller in AM | • Ankle dorsiflexion and angular excursion larger in SDM • Hip flexion and angular excursion larger in SDM • Knee flexion larger and extension smaller in SDM | • Hip abduction and angular excursion larger in SDM • Knee adduction larger in SDM |
Forces | • Vertical force larger in AM • Braking force smaller in AM | • Lateral force smaller in AM | • Braking force smaller, but propulsive force larger in SDM | |
Moments | • Hip extensor and flexor moments larger in AM | • Hip abduction moment smaller in AM | • Hip flexor moment smaller, but hip extensor moment larger in SDM | |
Impulses | • Braking impulse smaller and propulsive impulse larger in AM • Vertical impulse smaller during early stance, but larger during mid-stance in AM | • Braking impulse smaller, but propulsive impulse larger in SDM | ||
Center of mass displacement | • Center of mass displacement smaller for medio-lateral, anterior-posterior and vertical directions in AM | • Center of mass displacement larger for medio-lateral and anterior-posterior directions in SDM |