Comparison of body mass index (BMI) with the CUN-BAE body adiposity estimator in the prediction of hypertension and type 2 diabetes
verfasst von:
Vicente Martín, Verónica Dávila-Batista, Jesús Castilla, Pere Godoy, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Nuria Soldevila, Antonio J. Molina, Tania Fernandez-Villa, Jenaro Astray, Ady Castro, Fernando González-Candelas, José María Mayoral, José María Quintana, Angela Domínguez, CIBERESP Cases and Controls in Pandemic Influenza Working Group, Spain
Obesity is a world-wide epidemic whose prevalence is underestimated by BMI measurements, but CUN-BAE (Clínica Universidad de Navarra - Body Adiposity Estimator) estimates the percentage of body fat (BF) while incorporating information on sex and age, thus giving a better match. Our aim is to compare the BMI and CUN-BAE in determining the population attributable fraction (AFp) for obesity as a cause of chronic diseases.
Methods
We calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient between BMI and CUN-BAE, the Kappa index and the internal validity of the BMI. The risks of arterial hypertension (AHT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) and the AFp for obesity were assessed using both the BMI and CUN-BAE.
Results
3888 white subjects were investigated. The overall correlation between BMI and CUN-BAE was R2 = 0.48, which improved when sex and age were taken into account (R2 > 0.90). The Kappa coefficient for diagnosis of obesity was low (28.7 %). The AFp was 50 % higher for DM and double for AHT when CUN-BAE was used.
Conclusions
The overall correlation between BMI and CUN-BAE was not good. The AFp of obesity for AHT and DM may be underestimated if assessed using the BMI, as may the prevalence of obesity when estimated from the percentage of BF.
Hinweise
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
Authors’ contributions
VM directed the study; VM and VDB analysed the data and wrote the manuscript, AD JC PG NS MDR AJM TFV JA AC FGC JMM JMQ and the CIBERESP Working Group conceived, performed and designed the study; and AD JC PG NS MDR AJM TFV JA AC FGC JMM JMQ contributed to the supervision of the study and critical analysis of the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Abkürzungen
AFp
population attributable fraction
AHT
arterial hypertension
BF
body fat
BMI
body mass index
CUN-BAE
Clínica Universidad de Navarra - Body adiposity estimator
DM
diabetes mellitus
WHO
World Health Organization
Background
Obesity is seen as an emerging epidemic around the world because it represents a growing threat to the health of the population. It is a complex disease consisting of an excess or abnormal distribution or both of adipose tissue, giving rise to metabolic and endocrine alterations and changes in the immune system, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality and a lower life expectation [1, 2]. Moreover, excess body fat (BF) is known to be associated with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes [3].
The body mass index (BMI) is the most frequently used measurement for diagnosing obesity, because of its simplicity and reliability. However, the BMI underestimates the prevalence of obesity by 50 %, in comparison with direct measurement techniques of adipose; its relationship with adiposity is influenced by age, sex and race [1, 4‐7].
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In this regard, an alternative for whites is the CUN-BAE (Clínica Universidad de Navarra - Body Adiposity Estimator), which gives a closer correlation between adiposity and cardiovascular factors than BMI, improving our understanding of the impact of obesity levels on these chronic diseases [8].
Our aim is to compare the BMI and CUN-BAE and evaluation the population attributable fraction (AFp) for obesity as a cause of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
Methods
Population studied
The present study incorporated all the white patients taking part in the cross-sectional project concerning the Risk Factors of Infuenza A(H1N1) in the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons aged over eighteen with a BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2, with the exception of pregnant women. The project involved twenty-nine hospitals in seven Spanish autonomous regions and nine research groups in CIBERESP, the Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health [9].
Anthropometrical measurements
The body mass index (BMI) was calculated in the standard way as kg/m2. Patients were classified by BMI according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Spanish Society for the Study of Obesity, with obesity being taken to be a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more for both sexes [10, 11].
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The CUN-BAE figure was then calculated, using the following equation [8]:
where age was in years, and sex was coded as 0 for men and 1 for women. Obesity was taken to be a percentage of BF ≥ 25 % in males and ≥ 35 % in women, increments of 5 % being used to divide categories [8, 12, 13].
Subjects were defined as hypertensive (AHT) or as having type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) if they had previously been diagnosed for either.
Statistical analyses
Agreement between BMI and CUN-BAE was assessed by means of the Pearson correlation coefficient. The Kappa coefficient and its index of coincidence at 95 % were calculated so as to classify patients as obese or not using both methods of determining obesity. All the analyses involved grouping by sex and into the two age bands of under 50 and 50 plus.
Association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) or arterial hypertension (AHT) to BF was assessed using the two methods for calculating body fat. The comparative standard adopted was the normal weight category [2, 8], and the level of risk (crude odds ratio, cOR) was calculated for each of the distribution categories. By means of a logistic regression model adjusted odds ratio (aOR) figures were reckoned for the risk of AHT and DM by including in the model details of education, marital status and tobacco and alcohol use. Age was factored into the BMI analyses, but not into CUN-BAE, which already includes it. All these analyses were grouped by sex.
Calculation of the population attributable fraction (AFp) for AHT and DM in the BMI and CUN-BAE categories was on the basis of the following formula expressed as a percentage [14]:
where pd is the proportion of those suffering from the ailments at the level of exposure, and aOR is the adjusted odds ratio.
Data analysis was performed with the Stata/SE 13 software package.
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Data confidentiality and ethical considerations
All information collected was treated as confidential under the observational studies law. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospitals involved: Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Hospital Costa del Sol; Autonomous Clinical Trials Committee of Andalusia; Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León; Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Municipal Institute of Healthcare (CEIC-IMAS); Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Corporación Sanitaria ParcTaulí of Sabadell; Research Committee, Sant Joan de Déu University Hospital; Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Basque Country; Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Doctor Peset Univeristy Hospital, Valencia; and, Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Clinical Research Ethics Committee, General Directorate of Public Health, Valencia. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Results
A total of 3888 patients were studied: 2033 men with an average age of 50.7 years, and 1855 women with an average age of 49.6 years. The average BMI was 26.9 kg/m2 for the men and 26.3 kg/m2 for the women. The average CUN-BAE was 27.1 % of BF for the men and 37.6 % for the women.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of BMI and CUN-BAE. From the four groupings depending on sex and age. The correlation between BMI and CUN-BAE was low (R2 = 0.48), but increased considerably when sex was taken into account (R2 above 0.88 in both sexes). This improvement was even greater when age (under 50 or 50 plus) was also considered, when R2 was greater than 0.92 (Table 1).
Fig. 1
Distribution for CUN-BAE and BMI. Straight-Line Equation and Correlation by Sex and Age
Table 1
Correlation and degree of agreement between CUN-BAE and BMI and prevalence of obesity according to sex and age groups
N
R2
Obesitya
Level of Agreement
Kappa
Kappa(%) CI 95 %
BMI
CUN-BAE
n
%
n
%
Men
Total
2033
0.877
435
21.4
1254
61.7
59.7
28.9
26.3
31.6
Under 50
971
0.957
183
18.8
412
42.4
76.4
47.9
42.9
53.0
50 or over
1062
0.940
252
23.7
842
79.3
44.4
15.0
12.6
17.5
Women
Total
1855
0.915
395
21.3
1150
62.0
59.3
28.5
25.7
31.2
Under 50
921
0.926
134
14.5
367
39.8
74.7
40.9
35.6
46.2
50 or over
934
0.919
261
27.9
783
83.8
44.1
13.9
11.4
16.4
aObesity: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, CUN-BAE ≥25 % body fat in men and 25 % in women
Abbreviations: R2 square of the sample correlation coefficient, BMI body mass index, CUN-BAE Clínica Universidad de Navarra - Body Adiposity Estimator
×
The degree of agreement measured by the Kappa coefficient for diagnosis of obesity was low (28.7 %), similar for both sexes and somewhat better for those under 50 than the others. This low level of agreement with BMI explains the different prevalence of obesity noted in accordance with the criterion used. In all cases the prevalence of obesity as based on the estimation of body fat CUN-BAE is three times higher than the BMI would suggest.
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Table 2 and Fig. 2 show that as the figures for both BMI and CUN-BAE increased, so did the prevalence of AHT and the aOR values. However, this gradient was more evident with CUN-BAE than with BMI, basically owing to a lesser prevalence of AHT in the normal weight group based on the criterion of estimated body fat (8.1 % and 3.0 % in men and women respectively) than when based on BMI (20.3 % and 13.3 % in men and women respectively). The AFp of AHT assigned to the two methods of assessing adiposity was found to be double for both men and women for CUN-BAE in comparison with BMI (37.0 % and 45.4 % with BMI; 74.0 % and 89.1 % with CUN-BAE for men and women, respectively). In men this difference is due to the differing distributions of cases with the two methods of evaluating adiposity, and a mixture of this and differences in risks in the case of women.
Table 2
Distribution of prevalence and risk of hypertension by sex according to BMI and CUN-BAE
N
n
Prev
cOR
CI 95 %
aORa
CI 95 %
AFp(%)
Men
BMI (kg/m2)
18.5–24.9
749
152
20.29
1
1
37.00
25–29.9
849
254
29.92
1.68
1.33–2.11
1.33
1.02–1.74
30–34.9
328
169
51.52
4.17
3.15–5.53
3.93
2.84–5.44
35–39.9
74
37
50.00
3.93
2.40–6.40
4.50
2.56–7.89
≥40
33
16
48.48
3.70
1.83–7.49
8.66
3.80–19.39
CUN-BAE (%BF)
≤19.9
258
21
8.14
1
1
74.03
20–24.9
521
79
15.16
2.02
1.22–3.35
1.67
1.00–2.80
25–29.9
631
208
32.96
5.55
3.45–8.93
3.80
2.32–6.21
30–34.9
415
199
47.95
10.40
6.40–16.90
6.80
4.11–11.25
≥35
208
121
58.17
15.70
9.29–26.52
11.24
6.54–19.31
Women
BMI (kg/m2)
18.5–24.9
895
119
13.30
1
1
45.32
25–29.9
565
180
31.86
3.05
2.35–3.96
1.99
1.46–2.71
30–34,9
259
110
42.47
4.81
3.52–6.58
2.73
1.87–3.98
35–39.9
86
45
52.33
7.15
4.50–11.39
4.93
2.83–8.58
≥40
50
26
52.00
7.06
3.93–12.71
7.71
3.80–15.64
CUN-BAE (%BF)
≤29.9
303
9
2.97
1
1
89.14
30–34.9
402
36
8.96
3.21
1.52–6.78
2.97
1.34–6.57
35–39.9
464
108
23.28
9.91
4.93–19.90
7.82
3.71–16.49
40–44.9
389
165
42.42
24.06
12.03–48.12
16.10
7.63–33.99
≥45
297
162
54.55
39.20
19.44–79.06
23.30
10.93–49.69
aaOR: BMI (age, educational level, marital status, tobacco and alcohol use); CUN-BAE (educational level, marital status, tobacco and alcohol use)
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, aOR adjusted odds ratio, AFp population attributable fraction, BMI body mass index, CUN-BAE Clínica Universidad de Navarra - Body Adiposity Estimator, BF body fat
Fig. 2
Distribution of Number of Cases of hypertension and aOR, by sex. Legends: Categories of Adiposity: With BMI (C1: 18,5–24.9, C2: 25–29.9, C3: 30–34,9, C4: 35–39.9, C5: ≥ 40 Kg/m2) with CUN-BAE men (C1: ≤ 19.9, C2: 20–24.9, C3: 25–29.9, C4: 30–34.9, C5: ≥ 35 %BF) and women (C1: ≤ 29.9, C2: 30–34.9, C3: 35–39.9, C4: 40–44.9, C5: ≥ 45 %BF)
×
Table 3 and Fig. 3 show how prevalence and aOR figures for DM increase according to the category of obesity in both sexes for CUN-BAE and in women for BMI. This gradient is more obvious with CUN-BAE than with BMI for men and similar for the two among women, although they yield different distributions. Regarding the AFp of DM the CUN-BAE almost tripled the attributable percentage in comparison with BMI in men (71.54 % as opposed to 26.19 %), while for women the figure was 50 % higher (65.19 % as opposed to 40.38 %).
Table 3
Distribution of prevalence and risk of diabetes II by sex according to BMI and CUN-BAE, 2009–2011
N
n
Prev
cOR
CI 95 %
aORa
CI 95 %
AFp(%)
MEN
IMC
18.5–24.9
749
73
9.75
1
1
26.19
25–29.9
849
113
13.31
1.42
1.04–1.94
1.13
0.80–1.58
30–34,9
328
79
24.09
2.94
2.07– 4.17
2.37
1.62–3.48
35–39.9
74
21
28.38
2.97
1.80–4.92
3.19
1.83–5.55
≥40
33
5
15.15
CUN-BAE
≤19.9
258
9
3.49
1
1
71.54
20–24.9
521
35
6.72
1.99
0.94–4.21
1.66
0.78–3.55
25–29.9
631
95
15.06
4.90
2.44–9.87
3.49
1.70–7.16
30–34.9
415
87
20.96
7.34
3.62–14.86
4.91
2.37–10.14
≥35
208
65
31.25
12.58
6.08–26.01
8.34
3.96–17.56
WOMEN
IMC
18.5–24.9
895
50
5.59
1
1
40.38
25–29.9
565
76
13.45
2.63
1.81–3.82
1.78
1.20–2.64
30–34,9
259
45
17.37
3.55
2.31–5.46
2.09
1.33–3.31
35–39.9
86
21
24.42
5.46
3.09–9.64
3.44
1.86–6.35
≥40
50
19
38,0
10.36
5.47–19.61
8.13
4.08–16.18
CUN-BAE
≤29.9
303
10
3.3
1
1
65.19
30–34.9
402
23
5.72
1.78
0.83–3.79
1.64
0.76–3.54
35–39.9
464
36
7.76
2.46
1.20–5.04
1.86
0.89–3.87
40–44.9
389
61
15.68
5.45
2.74–10.83
3.47
1.69–7.13
≥45
297
81
27.27
10.99
5.57–21.69
6.49
3.16–13.3
aaOR: BMI (age, educational level, marital status, tobacco and alcohol use); CUN-BAE (educational level, marital status, tobacco and alcohol use)
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, aOR adjusted odds ratio, AFp population attributable fraction, BMI body mass index, CUN-BAE Clínica Universidad de Navarra - Body Adiposity Estimator, BF body fat
Fig. 3
Distribution of the Number of Cases of Diabetes and aOR, by sex. Legends: Categories of Adiposity: With BMI (C1: 18,5–24.9, C2: 25–29.9, C3: 30–34,9, C4: 35–39.9, C5: ≥ 40 Kg/m2) with CUN-BAE men (C1: ≤ 19.9, C2: 20–24.9, C3: 25–29.9, C4: 30–34.9, C5: ≥ 35 %BF) and women (C1: ≤ 29.9, C2: 30–34.9, C3: 35–39.9, C4: 40–44.9, C5: ≥ 45 %BF)
×
Discussion
The correlation found between BMI and CUN-BAE in overall analyses was not good (R2 = 0.48). This coincides with the findings of Romero-Corral et al. and Sardinhha et al., who also noted a low overall agreement (R2 of 0.40 to 0.47) between BMI and the percentage of BF assessed by bio-electric impedance [7, 15]. This poor correlation is explained by the fact that adiposity is dependent upon sex and age. It is well known that with the same BMI women and more elderly subjects have a greater percentage of BF [15‐18]. This same fact also explains the improvement in correlation when sex, age, or both are factored into the figures. This was also observed by Gallagher et al., who found an overall correlation R2 = 0.26, but when sex and age were taken into account the correlation was much better, with values for R2 of up to 0.67 [18]. On this point, it should be noted that there was a good coincidence between the correlation figures obtained in studies comparing BMI with directly measured body fat and body fat estimated with CUN-BAE [8, 18‐20].
Regarding the classification of obesity, this study opted for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, regardless of sex or age, since this is the criterion recommended by the WHO, the most extensively used world-wide and by scientific associations in Spain [2, 11]. The cut-off point for CUN-BAE was based on the criteria indicated by the authors who described the formula for calculating it, and was thus coincident with recommendations in other studies [12, 21]. On the basis of these norms, there is a low level of agreement in classification of obesity between BMI and the percentage of BF estimated by CUN-BAE, with a Kappa coefficient of 28.7 %. In other publications the Kappa between BMI and percentage of BF was similarly low in women (between 15 % and 30 %), while in men greater variations were noted (between 8 % and 70 %).
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In addition to BMI as compared to the percentage of BF, prevalence of obesity estimated with CUN-BAE (61.8 %) was much higher than with BMI (21.35 %). This coincided with other publications in which the prevalences of obesity estimated through the percentage of BF were almost double those yielded by BMI [4, 22] or even up to six times higher [23].
Diabetes and AHT are common ailments clearly related to obesity as a risk factor, which is why we studied their association with the two ways of assessing body fat, to find that estimates of BF according to CUN-BAE were more clearly related to AHT and DM than results from BMI, just as was noted by Dervaux et al. in the assessment of body fat percentages [24]. The main reason for this clearer association lies in the lower prevalence of AHT and DM in the normal weight grouping as assigned on the criterion of estimated body fat than as assigned by BMI. Furthermore, the greater number of instances of AHT and DM are to be found in lower-weight categories according to BMI, while with CUN-BAE they are present in a smaller number of individuals. Other studies have also shown a better correlation of CUN-BAE with other biological markers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases [8, 25].
The final result, the disparity in aOR and essentially in the distribution of patients according to BMI or CUN-BAE, comes down to the great differences observed in the attributable portion of the population for AHT or DM on the basis of quantity of body fat. Indeed, the fact that the majority of patients had high percentage of BF, while with BMI they were assigned to lower categories, goes a long way towards explaining the total number of cases attributed to higher than normal weight. In almost all instances the classification of patients according to CUN-BAE almost doubled the AFp relative to classification in accordance with BMI. It may also be of some relevance that the reference group with BMI (normal weight) is a very broad grouping in which risk may be expected not to be homogeneous, in the sense that individuals in the upper part of the range might present a risk more like that of the over-weight than that of the lower part of the normal weight spectrum. All of this may cast a doubt upon estimates made of portions or fractions of the population and cases of AHT and DM attributable to obesity as a function of BMI [26, 27], so that the real impact of obesity in these pathologies may be much greater than assumed.
CUN-BAE has been proposed as a substitute for the BMI. Few studies have assessed its usefulness for classifying obesity or determining obesity-related cardiovascular risks. Nevertheless such studies as have been carried out report the same phenomenon as we do here, showing that CUN-BAE classes a greater number of subjects as obese and therefore greatly reduces the number of individuals in the reference category [28‐30].
One possible limitation is that the highest adiposity category in men was established to avoid a sample size problem. Furhtermore, in our findings the sample may not have been representative of the population as a whole: the subjects were patients admitted to hospital or making use of health services for various reasons, so the prevalence of obesity and of AHT and DM was higher than in the population in general [31, 32]. However, the aOR observed in relation to BMI for AHT and DM was very similar to that reported in another study [26].
Conclusions
Although the overall correlation between BMI and the BF estimator was not good, it improved when sex and age were taken into account.
There is a low level of agreement in accordance with the criterion used. The prevalence of obesity as based on estimation of body fat is the three times higher than the BMI would suggest, which could lead to an underestimation of the prevalence of obesity.
CUN-BAE showed links with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and presented a better gradient than BMI did. The AFp for AHT was double when assessed with CUN-BAE as compared to BMI, while for DM it was more than 50 % higher. This brings into question the reliability of calculations undertaken to assess the impact of obesity on thesepathologies.
Acknowledgements
We thank the physicians of the Sentinel Network of the participating Spanish regions and the study interviewers for their help and collaboration.
Funding: This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Programme of Research on Influenza A/H1N1 (Grant GR09/0030), and the Catalan Agency for the Management of Grants for University Research (AGAUR Grant number 2009/ SGR 42).
Verónica Dávila-Batista: Predoctoral contract financed by the Ministry of Education of the Junta de Castilla y Leon and the European Social Fund.
The other members of the CIBERESP Cases and Controls in Pandemic Influenza Working Group are: Andalusia: Ernestina Azor, Jerónimo Carrillo, Rosa Moyano, Juan Antonio Navarro, Manuel Vázquez, Francisco Zafra (Médico Centinela); Mª Fe Bautista Martín, Jose Mª Navarro, Irene Pedrosa Corral, Mercedes Pérez Ruiz (Laboratorio de Referencia de Gripe); Virtudes Gallardo, Esteban Pérez (Servicio de Epidemiología), José Ramón Maldonado (Hospital de Torrecárdenas), Áurea Morillo (Hospital Virgen del Rocío), Mª Carmen Ubago (Hospital Virgen de las Nieves). Castile and Leon: Demetrio Carriedo, Florentino Díez, Isabel Fernández-Natal, Silvia Fernández (Compl. Asist. Universitario, León); Javier Castrodeza, Carolina Rodríguez, Sonia Tamames (Consejería de Sanidad de la Junta de Castilla y León); Pilar Sanz (Universidad de León); Raul Ortiz de Lejarazu (Centro Nacional de Gripe de la Universidad de Valladolid); Alberto Pérez (Servicio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica); Pedro Redondo (Servicio Territorial de Sanidad y Bienestar Social); Ana Pueyo, José Luis Viejo (Complejo Asistencial de Burgos). Catalonia: Jordi Alonso (IMIM-Hospital del Mar); Ferrán Barbé (Hospital Arnau de Vilanova); Lluis Blanch, Gemma Navarro (Hospital de Sabadell); Xavier Bonfill, Joaquin López-Contreras, Virginia Pomar, María Teresa Puig (Hospital de Sant Pau); Eva Borràs, Ana Martínez, Núria Torner (Dirección General de Salud Pública); Francesc Calafell (Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Joan Cayla, Cecilia Tortajada (Agencia de Salud Publica de Barcelona); I Garcia, Juan Ruiz (Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol); Juan Jose Garcia (Hospital Sant Joan de Deu); Joaquim Gea, Juan Pablo Horcajada (Universitat Pompeu Fabra _CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias); Ned Hayes (Hospital Clínic_CRESIB); Fernando Moraga (Hospital Vall d’Hebrón); Tomas Pumarola (Laboratorio de Referencia de Gripe); Jordi Dorca (Hospital de Bellvitge); Marc Sáez (Universidad de Girona); A Agustí, Antoni Trilla, Ana Vilella (Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), Maretva Baricot, Olatz Garín (CIBERESP). Madrid Community: Ricard Génova, Margarita García Barquero, Elisa Gil, Susana Jiménez, Fernando Martín, María Luisa Martínez, Silvia Sánchez (Subdirección de Promoción de la Salud y Prevención); Rafael Cantón, Ana Robustillo (Hospital Ramón y Cajal); Carlos Álvarez, Ana Hernandez Voth, Francisco Pozo (Hospital 12 de octubre), José Ramón Paño (Hospital La Paz). Navarre: Antonia Martínez, Leyre Martínez (Inst. de Salud Pública), María Ruiz, Patricia Fanlo, Francisco Gil, Victor Martínez-Artola (Compl. Hosp. Navarra), María Eugenia Ursua, Maite Sota, María Teresa Virto, Juana Gamboa, Felipe Pérez-Afonso (Médico Centinelas). The Basque Country: Urko Aguirre, Alberto Caspelastegui, Pedro Pablo España, Susana García (Hospital Galdakao); Javier Arístegui, Amaia Bilbao, Antonio Escobar (Hospital Basurto); Itziar Astigarraga, José María Antoñana (Hospital de Cruces); Gustavo Cilla, Javier Korta, Emilio Pérez Trallero (Hospital Donostia), José Luis Lobo (Hospital Txagorritxu), Francisco J. Troya (Hospital de Santiago). Valencia Community: María Morales (Hospital General Universitario).
We would also like to acknowledge Dr Javier Llorca, Javier Gómez-Ambrosi and Dr Gema Frühbeck, for their comments and help.
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Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
Authors’ contributions
VM directed the study; VM and VDB analysed the data and wrote the manuscript, AD JC PG NS MDR AJM TFV JA AC FGC JMM JMQ and the CIBERESP Working Group conceived, performed and designed the study; and AD JC PG NS MDR AJM TFV JA AC FGC JMM JMQ contributed to the supervision of the study and critical analysis of the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Comparison of body mass index (BMI) with the CUN-BAE body adiposity estimator in the prediction of hypertension and type 2 diabetes
verfasst von
Vicente Martín Verónica Dávila-Batista Jesús Castilla Pere Godoy Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez Nuria Soldevila Antonio J. Molina Tania Fernandez-Villa Jenaro Astray Ady Castro Fernando González-Candelas José María Mayoral José María Quintana Angela Domínguez CIBERESP Cases and Controls in Pandemic Influenza Working Group, Spain
