Comparative effects of vitamin D and vitamin C supplementations with and without endurance physical activity on metabolic syndrome patients: a randomized controlled trial

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of abnormal cardio metabolic factors that increase risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus [1]. MetS is a major health problem worldwide; based on the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) appreciation about one quarter of the world’s adult population have MetS [1]. MetS is among dangerous syndromes, which increases the danger of being overtaken by various diseases including CVD, diabetes, dyslipidemia, stroke, osteoarthritis, some type of cancers and mortality [2]. MetS imposes heavy expenses to sanitary therapeutic system and it generally reduces life quality [3]. In fact, insulin resistance and central obesity are considered the main causes of MetS [1‐3]. In addition, its appear that demographic, lifestyle, and social factors are affecting MetS [2]. Indeed, it has been reported that cigarette consumption and high body mass view are among independent and amendable risk factors for MetS [2]. Nowadays, recognition of considerable challenges related to obesity and its therapeutic solutions all over the lifetime have resulted in great efforts spent toward obesity inhibition [4]. Furthermore, doing regular athletic activities and consuming the antioxidants are among the advised solutions, which are not only affecting the total safety of body, but also affect brain performance [2]. Some of previous studies have reported that people who experience delayed performance physically showed improvement with supervised physical fitness exercises, and the health of people suffering from metabolic diseases improved with an increase in antioxidant intake into their system [4, 5]. Antioxidant supplementations especially vitamin C relieve the body off the stress associated with MetS and vitamin D increase the antioxidant capacity [4, 5]. Some of previous studies show a significant relationship between the amount of vitamin D intake and muscle fatigue; supplements are likely to improve the muscle fatigue through the biological roles that these nutrients play [6, 7]. A change in vitamin D from the normal range alters the muscle performance and activity significantly, especially when exercises of different intensities are involved [8‐11]. Elsewhere studies have reported a reduction of death with frequent intake of vitamin D as well as engaging in aerobic exercises [12‐16]. Regarding the relation between serum level of vitamin D and MetS components, different studies have been accomplished in some of which this relation has been confirmed [17‐19]. It has been shown that low level of serum vitamin D has inverse relation with weight gain, body mass index (BMI), but it does not have significant relation with other components of MetS [17]. Accumulating literature also link vitamin D studies with bones while comparing BMI and general weight gains [14‐16]. On the other hand, vitamin C however, has completely different functions in an in vitro experiments and in humans [20‐22]; some previous studies show that, the metabolism of glucose in the insulin resistant people was improved, and the blood pressure was lowered in patients who took vitamin C supplementation [23]. Furthermore, vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation are shown to prevent molecular regulators that trigger the sensitivity of insulin as well antioxidant defense mechanisms through physical activities [24]. Moreover, endurance exercises produce reactive nitrogen and oxygen through the mitochondria [25]. Physical exercises on a regular basis promote the health of the individuals and its play a vital role in treating MetS patients [26‐28]. In conclusion, the prevalence of MetS is raising worldwide [1]. In addition, vitamin D and vitamin C levels have inverse relation with some of the MetS components such as (BMI, insulin resistant, and high blood pressure) [17, 23], and they are used as antioxidant supplements during enduring metabolic activities [4, 5]. Therefore, understanding the association between the effects of vitamin D and vitamin C supplementations with and without endurance physical activity (PA) on various components of MetS may be helpful in reducing MetS-related premature mortality and improve life quality among MetS patients. Our study was conducted to examine the effects of vitamin D and vitamin C supplementations with and without endurance PA on various components of MetS among MetS patients.

In the present study, 180 patients with MetS were recruited: vitamin D (n = 30), “vitamin D plus 30 min/day PA” (n = 30), vitamin C (n = 30), “vitamin C plus 30 min/day PA” (n = 30), placebo (n = 30) and “placebo plus 30 min/day PA” (n = 30) groups. The study procedure and the flow chart for inclusion and exclusion in the study is shown in Fig. 1. In did, 39 participants excluded from the study because of the following reasons: Five became pregnant, nine did not follow recommended PA, seven had poor compliance to vitamin D supplements, 10 had poor vitamin C supplement, and 8 did not complete the trial. Finally, 141 subjects remained in the study. We included the data for all 141 participants in the baseline and final analysis. The characteristics of the study participants are presented in Table 1. The distribution of participants in terms of mean age among different study groups was not significant (P value > .05). The percentage of gender allocation, family history of obesity, family history of diabetes mellitus and family history of hypertension was not significantly different across the intervention groups (P value > .05 for all). These data suggest that the demographic information at baseline studies is evenly distributed. In addition, the results of the present study demonstrated that, baseline serum vitamin D and vitamin C levels showed no significant difference among groups (P value > .05). There were also no significant differences among the groups in terms of weight, BMI, WC, FPG, SBP, DBP and TC (P value > .05 for all). However, participants who received vitamin C supplements had higher serum levels of TG compared with those who received vitamin D plus PA, vitamin D plus PA and placebo or “placebo plus PA” (P < .001). Participants in the “vitamin D plus PA and placebo plus PA” groups had higher values of HDL-C compared with those in the other groups (P = .046). Furthermore, participants in the vitamin C group had lower levels of LDL-C compared with those in the “placebo plus PA” group (P = .007). Moreover, end of trial means of metabolic characteristic measures among study groups are shown in Table 2. We observed a significant increase in mean serum vitamin D concentrations, in participants who received vitamin D, (Vitamin D group from 10.8 ± 2.8 to 23.2 ± 4.9 ng/mL, or “vitamin D plus PA” from 10.4 ± 3.2 to 29 ± 5.5 ng/mL, P < .001 for all) and a significant increase in vitamin C supplementation also observed (Vitamin C group from .9 ± .4 to 1.4 ± .3 ng/mL or “vitamin C plus PA” from .8 ± .3 to 1.7 ± .3 ng/mL, P < .001 for all). There was also a significant increase in serum levels of vitamin D in those who received “placebo plus PA” (11 ± 4 vs. 18.9 ± 4.5 ng/mL at the end of the study, P < .001). No significant changes in serum levels of vitamin D and vitamin C were seen in participants in the placebo groups (P value > .05). End of trial supplementation did not significantly affect means of anthropometric measures and blood pressure among all groups (P value > .05). Whereas, One-way ANOVA of the end of study FPG showed significant difference between groups (P value < .05), and biochemical indicators across all study groups after intervention shows that, subjects in vitamin D group had lower serum levels of TC compared with the other groups (P < .001) and highest level of TC was observed in placebo group compared to other groups. In terms of TG, vitamin C intake resulted in higher serum levels of TG compared with the other groups (P < .001). Additionally, end of trial means of serum levels of LDL-C was significantly lower in the vitamin D group compared with all of other groups (P < .001). And the participants in vitamin C plus PA group had higher serum levels of HDL-C compared with other groups (P < .001). On the other hand, changes in metabolic criteria across study groups are presented in Table 3. There was a marginally significant difference in changes of BMI, WC, TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C among all groups (P value < .05 for all). No significant changes in serum levels of FPG, SBP and DBP were seen among all groups (P value > .05 for all). Finally, multiple comparison of metabolic criteria across the study groups are presented in Table 4. According to multiple comparison using Tukey method across the study groups, the mean difference change of BMI only lowered in those who took vitamin D and did exercise compared with those who took vitamin D alone (− 1.4 ± .4, P = .029). However, the change was not significant compared to placebo. In addition, WC was significantly lowered in the vitamin C plus PA group compared to placebo (− 2.8 ± 1.0, P = .041) and vitamin D alone (− 4.2 ± 1.0, P < .001). Our results demonstrate that, taking vitamin C with exercise lowered WC to higher level comparing to those who took vitamin C alone (2.9 ± 1.0, P = .021). Taking placebo plus PA also lowered WC compared to vitamin D supplement alone (3.5 ± 1.0, P = .006). Besides, taking vitamin C and doing exercise remarkably lowered WC comparing to those who took vitamin D and exercised (3 ± 1.0, P = .041). Regarding change in lipid profiles a significant changes in serum levels of TC were seen following vitamin D or “vitamin D plus PA” than that in the placebo group (24 ± 8, P = .037; 24 ± 8.2, P = .050) respectively. Beside, either taking vitamin C and “vitamin C plus PA” both significantly lowered TG in comparison to placebo (33.5 ± 10.1, P = .027; 36.2 ± 11.1 P = .017). Interestingly, Table 4 showed that mean of HDL-C was higher in those who took vitamin C and doing PA compared to those vitamin D plus PA (16.2 ± 4.0, P = .002) and placebo plus PA (16.3 ± 4.0, P = .001). Vitamin C with exercise lowered HDL-C more in than taking vitamin C alone (14.2 ± 3.9, P = .005), Vitamin D alone (15.6 ± 3.9, P = .002) and vitamin D plus PA (16.2 ± 4.0, P = .002). Even so, only vitamin D supplement lowered LDL-C more in compared with vitamin C supplement groups (23.4 ± 8.2, P = .055).

The results of this study show that the demographic characteristics of the participants do not differ significantly when comparing vitamin D to vitamin C treatment, suggesting that vitamin supplements may not have impact on demographic differences. However, elsewhere, studies indicate that vitamin supplements may have different functions in the body hence different age groups may have different needs for vitamin D supplement [38, 39]. The present study excluded participants who are likely having selected medical conditions hence agreeing with Gutierrez et al. [40] study who conducted vitamin D supplement intake among chronically ill patients and found that their vitamin supplement needs are different from healthy individuals. Our finding revealed that vitamin D and C supplements do not have any effect on weight when consumers are undergoing endurance physical exercise. The 12 weeks study did not report any difference in weight that is presumed vitamin D and C influence. Caan et al. [41] showed that vitamin D intake had a supplemental increase in postmenopausal weigh gain. Also, Zittermann et al. [42] showed that intake of vitamin D supplement enhances weight among cardiovascular risk patients. These two studies reported different results from the results of the present study. This may be due to the differences in the physical exercise variables used. In addition, previous studies focused more on supplemental intake of vitamin D as compared to the combination of vitamin C and D [43]. These studies also reported results from a specific population, which was excluded from the present study. Therefore, limited studies were found in the literature to evaluate the comparative effects of vitamin C and D supplement in weight loss and enduring physical exercise in MetS adult population in specific age group (30–50 years) as performed in this study. Furthermore, the current work found no significant interaction effect among participants taking vitamin D and C supplements with simultaneous exercise. However, interestingly, two statistical measures used in this study, one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA, showed different results. These differences were observed after baseline measure adjustment where ANCOVA demonstrated significant differences between BMI and the study vitamin supplement, similar finding was reported by Salehpour et al. [44], and Vimaleswaran et al. [45] reported a causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D, where they found a positive directional relationship between BMI and vitamin D. In our study, vitamin D may be responsible for the changes in BMI shown with ANCOVA analysis. This finding is in agreement with the result obtained by Amrein et al. [46].

Regarding, the changes in WC did not show any significant interaction among the study participants with vitamin D and C. The WC and BMI have been often studied together [47]. In line to our findings, a study performed by Du et al. [48] suggested that WC depends on high weight and individuals with low weight would not show any changes in their WC. Elsewhere, it has been reported that daily vitamin D supplementation (1000 IU) in overweight and obese women shows significant reduction in body fat mass with no effect on WC [44]. Overall, it appears that taking vitamin D alone do not have a significant effect on weight, but when it is combined with endurance PA, it may affect. However, further studies are required to fully observe this aspect. Furthermore, vitamin D supplement and its derivatives have widely been studied due to their connection with CVD [49]. Our results show that there is a significant difference in SBP among individuals who took vitamin D and did the exercise, while no significant interaction for vitamin C was recorded. This might due to the fact that vitamin D supplement aid in relieving blood pressure [50, 51]. However, study reported the audiometric outcomes of the use of vitamin D, suggested that the association of vitamin D and cardio related activities is uncertain; hence no clinical significance can be drawn [52]. In the present study, changes in the FPG did not have any significant interaction effects with vitamin D or C during exercise. Dakhale et al. [53] show that the FPG level for normal individuals should remain less than 250 mg/dL. Moreover, in this study, there was no significant effects on cholesterol levels among patients who took vitamin C supplements, but for vitamin D supplements cholesterol showed increased weight. The reason of vitamin D interaction with cholesterol in the MetS is high level functionality of vitamin D, which add bone mass, which interacts with adipose tissue or fats [50]. For the main study, TG had no significant interaction among study participants who took vitamin D and C supplements. The lack of interaction may due to the source of TG in the meals that participants were taking once a week to keep their TG low [54]. It was highly unlikely to report high level of TG among the study participants. Additionally, LDL-C and HDL-C had opposite results where LDL-C showed significant interaction with vitamin D compared to C, while HDL-C showed a significant interaction with vitamin C compared to D. The opposing results can be explained by differences in functional presence of either LDL-C or HDL-C within the body. Both vitamin C and D impact on metabolic functioning have been discussed in detail by Berge et al. [54], where vitamin bearing high responsibility for the additive and reductive changes in MetS. The main limitations of this study is its small sample size and duration is short which limits the generalizability of our results. However, studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up period together with measurement of other related vitamins levels may yield more meaningful data on the effects of vitamins supplementations on MetS patients.

We conclude that, consumption of vitamin D or vitamin C supplements may improves the life of metabolic syndrome patients. However, the combination of physical activities and vitamin supplements maximize the effect, and this combination should be recommended.