Background
Methods
Study area
Loggers' survey
A. Survey with loggers | |
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A1. The social situation (the agreement of the surveyed logger is mandatory) allows the logger to be identified, details his/her past, present and future activities, and the sources of energy he/she is using. This was asked at the end of each interview. | A2. The localization of the exploitation site which concerns at the same time the fuel wood logging points in the field, and the markets in which the produce is sold. |
A3. The resources used provide information on the tools the mangroves loggers possess and/or use during their activity, including such tools as canoes, engine-powered canoes or boats, chain saws, carpenter saws, machetes, axes, etc.; B3. The general utilisation of mangroves gave a first idea of uses in general. Although no further focus, here we inquired also for non-wood forest product uses such as medicinal or alimentary utilization of the mangrove. | A4. The daily production is a set of raw numbers provided by each logger. This is the fundamental part of this survey that should provide answers about deforestation and estimates the economic value of the mangrove wood resources. It specifies the targeted species, provides the number of trees logged in the field, usually the length of the used part of the fallen tree, as an alternative to the knowledge of the tree heights, the number of logs obtained and their diameter, and the transported quantity. The surveyor did not adjust or modify the information obtained from the mangrove loggers. B4. Detailed questions on fuelwood use investigating genera used, their quality, their part and size used. We also asked for reasons of use and for any alternative fuelwood uses. Who and how much was used was also part of the survey. |
A5. The expenditures of the mangrove logger shed light on the overall necessary resources for the accomplishment of this activity. They concern the equipment that he/she can rent or the labour used, the cost of food eaten in the field, different types of fuels, reseller remuneration, etc. | A6. The daily incomes of the mangrove logger are inferred from the answers received on the average quantities of daily sales in the market, while taking into account the eventual price fluctuations of all the markets according to the universal law of demand and supply. |
A7. The monthly revenues are a statement provided by the mangrove logger, without any relation with the aforementioned revenues and expenditures. | A8. The role of the mangrove is restricted to a unique question that concerns the environmental knowledge of the mangrove logger. |
Households' survey
B. Survey with villagers | |
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B1. Socio-demographic and economic attributes of the villager (incl. age, religion, marital status, household composition, years of life in village, profession, family income source, and assets of the family). This was asked at the end of each interview. | B2. An objective assessment of the interviewee's knowledge on mangroves (in the text referred to as 'mangrove knowledge') was made by asking the person to identify which mangroves were around using plants parts freshly collected from the field and scoring the correctness as described by Dahdouh-Guebas et al. [9]. |
B3. The general utilisation of mangroves gave a first idea of uses in general. Although no further focus, here we inquired also for non-wood forest product uses such as medicinal or alimentary utilization of the mangrove. | B4. Detailed questions on fuelwood use, investigating genera used, their quality, their part and size used. We also asked for reasons of use and for any alternative fuelwood uses. Who and how much was used was also part of the survey. |
B5. The same was repeated for construction and service wood. | B6. The same was repeated for fine timber (for furniture, crafts and arts). |
B7. Personal assessment of the interviewee's perception on changes in the mangrove forest was gained by asking questions on change in area, in mangrove species composition and on opinion reasons for this. We also asked them about their opinion of the future. |
Mbiako | Yoyo I | Yoyo II | Total | |
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Number of questionnaires
| 22 | 54 | 27 | 103 |
Socio-demographic factors
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(a) Population structure (based on total population statistics from the Village Chiefs)
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Adult Male | 294 | 240 | 87 | 621 |
Adult Female | 108 | 264 | 120 | 492 |
Child | 213 | 234 | 195 | 732 |
(b) Marital status of respondents
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Married | 11 (50%) | 29 (54%) | 16 (59%) | 56 (54%) |
Bachelor | 7 (32%) | 20 (37%) | 8 (30%) | 35 (34%) |
Widow | 4 (18%) | 5 (9%) | 3 (11%) | 12 (12%) |
(c) Profession of respondents
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Business | 8 (5%) | 12 (22%) | 7 (26%) | 27 (26%) |
Fishing | 16 (73%) | 38 (70%) | 15 (56%) | 64 (62%) |
Smoking fish | 11 (50%) | 41 (76%) | 17 (63%) | 74 (72%) |
Other (e.g. teaching, ad interim jobs) | 1 (5%) | 2 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3%) |
Analysis of the loggers' survey
Quantitative analysis
Qualitative analysis
Analysis of the villagers' survey
Results
Loggers' survey
Mangrove wood sale
Diameter of mangrove wood at markets
Equipment | Users number | Acquisition mode | Impact on | ||
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Owners | Rented | Mangrove degradation | Household income | ||
Boat
| 120 | 94 (78.33%) | 26 (21.6%) | Average | Positive |
Chain saws
| 31 | 18 (58.1%) | 13 (41.9%) | Very high | Positive |
Carpenter saws
| 103 | 103 (100%) | 0 (0%) | High | Positive |
Machetes
| 120 | 120 (100%) | 0 (0%) | Little | Insignificant |
Years of experience in logging activities
Villagers' survey
Ethno-botanical knowledge of mangroves
General utilization of mangroves
Taxa name | Part used | Uses |
---|---|---|
Rhizophora
spp.
| Young, mature and old stems, branches | Fuelwood (cooking and smoking fish), furniture, fencing poles, fuelwood for cooking and smoking fish, bed poles, timber poles for banda construction, canoe anchors, paddles and fishing traps bridges. |
Avicennia germinans
| Young, mature and old stems, branches | Fuelwood (cooking and smoking fish), furniture, fencing poles, fuelwood for cooking and smoking fish, bed poles, timber poles for banda construction, canoe anchors, paddles and fishing traps. |
Laguncularia racemosa
| Stems | Firewood (home use), smoking fish, poles for furniture and fences. |
Conocarpus erectus
| Stems | Firewood (home use), smoking fish, poles for furniture and fences. |
Nypa fruticans
| Leaves | Thatching material for house walls and roofs. |