Background
Methods
Study design
Non-experimental validation
Scientific name | Family | Common name | Plant part used | Use | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Achyranthes indica
| Amaranthaceae | Man better man | Skin problems | |
2 |
Acnistus arborescens
| Solanaceae | Wild tobacco | Leaves | Bathe babies for eczema |
3 |
Azadirachta indica
| Meliaceae | Neem | Leaves | Measles |
4 |
Bidens alba/Bidens pilosa
| Asteraceae | Needle grass/Railway daisy | Leafy branch | Bathe children |
5 |
Cassia alata
| Fabaceae- Caesalpiniaceae | Senna | Leaves | Skin problems |
6 |
Chamaesyce hirta/hypericifolia
| Euphorbiaceae | Malomay | Flower | Skin rashes, measles |
7 |
Croton gossypifolius
| Euphorbiaceae | Blood bush/Bois sang | Leaves | Bathe babies for eczema |
8 |
Eclipta prostrata
| Asteraceae | Congolala | Bathe for children's malnutrition for 9 days & woodlice nest | |
9 |
Manihot esculenta
| Euphorbiaceae | Cassava | Leaves | Bathe babies for eczema |
10 |
Origanum vulgare
| Lamiaceae | Majoram | Bathe babies | |
11 | Sida carpinifolia (syn. Sida acuta) | Malvaceae | Garaba broom | Leaf | Eczema |
12 |
Solanum americanum
| Solanaceae | Agouma, gouma | Plant | Bathe for children's malnutrition |
13 |
Spondias mombin
| Anacardiaceae | Hogplum | Leaves | Eczema |
Scientific name | Family | Common name | Part used | Use | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. |
Abelmoschus moschatus
| Malvaceae | Gumbo musque | Seeds | Grind in rum for foot cramp |
2. |
Aframomum melegueta
| Zingiberaceae | Guinea pepper | Seeds | Carminative |
3. |
Ambrosia cumanenesis
| Asteraceae | Altamis | Bark | Stomach pain, 2*3 inch piece bark in urine for 3 days use to wash foot for 3 days for arthritis |
4. | Aristolochia rugosa,trilobata | Aristolochiaceae | Mat root, anico | Root | Stomach pain, colic, poisoning |
5. |
Bambusa vulgaris
| Poaceae | Bamboo | Leaves | Poultice |
6. |
Bidens alba/Bidens pilosa
| Asteraceae | Needle grass | Leafy branch | Cuts |
7. |
Bixa orellana
| Bixaceae | Roucou | Root | Dropsy |
8. |
Brownea latifolia
| Fabaceae | Cooper hoop | Flower, leaves | Gripe, pain |
9. |
Cajanus cajan
| Fabaceae | Pigeon pea | Leaves | Food poisoning, colic, constipation |
10. |
Capraria biflora
| Scrophulariaceae | Du thé pays | Leaves | Flavour for purgative |
11. |
Cecropia peltata
| Cecropiaceae | Bois canôt | Stem | 3 'Ridges' from inside stem boiled as a carminative |
12. |
Centropogon cornutus
| Campanulaceae | Deer meat, crepe coq | Leaves | Snake, scorpion bite |
13. |
Chamaesyce hirta
| Euphorbiaceae | Malomay | Diarrhoea | |
14. |
Citharexylum spinosum
| Verbenaceae | Bois côtelette | Leaf | Anthelmintic |
15. |
Cocos nucifera
| Arecaceae | Coconut | Root- 7 inches, Shell | Dropsy, Hernia |
16. |
Cola nitida
| Sterculiaceae | Obie seed | Seed | Any kind of pain |
17. |
Cucurbita maxima
| Cucurbitaceae | Pumpkin | Seeds | Anthelmintic |
18. |
Cucurbita pepo
| Cucurbitaceae | Pumpkin | Sprains, breaks | |
19. |
Dorstenia contrajerva
| Moraceae | Refriyau | Food poisoning | |
20. |
Eleusine indica
| Poaceae | Pied poule | Diarrhoea | |
21. |
Eupatorium macrophyllum
| Asteraceae | Z'herbe chatte | Pain | |
22. |
Eupatorium triplinerve
| Asteraceae | Ayapana, japanne | Leaves | Stomach problems (worms) |
23. |
Ferula asafoetida
| Apiaceae | Asafoetida | Carminative | |
24. |
Jatropha curcas/gossypifolia
| Euphorbiaceae | White/Red Physic Nut | Leaf | Clean sores |
25. |
Momordica charantia
| Cucurbitaceae | Caraaili | Vine | Stomach problems |
26. |
Morinda citrifolia
| Rubiaceae | Noni | Leaves | Pains |
27. |
Neurolaena lobata
| Asteraceae | Z'herbe á pique | Leaves | Tincture for arthritis |
28. |
Nicotiana tabacum
| Solanaceae | Tobacco | Leaves | Arthritis |
29. |
Nopalea cochinellifera
| Cactaceae | Rachette | Joint | Snake bites |
30. |
Peperomia rotundifolia
| Piperaceae | Mowon | Diarrhoea | |
31. |
Petiveria alliacea
| Phytolaccaceae | Mapourite | Arthritis and rheumatism | |
32. |
Phyllanthus urinaria
| Euphorbiaceae | Red seed under leaf | Plant | Diarrhoea |
33. |
Portulaca oleraceae
| Portulacaceae | Pussley | Plant | Anthelmintic |
34. |
Punica granatum
| Punicaceae | Pome-granate | Seeds | Stomach problems |
35. |
Rosmarinus officinalis
| Lamiaceae | Rosemary | Leaf | Arthritis, Snake bites |
36. |
Scoparia dulcis
| Scrophulariaceae | Sweet broom | Root | Diarrhoea |
37. |
Solanum melongena
| Solanaceae | Melongene | Fruit | Breaks |
38. |
Tagetes patula
| Asteraceae | Marigold | Anthelmintic | |
39. |
Tamarindus indica
| Fabaceae | Tamarind | Scorpion bite | |
40. |
Tournefortia hirsutissima
| Boraginaceae | Chigger bush | Leaves | Tea, carminative, chiggers |
Scientific name | Validation | Reference |
---|---|---|
Achyranthes aspera
| Achyranthes bidentata is a commonly used Chinese medicinal plant and is used in Nepal and in Mauritius and Rodrigues for skin diseases. Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide can inhibit non-enzyme glycation in D-galactose induced mouse aging model in vivo. Achyranthes aspera leaf extract and the non-alkaloid fraction containing mainly non-polar compounds have chemo-preventive activity. | 8–10 |
Azadirachta indica
| A paste made of Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa used to treat 814 people with scabies cured 97% of them within three to five days of treatment. Azadirachta indica (leaves, bark, fruit, flowers, oil, and gum) have the following properties: antimicrobial effects, in vitro antiviral activity, and antibacterial activity. Some active principles of Azadirachta indica are azadirachtin, salannin nimbin, and 6-desacetylnimbin. Clinical symptoms associated with toxocariasis in 1009 Trinidadian schoolchildren (aged 5–12 years) included eczema. | 11–14 |
Bidens pilosa
| Bidens pilosa is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine.Bidens pilosa contains ethyl caffeate, a natural phenolic compound. Extracts of dried aerial parts of Bidens pilosa showed some antimicrobial activity as do components of the extract such as phenylheptatriyne, linolic acid and linolenic acid. The triterpenes as well as several flavonoids (aurones, chalcones) are antiinflammatory agents. The chloroform fractions from the roots of Bidens aurea are anti- parasitical in vitro. The constituents of Bidens pilosa explain the use of this plant in traditional medicine in the treatment of wounds, against inflammations and against bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract. | 15–17 |
Cassia alata
| "Jue ming zi" (Cassia tora L. and Cassia occidentalis L.) has traditionally been used to improve visual acuity and to remove "heat" from the liver in Chinese medicine. Modern physicians use "Jue ming zi" to treat hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. "Jue ming zi" contains chrysophenol, emodin, and rhein. Roasted "Jue ming zi" is given as a health drink tea. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of "Jue ming zi" (Cassia tora L. and Cassia occidentalis L.) was established. Cassia alata is used for skin problems in the Caribbean, India, in traditional East Asian medicine and in the Ivory Coast (West Africa) to treat bacterial infections caused by Escherichia coli, and fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and dermatophytes. Cassia alata L. possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, laxative and antiplatelet aggregating activity and it contains kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside. Cassia alata has antifungal activity that may be attributed to chrysophanol. When Cassia alata extracts were evaluated relative to a standard antibacterial agent chloramphenicol and antifungal agent amphotericin B the extracts had therapeutic potential for the treatment of opportunistic infections of AIDS patients. A 10-year human study indicated that a Cassia alata leaf extract can be reliably used as a folk medicine to treat Pityriasis versicolor. The leaf extract contains anthraquinones, flavonoids, quinones and sterols and had no side-effects. | 18–21 |
Chamaesyce hirta
| Chamaesyce hirta is used in West Bengal for ringworm. Antibacterial effects of Chamaesyce hirta leaves were found by several investigators. An aqueous extract of Chamaesyce hirta strongly reduced the release of prostaglandins I2, E2, and D2. Additionally Chamaesyce hirta extracts exerted an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and depressed the formation of carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema. | 22 |
Croton gossypifolius
| Croton cascarilloides wood has been used historically to blacken teeth in Asia. Croton cascarilloides wood soot has limited antimicrobial activity against Mutans streptococci. Croton species are used in Thailand to treat dysmenorrhea, gastric ulcers, gastric cancers, and dysentery. Croton kongensis Gagnep., is known in Thailand as "Plao Ngeon" or "Plao Noi". A crude CH2Cl2 extract of Croton kongensis showed antimalarial and antimycobacterial activities. Croton sylvaticus showed 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC(50) values <61 ppm. A review of papers published in 2003, found that in vitro and in vivo studies supported the use of Croton lechleri Mull. Arg. for wounds, tumors, herpes infection, the itching, pain and swelling of insect bites and other conditions. | 23–26 |
Eclipta prostrata
| Eclipta prostrata is commonly used as self medication by AIDS patients in southern Thailand and showed potential as a therapeutic agent against Giardia intestinalis infections. The hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta prostrata plant showed antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects. | 27 |
Origanum vulgare
| Origanum volatile oil has potential efficacy against the infection of dysentery bacteria (Shigella sonne (Sh. sonnei) and Shigella flexneri). The carvacrol constituent has the most effective antimicrobial activity in Origanum vulgare. Diarrheic children in Trinidad were positive for Shigella (33 or 14.0%), 4 for Salmonella, and 1 for Enteropathogenic E. coli. Two fecal samples were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, and 1 was positive for hookworm ova. | 28–30 |
Sida acuta
| Sida acuta contains ecdysterone, ephedrine, hentriacontane, hypolaetin-8-glucoside, beta sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. These chemicals may be responsible for the plant's reported narcotic analgesic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. | 31 |
Solanum americanum
| Solanum americanum extracts were active against Microsporum gypseum and Cryptococcus neoformans and showed intra-peritoneal subacute toxicity in mice. Alpha-solamargine isolated from the fresh fruits of Solanum americanum is a glycoalkaloid with biological activity against Herpes simplex I, Herpes zoster and genital Herpes and Trypanosoma cruzi. Solanum melongena contains an anthocyanin, delphinidin, which inhibits the collagenolytic ability of matrix metalloproteinases. | 32, 33 |
Scientific name | Validation | # |
---|---|---|
Aframomum melegueta
| A decoction of the leaves of Aframomum melegueta is used for rheumatism and as an anti-emetic agent and a decoction of the fruits for dysenteric conditions. The methanol extracts of the seeds were significantly active against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria (S.aureus, B.subtilis, E.coli, P.aeruginosa) and fungi (C. albicans, A.niger). Aframomum melegueta has antimicrobial properties against E. coli and Bacillus cereus. The antioxidant extracts of Aframomum melegueta was attributed to its phenolic components. Scabies and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (the latter can be caused by several bacterial and viral infections) are frequently associated with S. aureus in Trinidad. | 34–36 |
Ambrosia cumanenesis
| The ambrosanolide-type sesquiterpene lactone cumanin (from Ambrosia psilostachya) showed a potent inhibitory effect in NO production (IC50 = 9.38 ± 0.38 μM) with low cytotoxicity. | 37 |
Aristolochia species | The Chinese herb "Mu Tong" has included Aristolochia manshuriensis only since the 1950s. The classical Chinese herbal literature until the mid 17th century identifies "Mu Tong" as several Akebia species. From the 17th until the early 20th century "Mu Tong" was based on Clematis species. Renal failure due to ingestion of large doses of Aristolochia manshuriensis has been reported in China and other countries while no toxicity was recorded in traditional Chinese herbal texts. Aristolochia's topical anti-inflammatory activity has been recently described. Aristolochic acids, isolated from Aristolochia longa inhibited Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The chloroform and hexane extracts of Aristolochia trilobata leaves and bark were active against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. | 38, 39 |
Bambusa vulgaris
| The antiinflammatory effect of the methanol extract of the leaves of Bambusa arundinacea was significant when compared to standard drugs validating its use in Ayurvedic medicine. The methanol extract of Bambusa arundinacea also showed antihypersensitivity activity, immunosuppressive activity, wound healing property and antibacterial activity experimentally. | 40 |
Bidens pilosa
| The "Shidachuan" which was originally recorded in "Ben Cao Gang Mu Shi Yi" (A Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica) is "Longyacao" (Agrimonia pilosa). "Shijianchuan" should be "Guizhencao" (Bidens bipinata). Bioactive polyacetylenes were found in the methanolic extract of Bidens pilosa (whole plant). The antiinflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of the three plants Bidens pilosa var. minor (Blume) Sherff, Bidens pilosa and Bidens chilensis DC was significant. The immuno-suppressive activity of Bidens pilosa is attributed to the polyacetylene isolated from leaves. The water extract of Bidens pilosa showed a higher activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli than gentamycin sulphate. In one study diarrheic children in Trinidad were found to be positive for enteropathogenic E. coli. | 41–43 |
Bixa orellana
| Bixa orellana exhibited antimicrobial activity with a low MIC against Escherichia coli (0.8 microg/ml) compared to gentamycin sulfate (0.9 8 g/ml). Bixa orellana exhibited a better MIC against Bacillus cereus (0.2 microg/ml) than gentamycin sulfate (0.5 microg/ml). | 43 |
Cajanus cajan
| Extracts of roots and leaves of Cajanus cajan yielded 8 compounds: betulinic acid, biochanin A, cajanol, genistein and 2'-hydroxygenistein, longistylin A and C, and pinostrobin. The stilbenes, longistylin A and C, and betulinic acid showed moderate in vitro activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum. A protein was purified from the leaves and may enhance body immunosurveillance. Cajanus indicus protein possesses both a preventive and curative role against chloroform-induced hepatotoxicity and may act by an anti-oxidative defence mechanism. | 44–46 |
Capraria biflora
| The dried leaves of Capraria biflora (aqueous extract (50–200 mg kg(-1)) produced a moderate analgesic effect. | 47 |
Cecropia peltata
| Cecropia pachystachya has antioxidant properties. The two flavonoids orientin and iso-orientin, isolated from the active butanolic fraction could be responsible for the observed anxiolytic-like effect of C. glazioui. Steroids and amino acids in C. peltata may account for the antimicrobial activity exhibited against E. coli. | 48, 49 |
Centropogon cornutus
| Centropogon cornutus has a synonym Lobelia cornuta. Three new piperidine alkaloids were isolated from stems, leaves and flowers of Lobelia laxiflora. The residues obtained from the ethanol extracts from stems, leaves, and flowers showed anti-inflammatory protential. | 50 |
Chamaesyce hirta syn. Euphorbia hirta | Euphorbia hirta aqueous extract is used for dysentery, colic, bronchial infections and to treat ulcers. The plant contains eucocyanidol, quercitol, camphol, quercetrin, dihydroellagitannins and dimeric hydrolysable tannins – euphorbins. Ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the plant showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (enteropathogen), Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. | 51–53 |
Citharexylum spinosum
| Six new iridoid glucosides and one known iridoid glucoside were isolated from the fruits and other parts of Citharexylum caudatum. The aerial parts of Citharexylum spinosum L., contain five iridoid glucosides, and one known lignan glucoside. When formulated in jojoba oil and applied to mice tails followed by infection with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, the iridoid mixture from leaves of Citharexylum quadrangular blocked cercarial penetration and caused significant reduction (94%; P < 0.05) in worm burden in treated mice in comparison to controls. | 54–56 |
Cocos nucifera
| Coconut kernel fiber can protect cells from loss of oxidative capacity with the administration of the procarcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). The alcoholic extract of ripe dried coconut shell of Cocus nucifera showed antifungal activity against all dermatophytes tested with twice the concentration needed against E. flocossum (200 ug/ml).Cocos nucifera fruit exocarp has significant activity against all enteropathogens tested. All the strains tested were resistant to chloramphenicol; the two Escherichia coli species, the two Shigella flexneri species and the two Salmonella sp. species were sensitive to trimethoprim, and the two Shigella sonnei species were resistant. The authors concluded that coconut could be used as an alternative method to treat drug resistant enteric infections. | 57, 58 |
Cola nitida
| In Nigeria, Cola accuminata, Cola nitida and Cola milleni are used in ethnobotany for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery.Cola species contain caffeine, koletein and kolatin alkaloids, proanthocyanin, magnesium, sodium, potassium bromide, cobalt, caesium, zinc and selenium. The Mycobacterium bovis was susceptible at 1000 μg/ml of methanol extract root bark of both Cola nitida and Cola milleni but insensitive to methanol extracts of both the leaves and stem-bark of the three Cola sp. tested. The MIC of the methanol root extract of Cola nitida against Mycobacterium bovis is 125 μg/ml. The MIC of methanol root extract of Cola nitida against the six ATCC strain of Mycobacterium vaccae ranged from 500 μg/ml to above 1000 μg/ml. The control Rifampicin is active against M. bovis at 5 μg and 10 μg/ml. | 59 |
Cucurbita species | The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 23 gr. of pumpkin seed (+/- 73 seeds) (Cucurbita maxima) in 100 ml. distilled water as an antiparasitic agent using canine tapeworms with an intestinal isolation of 5 to 6 hours was determined. Alterations in helminthic motility were found at a dose of > 23 gr. There is a protheolithic effect with an average survival time of 38.4 minutes. The anthelmintic effect is increased at 30 and 32 gr. | 60 |
Dorstenia contrajerva
| Dorstenia species contain furanocoumarins with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulant, and photosensitizing activities. Prenylated chalcones are also found and may have anti-carcinogenic and antiproliferative properties. Dorstenia contrajerva was active toward Giardia lamblia with IC(50)<38 mug/ml. This antiprotozoal activity supports the popular use to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. | 61–63 |
Eleusine indica
| Eleusine indica ethanol extract showed activity against vesicular stomatitis virus. The plant contains hydrocyanic acid. | 64 |
Eupatorium macro-phyllum
| The ethanol extract of the leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, po) showed significant analgesic activity, compared to standard drugs diclofenac sodium and pentazocine Petroleum ether and methanolic extracts of leaves of Eupatorium ayapana showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity at the tested concentration (250–1000 μg/ml) except against Shigella dysenteriae. The petroleum ether extract also showed antifungal activity. Two extracts (dichloromethane and methanol), of the dried stems and leaves of Eupatorium inulaefolium, the S2 fraction of the hexane extract and neurolenin B from the dichloro-methane extract, showed statistically significant antiplasmodial activity | 65–67 |
Ferula a safoetida | A Ferula asafoetida gum extract (3 mg/ml), decreased the average amplitude of spontaneous contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum to 54 +/- 7% of control. Ferula asafoetida gum extract (0.3–2.2 mg/100 g body weight) reduced the mean arterial blood pressure in anaesthetised rats. | 68 |
Jatropha curcas
| Two deoxypreussomerins were isolated from stems of Jatropha curcas. Two compounds had antibacterial constituents. Jatropha curcas crude bark extract accelerates the healing process of wounds on Wistar albino rats by increasing the skin breaking strength, granulation tissue breaking strength, wound contraction, dry granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline levels. A significant decrease in epithelization period was also observed | 69, 70 |
Momordia charantia
| Momordica charantia may induce both intestinal and also systemic anti-inflammatory responses and may have antiviral activity. | 71, 72 |
Morinda citrifolia
| The lyophilised aqueous extract of roots of Morinda citrifolia produced a dose-related, central analgesic activity in mice. The analgesic efficacy of the Noni extract was less strong than morphine but non-addictive and had no side effects. Morinda citrifolia fruit powder demonstrated over 70% COX-1 inhibition. The extracts from Morinda citrifolia leaf (45%) showed moderate inhibition on COX-1. The extracts from Morinda citrifolia bark (27%) and Morinda citrifolia fresh fruit juice (38%) presented low inhibition on COX-1. The extract from Morinda officinalis root was inactive (9.87%) at a concentration of 3.4 mg/ml. | 73–75 |
Neurolaena lobata
| Neurolaena lobata has antinociceptive and antibacterial effects. When tested against Brugia pahangi, a lymphatic dwelling filarial worm, the ethanol extract of Neurolaena lobata showed potential macro- and micro-filaricidal activity. | 76 |
Nicotiana tabacum
| The lack of nicotine-induced analgesia assessed by the tail flick reflex test in female rats is consistent with human studies showing that nicotine reduces pain elicited by brief noxious cutaneous stimulation in male but not female subjects. | 77 |
Peperomia rotundifolia
| In south-east Asia, Peperomia pellucida is used for wounds, skin problems, abdominal pain and other pains and for headache. Peperomia pellucida is reported to have analgesic activity in mice, antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and antifungal activity. Peperomia pellucida ethyl-acetate soluble extracts and crude methanolic extracts were active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. | 78 |
Petiveria alliacea
| Petiveria alliacea extract showed an antinociceptive effect which account for its popular use as an analgesic. The oral administration of Petiveria alliacea root crude lyophilized extract at the highest dose of extract tested (43.9 mg/kg body wt.) significantly reduced the number of migrating neutrophils, mononuclear cells and eosinophils. The Petiveria alliacea root extract also showed a significant analgesic effect. Thiosulfinates, trisulfides and benzylsulfinic acid are antimicrobial compounds, with the benzyl-containing thiosulfinates having the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial activity. | 79–81 |
Portulaca oleracea
| The ingestion of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) leaves may have a protective effect against oxidative stress caused by vitamin A deficiency. | 82 |
Punica granatum
| Punica granatum was used by Egyptians in ancient times as a treatment for tapeworm and other parasites. A pomegranate extract at a low extract concentration (0.01% v/v) delayed bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus FRI 722, while a higher concentration (1% v/v) eliminated bacterial growth. | 83 |
Rosmarinus officinalis
| Rosmarinus officinalis has historically been used as ananalgesic and antirheumatic herb. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L. aerial parts induced a significant antinociceptive activity. In an observational study, a combination of reduced iso-alpha-acids from hops, rosemary extract and oleanolic acid decreased pain in patients suffering from rheumatic conditions and osteoarthritis. | 84, 85 |
Solanum melongena
| Solanum melongena contains significant quantities of histamine and serotonin. | 86 |
Scoparia dulcis
| Scoparia dulcis has traditionally been used to treat stomach troubles, inflammation, hemorrhoids, and hepatosis and as an analgesic. Biologically active substances from Scoparia dulcis include scoparic acid A, scoparic acid B, scopadulcic acid A and B, scopadulciol and scopadulin. The chloroform/methanol fractions Scoparia dulcis showed antimicrobial activity against the human pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris and the plant pathogenic fungi Alternaria macrospora, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxysporum. | 87 |
Tagetes patula
| Tagetes erecta callus cultures produce ascorbic acid as well as insecticidal pyrethrins.Tagetes patula oil contains several compounds with the major ones being limonene, (Z) and (E)-β-ocimene, dihydrotagetone, terpinolene, piperitone, peperitenone, E -caryophyllene and trans -sesquisabinene hydrate. The fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (LC50 13.57, LC90 37.91) was most susceptible to Tagetes patula essential oil followed by Anopheles stephensi (LC50 12.08, LC90 57.62) and Culex quinquefaciatus (LC50 22.33, LC90 71.89). | 88, 89 |
Tamarindus indica
| In Thai traditional medicine, the fruit of Tamarindus indica is considered to be as a digestive, carminative, laxative, expectorant and a blood tonic. A crude Tamarindus indica seed extract extract inhibited the PLA2, protease, hyaluronidase, L-amino acid oxidase and 5'-nucleotidase enzyme activities of Vipera russelli venom in a dose-dependent manner. Mice that received the extract 10 min after the injection of venom were protected from venom-induced toxicity. The seed coat extract of Tamarindus indica has antioxidant activity. The extract is composed of flavonoids including tannins, polyphenols, anthocyanidin, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. These flavonoids may produce vasorelaxant activity, increase capillary permeability and protection from oxidative stress. Excess nitric oxide production is associated with diseases such as autoimmunity, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and septic shock. In vitro studies demonstrated that the crude seed coat extract of Tamarindus indica suppressed nitric oxide production while producing no adverse effects. | 90, 91 |
Tournefortia hirsutissima
| In Taiwan, Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam. is used as a detoxicant, an antiinflammatory agent, and a circulation promoter to remove blood stasis. Alkaloids, flavones, triterpenoids, and cinnamates are found in the genus Tournefortia. The stems of Tournefortia sarmentosa contain five phenolic compounds as well as salicylic acid and allantoin. Tournefortia rufo-sericeae leaves contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (5% of dry weight). | 92, 93 |
Trinidad ethnomedicinal plant | Chinese ethnomedicinal plant and practice |
---|---|
Abelmoschus moschatus
| Geographical origin S.E. Asia. Myricetin a flavonol, is found in tea, berries, fruits, and the herb of Abelmoschus moschatus. This flavonol has both antioxidative and cytoprotective properties and has been used successfully to treat depression and anxiety in traditional Chinese medicine [94]. |
Achyranthes aspera, Achyranthes indica
| Achyranthes bidentata is grown in the tropical parts of China, Korea and Vietnam. Its roots ("Niu Xi", Radix Achyranthes Bidentatae) are used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic, emmenagogue, antiarthritic, diuretic, and antifertility agent to nourish the liver and kidneys, strengthen bones and muscles and invigorate circulation [95]. |
Aristolochia rugosa,A. trilobata | The stem of Aristolochia manshuriensis (AMA, Guanmuton) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb largely harvested from the Northeast of China. It is used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, to alleviate swelling and to treat rheumatism [96]. |
Bidens alba/Bidens pilosa
| Bidens parviflora (Xiaohua-Guizhencao) is used as a traditional antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic medicine in China [97]. Bidens pilosa was introduced into Asia and is common in Taiwan. |
Cajanus cajan
| In Chinese folk medicine pigeon pea leaves are used to staunch blood, as an analgesic and to kill parasites [98]. |
Cassia alata
| Cassia obtusifolia seed, called "Juemingzi", is used to treat eye infections, headache, and dizziness [99]. Cassia alata can be purchased in herb shops in Thailand. |
Croton gossypifolius
| There are 21 species of Croton distributed throughout the southern part of China. Several species including C. kongensis are used in traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate dysmenorrhea (fruits), as a purgative (seeds), and to treat dyspepsia (bark) and malaria (leaves) [100]. |
Eclipta prostrata
| In Chinese medicine this plant is called "Eclipta Prostrata Herba" (Yetbadetajo Hert) [101]. It is also used in Taiwanese folk medicine. |
Eupatorium macrophyllum
| Eupatorium chinense grows in the south of China and is used for colds, snakebite and inflammation [102]. |
Momordica charantia
| Momordica charantia seeds are known in Chinese medicine as "Ku guazi". They are used for infections and immune disorders [103]. |
Morinda citrifolia
| Chinese traditional tonic herbal medicine "BaJiTian" (Morinda officinalis) has been prescribed in China for about two thousand years, for tonifying kidney, strengthening Yang-qi and relieving rheumatism [104]. |
Phyllanthus urinaria
| Phyllanthus urinaria grows widely in China. It is used to treat jaundice, hepatitis B, neprolithiasis, and painful disorders [105]. |
Portulaca oleraceae
| Portulaca oleracea (Ma-Chi-Xian), grows widely in China, and is used traditionally for alleviating pain and swelling. It has anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, and immuno-modulating activity [106]. |
Sida acuta
| This medicinal plant is named "Huanghuaren" [107]. |
Tamarindus indica
| In Thai traditional medicine, the fruit of T. indica is used as a digestive, laxative, expectorant and blood tonic. The seeds of T. indica are used as an anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, and an emetic, and the seed coat is used to treat burns and aid in wound healing as well as against dysentery. [90], [91] |