Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design
Dietary assessment methods
Diet history interviews
Weighed food records
24-h recalls
Assessment of nutrient intake
Assessment of under- and overreporting
Standardisation procedures
Data analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Subsample for comparison (n = 677) | NVS II (n = 19,329) | |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Men (%) | 41.1 | 46.2 |
Women (%) | 58.9 | 53.8 |
Age (years) | ||
Mean (SE) | 47.7 (0.65) | 45.8 (0.13) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||
Mean (SE) | 26.2 (0.19)a | 26.1 (0.04)b |
Marital status | ||
Married (%) | 64.1 | 59.5 |
Education | ||
≥ 10 years (%) | 61.3 | 58.4 |
Smoking | ||
Smokers (%) | 18.5 | 26.9 |
Comparison on the level of food consumption
Mean values
Differences
DHI | 24HR | WR | Difference of means 24HR-DHI | Difference of means DHI-WR | Difference of means 24HR-WR | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | Mean | Median | Mean | Median | Mean | CI | %a | Effect | Mean | CI | %b | Effect | Mean | CI | %c | Effect | |
(g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | sized | (g/day) | (g/day) | sized | (g/day) | (g/day) | sized | ||||
Bread | 155 | 140 | 134 | 126 | 130 | 122 | − 21.6 | − 27.8; − 15.9 | − 13.9 | 0.3 | 25.0 | 19.8; 30.8 | 19.2 | 0.3 | 3.4 | − 0.7; 7.4 | 2.5 | 0.1 |
Pastries | 37 | 29 | 66 | 64 | 66 | 56 | 28.8 | 25.4; 31.9 | 77.2 | 0.7 | − 29.0 | − 32.8; − 25.4 | − 43.8 | 0.6 | − 0.3 | − 4.2; 3.5 | − 0.4 | 0.0 |
Vegetables, raw | 144 | 120 | 68 | 59 | 76 | 59 | − 75.9 | − 84.0; − 68.4 | − 52.7 | 0.7 | 68.5 | 61.4; 75.9 | 90.7 | 0.7 | − 7.4 | − 11.8; − 3.2 | − 10.8 | 0.1 |
Vegetables, cooked | 109 | 90 | 70 | 66 | 75 | 65 | − 39.0 | − 45.3; − 33.5 | − 35.9 | 0.5 | 34.1 | 28.2; 40.3 | 45.7 | 0.4 | − 4.9 | − 8.7; − 1.4 | − 7.0 | 0.1 |
Potatoes | 78 | 70 | 66 | 60 | 76 | 67 | − 12.1 | − 15.9; − 8.6 | − 15.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 | − 2.4; 5.5 | 1.9 | 0.0 | − 10.7 | − 14.5; − 6.8 | − 16.3 | 0.2 |
Fruit | 256 | 223 | 164 | 146 | 147 | 117 | − 92.2 | − 106.1; − 79.6 | − 36.1 | 0.5 | 108.9 | 96.8; 122.5 | 74.1 | 0.6 | 16.7 | 8.0; 24.8 | 10.2 | 0.2 |
Nuts/seeds | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | − 0.9 | − 1.9; − 0.1 | − 22.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | − 0.1; 1.6 | 18.4 | 0.1 | − 0.3 | − 0.9; 0.4 | − 8.2 | 0.0 |
Milk/dairy products | 206 | 152 | 170 | 135 | 160 | 128 | − 36.5 | − 50.9; − 23.5 | − 17.7 | 0.2 | 46.3 | 33.5; 60.1 | 29.0 | 0.3 | 9.8 | 0.6; 19.0 | 5.8 | 0.1 |
Eggs | 13 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 14 | 10 | − 2.0 | − 3.4; − 0.9 | − 15.2 | 0.1 | − 0.3 | − 1.4; 0.9 | − 2.4 | 0.0 | − 2.3 | − 3.5; − 1.2 | − 20.9 | 0.1 |
Meat | 42 | 34 | 50 | 46 | 44 | 39 | 8.4 | 5.3; 11.1 | 20.2 | 0.2 | − 2.0 | − 4.9; 1.3 | − 4.5 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 3.7; 9.1 | 12.9 | 0.2 |
Sausages/meat products | 54 | 44 | 62 | 58 | 64 | 55 | 8.1 | 4.9; 11.3 | 14.9 | 0.2 | − 9.9 | − 13.1; − 6.6 | − 15.4 | 0.2 | − 1.8 | − 5.0; 1.5 | − 2.8 | 0.0 |
Fish/-products | 24 | 19 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 10 | − 2.7 | − 4.5; − 1.1 | − 11.6 | 0.1 | 5.1 | 3.2; 6.9 | 27.5 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.5; 4.0 | 11.3 | 0.1 |
Sweets | 19 | 11 | 13 | 5 | 13 | 7 | − 6.0 | − 8.2; − 4.2 | − 31.7 | 0.2 | 6.1 | 4.4; 8.2 | 47.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | − 1.4; 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Ice cream | 8 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 0 | − 1.2 | − 2.7; 0.2 | − 14.8 | 0.1 | 1.0 | − 0.4; 2.5 | 14.4 | 0.1 | − 0.2 | − 1.5; 1.1 | − 2.4 | 0.0 |
Water | 1226 | 1100 | 1003 | 935 | 967 | 881 | − 223.0 | − 276.0; − 170.5 | − 18.2 | 0.3 | 258.9 | 205.3; 313.6 | 26.8 | 0.4 | 35.9 | − 6.8; 76.8 | 3.6 | 0.1 |
Coffee/tea | 510 | 450 | 516 | 511 | 404 | 383 | 6.1 | − 20.1; 30.8 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 105.6 | 81.2; 131.5 | 26.1 | 0.3 | 111.7 | 92.6; 129.8 | 21.7 | 0.5 |
Beer | 126 | 12 | 162 | 55 | 138 | 0 | 36.6 | 20.8; 51.8 | 29.1 | 0.2 | − 12.4 | − 26.7; 2.1 | − 9.1 | 0.1 | 23.9 | 9.3; 38.1 | 14.7 | 0.1 |
Wine, sparkling wine | 55 | 13 | 60 | 23 | 57 | 0 | 5.2 | − 5.3; 12.2 | 9.4 | 0.0 | − 2.5 | − 8.9; 7.1 | − 4.3 | 0.0 | 2.7 | − 5.6; 9.2 | 4.5 | 0.0 |
Diet history interviews (%) | 24-h recalls (%) | weighed food records (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Bread | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pastries | 9 | 5 | 7 |
Vegetables, raw | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Vegetables, cooked | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Potatoes | 3 | 2 | 4 |
Fruit | 3 | 2 | 6 |
Nuts/seeds | 62 | 55 | 62 |
Milk/dairy products | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Eggs | 10 | 8 | 18 |
Meat | 4 | 3 | 8 |
Sausages/meat products | 4 | 3 | 3 |
Fish/-products | 14 | 13 | 33 |
Sweets | 19 | 14 | 34 |
Ice cream | 46 | 43 | 66 |
Water | 0 | 3 | 6 |
Coffee/tea | 12 | 10 | 11 |
Beer | 48 | 45 | 55 |
Wine, sparkling wine | 24 | 35 | 51 |
Agreement: ICC
Three Methods | DHI vs. 24HR | DHI vs. WR | 24HR vs. WR | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bread | 0.49 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.56 |
Pastries | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.33 |
Vegetables, raw | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.48 |
Vegetables, cooked | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.23 |
Potatoes | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.32 |
Fruit | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.60 |
Nuts/seeds | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.38 |
Milk/dairy products | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.66 |
Eggs | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.51 | 0.27 |
Meat | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.30 |
Sausages/meat products | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.51 |
Fish/-products | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.26 |
Sweets | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.39 |
Ice cream | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.35 |
Water | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.67 |
Coffee/tea | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.69 |
Beer | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.74 | 0.72 |
Wine, sparkling wine | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.58 |
Comparison on the level of energy and nutrient intake
Median values
Differences
DHI | 24HR | WR | Difference of means 24HR-DHI | Difference of means DHI-WR | Difference of means 24HR-WR | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | Mean | Median | Mean | Median | Mean | CI | %a | Effect sized | Mean | CI | %b | Effect sized | Mean | CI | %c | Effect sized | |
Energy (kcal/day) | 2180.0 | 2086.6 | 2040.0 | 1969.8 | 2034.1 | 1998.9 | − 139.9 | − 190.9; − 93.1 | − 6.4 | 0.2 | 146.2 | 99.1; 195.8 | 7.2 | 0.2 | 6.3 | − 29.0; 42.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
Protein (g/day) | 75.6 | 71.6 | 72.5 | 70.5 | 71.6 | 70.3 | − 3.1 | − 5.0; − 1.4 | − 4.1 | 0.1 | 4.0 | 2.3; 5.8 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 0.9 | − 0.5; 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.0 |
Fat (g/day) | 81.8 | 77.0 | 78.1 | 75.1 | 80.5 | 77.2 | − 3.7 | − 6.3; − 1.3 | − 4.5 | 0.1 | 1.4 | − 0.8; 3.8 | 1.7 | 0.0 | − 2.3 | − 4.2; − 0.5 | − 3.0 | 0.1 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 261.8 | 246.5 | 235.7 | 229.1 | 232.2 | 225.4 | − 26.1 | − 32.3; − 20.4 | − 10.0 | 0.3 | 29.7 | 23.8; 36.0 | 12.8 | 0.4 | 3.6 | − 0.9; 8.0 | 1.5 | 0.1 |
Alcohol (g/day) | 10.0 | 4.5 | 12.1 | 7.2 | 10.8 | 5.3 | 2.1 | 1.1; 3.0 | 21.1 | 0.2 | − 0.8 | − 1.6; 0.0 | − 7.2 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.5; 2.2 | 11.0 | 0.1 |
Dietary fibre (g/day) | 26.5 | 25.2 | 20.1 | 19.4 | 19.7 | 18.9 | − 6.4 | − 7.0; − 5.7 | − 24.1 | 0.7 | 6.8 | 6.2; 7.4 | 34.3 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.0; 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.1 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 295.2 | 275.6 | 282.6 | 263.3 | 291.5 | 278.9 | − 12.5 | − 23.4; − 3.1 | − 4.2 | 0.1 | 3.8 | − 5.8; 13.6 | 1.3 | 0.0 | − 8.8 | − 17.6; − 0.4 | − 3.1 | 0.1 |
Retinol equiv. (mg/day) | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.1 | − 0.7 | − 0.8; − 0.6 | − 35.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4; 0.6 | 39.4 | 0.4 | − 0.1 | − 0.3; − 0.1 | − 12.2 | 0.1 |
Vitamin E (mg/day) | 13.1 | 11.5 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 11.2 | 10.3 | − 2.7 | − 3.3; − 2.2 | − 20.8 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 1.5; 2.5 | 17.4 | 0.3 | − 0.8 | − 1.2; − 0.4 | − 7.6 | 0.2 |
Thiamine (mg/day) | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | − 0.3 | − 0.4; − 0.3 | − 20.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2; 0.3 | 20.9 | 0.3 | − 0.1 | − 0.1; 0.0 | − 4.1 | 0.1 |
Riboflavin (mg/day) | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | − 0.4 | − 0.4; − 0.4 | − 21.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2; 0.4 | 20.8 | 0.4 | − 0.1 | − 0.1; 0.0 | − 5.1 | 0.1 |
Pyridoxine (mg/day) | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.5 | − 0.5 | − 0.6; − 0.4 | − 24.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3; 0.5 | 25.0 | 0.4 | − 0.1 | − 0.1; 0.0 | − 5.4 | 0.1 |
Folate equiv. (µg/day) | 304.1 | 269.8 | 208.3 | 202.2 | 237.1 | 216.8 | − 95.8 | − 108.2; − 85.2 | − 31.5 | 0.6 | 67.0 | 55.7; 80.0 | 28.2 | 0.4 | − 28.8 | − 35.7; − 22.2 | − 13.8 | 0.3 |
Vitamin B12 (µg/day) | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.3 | − 0.2 | − 0.4; 0.0 | − 3.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1; 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 | − 0.2; 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 165.1 | 143.6 | 109.7 | 100.0 | 118.1 | 103.0 | − 55.4 | − 62.3; − 48.5 | − 33.5 | 0.6 | 47.0 | 39.3; 54.1 | 39.8 | 0.5 | − 8.4 | − 15.4; − 3.3 | − 7.7 | 0.1 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 3541.9 | 3439.8 | 2856.7 | 2783.7 | 2895.0 | 2843.4 | − 685.2 | − 759.6; − 614.2 | − 19.3 | 0.7 | 647.2 | 577.3; 722.0 | 22.3 | 0.7 | − 38.0 | − 89.1; 14.4 | − 1.3 | 0.1 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 1015.9 | 932.9 | 830.2 | 798.7 | 843.7 | 803.1 | − 185.7 | − 213.7; − 159.4 | − 18.3 | 0.5 | 172.4 | 145.8; 200.7 | 20.4 | 0.5 | − 13.4 | − 34.4; 7.8 | − 1.6 | 0.0 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 390.6 | 375.4 | 329.4 | 322.9 | 330.9 | 321.7 | − 61.2 | − 69.4; − 53.3 | − 15.7 | 0.6 | 59.7 | 52.0; 67.8 | 18.0 | 0.6 | − 1.5 | − 8.0; 5.1 | − 0.5 | 0.0 |
Iron (mg/day) | 12.4 | 11.8 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 11.3 | − 1.1 | − 1.4; − 0.8 | − 8.7 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.7; 1.3 | 8.8 | 0.3 | − 0.1 | − 0.3; 0.2 | − 0.6 | 0.0 |
Zinc (mg/day) | 10.9 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 9.8 | − 0.9 | − 1.2; − 0.7 | − 8.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.6; 1.1 | 8.5 | 0.2 | − 0.1 | − 0.3; 0.1 | − 0.8 | 0.0 |
Agreement: ICC
Three Methods | DHI vs. 24HR | DHI vs. WR | 24HR vs. WR | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.66 |
Protein | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.60 |
Fat | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.60 |
Carbohydrate | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.63 |
Alcohol | 0.65 | 0.58 | 0.72 | 0.65 |
Dietary fibre | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.66 |
Cholesterol | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.50 |
Retinol equivalents | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.17 |
Vitamin E | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
Thiamine | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.40 |
Riboflavin | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.50 |
Pyridoxine | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.49 |
Folate equivalents | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.46 |
Vitamin B12 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.35 |
Vitamin C | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.36 |
Potassium | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.65 |
Calcium | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.47 | 0.52 |
Magnesium | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.50 | 0.60 |
Iron | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.54 |
Zinc | 0.49 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.54 |
Comparison of under- and overreporting
Food consumption
Diet history interviews | 24-h recalls | Weighed food records | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underreporters n = 158 | Plausible reporters n = 519 | Underreporters n = 105 | Plausible reporters n = 572 | Underreporters n = 150 | Plausible reporters n = 527 | ||||||||||
Mean | CI | Mean | CI | Diff.a | Mean | CI | Mean | CI | Diff.a | Mean | CI | Mean | CI | Diff.a | |
(g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (%) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (%) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (g/day) | (%) | |
Bread | 110 | 103; 118 | 169b | 162; 178 | − 35 | 95 | 88; 103 | 141b | 136; 145 | − 32 | 102 | 96; 110 | 138b | 133; 144 | − 26 |
Pastries | 20 | 17; 24 | 42b | 39; 46 | − 53 | 45 | 40; 50 | 70b | 67; 73 | − 36 | 43 | 37; 49 | 73b | 69; 78 | − 41 |
Vegetables, raw | 134 | 119; 151 | 147 | 138; 157 | − 9 | 55 | 47; 66 | 71b | 67; 75 | − 22 | 55 | 47; 65 | 81b | 76; 87 | − 32 |
Vegetables, cooked | 93 | 84; 104 | 114b | 107; 121 | − 18 | 66 | 62; 72 | 70 | 68; 72 | − 5 | 57 | 51; 65 | 80b | 76; 84 | − 28 |
Potatoes | 61 | 55; 67 | 83b | 79; 87 | − 27 | 57 | 51; 64 | 67b | 64; 70 | − 15 | 63 | 55; 72 | 80b | 76; 85 | − 22 |
Fruit | 211 | 186; 244 | 269b | 253; 287 | − 21 | 131 | 113; 151 | 170b | 160; 180 | − 23 | 110 | 94; 129 | 157b | 147; 169 | − 30 |
Nuts/seeds | 1 | 1; 2 | 5b | 4; 7 | − 77 | 1 | 1; 2 | 4b | 3; 4 | − 64 | 1 | 1; 2 | 4b | 3; 5 | − 70 |
Milk/dairy products | 128 | 110; 149 | 230b | 211; 252 | − 45 | 112 | 93; 135 | 180b | 169; 193 | − 38 | 108 | 92; 128 | 175b | 162; 189 | − 38 |
Eggs | 11 | 9; 13 | 14b | 13; 16 | − 24 | 9 | 7; 11 | 12b | 11; 13 | − 24 | 11 | 9; 13 | 14b | 13; 16 | − 26 |
Meat | 31 | 27; 35 | 45b | 42; 49 | − 32 | 44 | 40; 49 | 51 | 49; 53 | − 13 | 35 | 31; 40 | 46b | 43; 49 | − 23 |
Sausages/meat products | 35 | 31; 40 | 60b | 56; 65 | − 42 | 47 | 41; 53 | 65b | 62; 68 | − 28 | 48 | 42; 54 | 69b | 65; 73 | − 31 |
Fish/-products | 17 | 15; 20 | 26b | 24; 28 | − 34 | 16 | 14; 19 | 22b | 21; 23 | − 24 | 15 | 12; 19 | 19 | 18; 22 | − 22 |
Sweets | 11 | 9; 15 | 21b | 19; 24 | − 47 | 8 | 6; 10 | 14b | 13; 15 | − 45 | 7 | 6; 10 | 14b | 13; 16 | − 49 |
Ice cream | 4 | 3; 6 | 9b | 8; 11 | − 54 | 4 | 2; 7 | 8b | 6; 9 | − 50 | 4 | 3; 6 | 8b | 7; 10 | − 52 |
Water | 1309 | 1190; 1434 | 1201 | 1133; 1273 | 9 | 1222 | 1085; 1370 | 963b | 913; 1015 | 27 | 1131 | 1018; 1251 | 921b | 862; 984 | 23 |
Coffee/tea | 427 | 368; 494 | 535b | 496; 578 | − 20 | 406 | 349; 474 | 536b | 506; 565 | − 24 | 314 | 276; 357 | 430b | 403; 458 | − 27 |
Beer | 68 | 48; 105 | 143b | 121; 171 | − 53 | 111 | 81; 155 | 172 | 152; 194 | − 35 | 58 | 39; 84 | 161b | 138; 189 | − 64 |
Wine, sparkling wine | 39 | 27; 61 | 60 | 50; 76 | − 35 | 38 | 28; 52 | 64b | 57; 72 | − 41 | 23 | 16; 33 | 67b | 58; 80 | − 66 |
Energy and nutrient intake
Diet history interviews | 24-h recalls | Weighed food records | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underreporters n = 158 | Plausible reportersb n = 519 | Underreporters n = 105 | Plausible reportersb n = 572 | Underreporters n = 150 | Plausible reportersb n = 527 | ||||||||||
Median | CI | Median | CI | %Diffa | Median | CI | Median | CI | %Diffa | Median | CI | Median | CI | %Diffa | |
Energy (kcal/day) | 1421 | 1371; 1481 | 2294 | 2211; 2345 | 38 | 1360 | 1230; 1404 | 2080 | 2026; 2145 | 35 | 1353 | 1304; 1416 | 2157 | 2100; 2197 | 37 |
Proteine (g/day) | 49.6 | 47.6; 52.3 | 78.3 | 76.3; 81.0 | 37 | 50.3 | 46.8; 54.8 | 73.7 | 71.7; 75.3 | 32 | 52.4 | 50.1; 54.8 | 74.8 | 73.2; 77.1 | 30 |
Fat (g/day) | 50.9 | 47.2; 54.2 | 83.9 | 81.5; 87.1 | 39 | 46.6 | 44.7; 49.6 | 79.5 | 77.6; 82.8 | 41 | 51.8 | 48.8; 54.6 | 83.3 | 80.8; 86.1 | 38 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 171 | 160; 184 | 272 | 265; 279 | 37 | 159 | 151; 172 | 241 | 234; 246 | 34 | 156 | 152; 162 | 244 | 237; 251 | 36 |
Alcohol (g/day) | 2.6 | 1.7; 3.6 | 5.4 | 4.4; 6.5 | 52 | 4.8 | 3.2; 7.1 | 7.7 | 6.6; 8.8 | 38 | 1.4 | 0.3; 2.8 | 7.8 | 6.3; 8.8 | 82 |
Dietary fibre (g/day) | 18.5 | 17.6; 20.3 | 27.1 | 26.3; 28.0 | 32 | 14.4 | 13.7; 15.1 | 20.4 | 19.7; 21.0 | 29 | 13.5 | 12.6; 14.7 | 20.1 | 19.4; 20.6 | 33 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 179 | 172; 200 | 304 | 291; 316 | 41 | 187 | 170; 195 | 283 | 270; 293 | 34 | 192 | 174; 216 | 298 | 289; 307 | 36 |
Retinol equiv. (mg/day) | 1.3 | 1.2; 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.7; 1.9 | 27 | 0.9 | 0.8; 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.1; 1.2 | 26 | 0.7 | 0.6; 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.2; 1.3 | 45 |
Vitamin E (mg/day) | 8.2 | 7.4; 8.5 | 12.8 | 12.3; 13.8 | 36 | 7.2 | 6.1; 7.8 | 10.4 | 10.1; 10.8 | 31 | 7.2 | 6.6; 7.5 | 11.2 | 10.8; 11.7 | 36 |
Thiamine (mg/day) | 0.9 | 0.9; 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4; 1.5 | 35 | 0.9 | 0.8; 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.2; 1.3 | 27 | 0.9 | 0.8; 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.2; 1.3 | 31 |
Riboflavine (mg/day) | 1.1 | 1.0; 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.7; 1.8 | 37 | 0.9 | 0.9; 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4; 1.4 | 33 | 0.9 | 0.9; 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4; 1.5 | 35 |
Pyridoxine (mg/day) | 1.2 | 1.2; 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.8; 1.9 | 34 | 1.1 | 1.0; 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.4; 1.5 | 28 | 1.0 | 1.0; 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.5; 1.6 | 36 |
Folate equiv. (µg/day) | 207 | 191; 217 | 293 | 280; 307 | 29 | 141 | 132; 150 | 211 | 207; 217 | 33 | 142 | 134; 156 | 234 | 228; 242 | 39 |
Vitamin B12 (µg/day) | 2.9 | 2.7; 3.1 | 5.1 | 4.9; 5.3 | 43 | 3.4 | 3.0; 3.6 | 4.7 | 4.5; 4.9 | 27 | 3.2 | 2.9; 3.4 | 4.6 | 4.5; 4.8 | 31 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 115 | 104; 124 | 154 | 144; 163 | 26 | 69.3 | 64; 79 | 105 | 100; 110 | 34 | 69.9 | 61; 81 | 112 | 106; 118 | 38 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 2525 | 2432; 2737 | 3683 | 3554; 3800 | 31 | 1998 | 1871; 2220 | 2902 | 2822; 2970 | 31 | 1942 | 1877; 2027 | 3089 | 3004; 3160 | 37 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 702 | 680; 746 | 1019 | 985; 1052 | 31 | 619 | 577; 656 | 833 | 812; 851 | 26 | 582 | 553; 644 | 865 | 834; 884 | 33 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 282 | 272; 295 | 405 | 396; 415 | 31 | 247 | 230; 258 | 337 | 327; 344 | 27 | 233 | 224; 248 | 344 | 336; 351 | 32 |
Iron (mg/day) | 8.8 | 8.2; 9.2 | 12.8 | 12.4; 13.2 | 31 | 7.8 | 7.4; 8.3 | 11.4 | 11.1; 11.7 | 32 | 7.6 | 7.3; 7.9 | 12.0 | 11.7; 12.2 | 36 |
Zinc (mg/day) | 7.4 | 7.1; 7.7 | 11.3 | 11.1; 11.7 | 35 | 7.0 | 6.6; 7.4 | 10.1 | 9.8; 10.3 | 30 | 7.1 | 6.7; 7.4 | 10.4 | 10.1; 10.6 | 32 |