nach oben

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Erschienen in:

11.08.2023 | Original Article

Compassion Questionnaires: Scales Development and Validation

verfasst von: Bassam Khoury, Rodrigo C. Vergara, Christina Spinelli

Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Ausgabe 6/2023

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

Previous compassion scales measured correlates or consequences of compassion, included mindfulness in their definition and do not fully operationalize the affective, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal skills involved in cultivating compassion. The proposed Compassion Questionnaires towards Self (CQS) and Others (CQO) aim to operationalize compassion towards self and others by grounding them in affective, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal dimensions with each representing a set of skills that can be cultivated through training and practice.

Methods

Based on the proposed theoretical approach, the CQS and CQO items were developed through consultations with a panel of eight graduate students and a group of ten experts in the field. A series of three studies were conducted to validate the questionnaires and test their clinical utility.

Results

Results from the three studies suggested the merging of the affective and cognitive dimensions, yielding three independent dimensions for both the CQS and CQO. These findings were additionally supported by convergent and discriminant evidence. In addition, results suggested that CQS and CQO subscales’ scores are moderately associated with mindfulness measures and are sensitive to mindfulness training or meditation practice and experience.

Conclusions.

The CQS and CQO are the first questionnaires that operationalize compassion towards self and others as sets of affective, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal skills/abilities that are independent from mindfulness, and they have important theoretical and practical implications. Limitations as well as theoretical and practical implications of the CQS and CQO are thoroughly discussed.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Aspy, D. J., & Proeve, M. (2017). Mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation. Psychological Reports, 120(1), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116685867CrossRef

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504CrossRefPubMed

Baião, R., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., & Carvalho, S. (2015). Forms of self-criticising/attacking & self-reassuring scale: Psychometric properties and normative study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 88(4), 438–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12049CrossRef

Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2010). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (pp. 93–114). Routledge.

Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025754CrossRef

Barrett, L. F. (2006). Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(1), 20–46. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_2CrossRefPubMed

Batson, C. D., Fultz, J., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and empathy: Two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of Personality, 55(1), 19–39.CrossRefPubMed

Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Press.

Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bodie, G. D. (2011). The active-empathic listening scale (AELS): Conceptualization and evidence of validity within the interpersonal domain. Communication Quarterly, 59(3), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2011.583495CrossRef

Braehler, C., Gumley, A., Harper, J., Wallace, S., Norrie, J., & Gilbert, P. (2013). Exploring change processes in compassion focused therapy in psychosis: Results of a feasibility randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12009CrossRefPubMed

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822CrossRefPubMed

Burg, J. M., Probst, T., Heidenreich, T., & Michalak, J. (2017). Development and psychometric evaluation of the body mindfulness questionnaire. Mindfulness, 8, 807–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0659-9CrossRef

Cleare, S., Gumley, A., Cleare, C. J., & O’Connor, R. C. (2018). An investigation of the factor structure of the self-compassion scale. Mindfulness, 9(2), 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0803-1CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.CrossRefPubMed

Condon, P., Desbordes, G., Miller, W. B., & DeSteno, D. (2013). Meditation increases compassionate responses to suffering. Psychological Science, 24(10), 2125–2127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613485603CrossRefPubMed

Coroiu, A., Kwakkenbos, L., Moran, C., Thombs, B., Albani, C., Bourkas, S., Zenger, M., Brahler, E., & Körner, A. (2018). Structural validation of the self-compassion scale with a German general population sample. PLoS ONE, 13(2), e0190771. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190771CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Castilho, P. (2016). Validation of the psychometric properties of the self-compassion scale: Testing the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the measure among borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and general populations. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(5), 460–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1974CrossRef

Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868CrossRef

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555CrossRef

Crosby, K., & Skilton, A. (1998). The Bodhicaryāvatāra. Oxford University Press.

Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2016). Cognitive processes are central in compassion meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 161–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.005CrossRefPubMed

Davidson, R. J., Harrington, A., & Rosch, E. (2003). Visions of compassion: Western scientists and Tibetan Buddhists examine human nature. Contemporary Psychology [APA Review of Books], 48(3), 330.

Davidson, R. J., James, W., & Harrington, A. (2002). Visions of compassion: Western scientists and Tibetan Buddhists examine human nature. Oxford University Press.CrossRef

de Winter, J. C. F., & Dodou, D. (2012). Factor recovery by principal axis factoring and maximum likelihood factor analysis as a function of factor pattern and sample size. Journal of Applied Statistics, 39(4), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2011.610445CrossRef

DiCaccavo, A. (2002). Investigating individuals’ motivations to become counselling psychologists: The influence of early caretaking roles within the family. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 75(4), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608302321151943CrossRef

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13CrossRefPubMed

Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046CrossRefPubMed

Feldman, C., & Kuyken, W. (2011). Compassion in the landscape of suffering. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564831CrossRef

Gerbing, D. W., & Hamilton, J. G. (1996). Viability of exploratory factor analysis as a precursor to confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519609540030CrossRef

Gilbert, P. (2006). Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy. Routledge.

Gilbert, P. (2009). The compassionate mind: A new approach to life’s challenges. Constable and Robinson.

Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy: The CBT distinctive features. Routledge.CrossRef

Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Basran, J. (2017). The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others. Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 4(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3CrossRef

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511CrossRef

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Richter, A., Franks, L., Mills, A., Bellew, R., & Gale, C. (2009). An exploration of different types of positive affect in students and patients with bipolar disorder. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6, 135–143.

Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018807CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goldin, P. R., & Jazaieri, H. (2017). The compassion cultivation training (CCT) Program. In J. R. Doty & E. Seppälä (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compassion science. Oxford University Press.

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94CrossRef

Gu, J., Baer, R., Cavanagh, K., Kuyken, W., & Strauss, C. (2020). Development and psychometric properties of the Sussex-Oxford compassion scales (SOCS). Assessment, 27(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119860911CrossRefPubMed

Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675CrossRef

Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford happiness questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6CrossRef

Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8, 720–724. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013237CrossRefPubMed

Huysamen, G. (2006). Coefficient alpha: Unnecessarily ambiguous; unduly ubiquitous. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(4), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v32i4.242CrossRef

Inwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018). Mechanisms of change in the relationship between self-compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health: A systematic review. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 10(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12127CrossRefPubMed

Jinpa, T. L., & Weiss, L. (2013). Compassion cultivation training (CCT). In T. Singer & M. Boltz (Eds.), Compassion: bridging practice and science. Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences.

Kanov, J. M., Maitlis, S., Worline, M. C., Dutton, J. E., Frost, P. J., & Lilius, J. M. (2004). Compassion in organizational life. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 808–827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260211CrossRef

Kelly, A. C., & Carter, J. C. (2015). Self-compassion training for binge eating disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 88(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12044CrossRef

Kelly, A. C., & Dupasquier, J. (2016). Social safeness mediates the relationship between recalled parental warmth and the capacity for self-compassion and receiving compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.017CrossRef

Khoury, B. (2018). Mindfulness: Embodied and embedded. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1037–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0858-zCrossRef

Khoury, B. (2019). Compassion: Embodied and embedded. Mindfulness, 10(11), 2363–2374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01211-wCrossRef

Khoury, B., & Dionne, F. (2020). Les dimensions incarnée et interpersonnelle de la compassion. Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 178(1), 3–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2020.11.018CrossRef

Khoury, B., Dionne, F., & Grégoire, S. (2019). La pleine conscience incarnée: Un concept unificateur entre les traditions orientales et occidentales de la pleine conscience. Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 177(7), 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2018.04.010CrossRef

Khoury, B., Grégoire, S., & Dionne, F. (2020). La dimension interpersonnelle de la pleine conscience. Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 178(3), 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2018.10.018CrossRef

Khoury, B., Knäuper, B., Pagnini, F., Trent, N., Chiesa, A., & Carrière, K. (2017). Embodied mindfulness. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1160–1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0700-7CrossRef

Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., Sadowski, I., & Spinelli, C. (2021). Embodied mindfulness questionnaire: Scale development and validation. Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911211059856CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., & Spinelli, C. (2022). Interpersonal mindfulness questionnaire: Scale development and validation. Mindfulness, 13(4), 1007–1031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01855-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., Spinelli, C., & Sadowski, I. (2023a). Embodied mindfulness questionnaire (EMQ). In O. N. Medvedev, C. U. Krägeloh, R. J. Siegert, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Handbook of assessment in mindfulness research. Springer.

Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., Spinelli, C., & Sadowski, I. (2023b). Interpersonal mindfulness questionnaire (IMQ). In O. N. Medvedev, C. U. Krägeloh, R. J. Siegert, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Handbook of assessment in mindfulness research. Springer.

Kirby, J. N. (2017). Compassion interventions: The programmes, the evidence, and implications for research and practice. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 432–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12104CrossRef

Kirby, J. N., Day, J., & Sagar, V. (2019). The ‘Flow’ of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.001CrossRefPubMed

Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2017). A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: Current state of knowledge and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 48(6), 778–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003CrossRefPubMed

Ko, C. M., Grace, F., Chavez, G. N., Grimley, S. J., Dalrymple, E. R., & Olson, L. E. (2018). Effect of seminar on compassion on student self-compassion, mindfulness and well-being: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of American College Health, 66(7), 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1431913CrossRefPubMed

Krieger, T., Reber, F., von Glutz, B., Urech, A., Moser, C. T., Schulz, A., & Berger, T. (2019). An internet-based compassion-focused intervention for increased self-criticism: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 50(2), 430–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.08.003CrossRefPubMed

Lavelle, B. D. (2017). Compassion in context: Tracing the Buddhist roots of secular, compassion-based contemplative. In E. M. Seppala, E. Simon-Thomas, S. L. Brown, M. C. Worline, C. D. Cameron, & J. R. Doty (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of compassion science (pp. 17–25). Oxford University Press.

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.

Leaviss, J., & Uttley, L. (2015). Psychotherapeutic benefits of compassion-focused therapy: An early systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 927–945. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002141CrossRefPubMed

Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and the social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.232CrossRef

Lim, D., & DeSteno, D. (2016). Suffering and compassion: The links among adverse life experiences, empathy, compassion, and prosocial behavior. Emotion, 16(2), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000144CrossRefPubMed

López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J. (2015). A reconsideration of the self-compassion scale’s total score: Self-compassion versus self-criticism. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0132940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132940CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lovibond, S., & Lovibond, P. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.

Luo, X., Qiao, L., & Che, X. (2018). Self-compassion modulates heart rate variability and negative affect to experimentally induced stress. Mindfulness, 9(5), 1522–1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0900-9CrossRef

MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84CrossRef

Maitreya, A., Taye, J. K. L., & Gyamtso, K. T. (2018). Buddha nature: the Mahayana Uttaratantra Shastra with commentary. Shambhala Publications.

Marsh, H. W., Fraser, M. I., Rakhimov, A., Ciarrochi, J., & Guo, J. (2023). The bifactor structure of the self-compassion scale: Bayesian approaches to overcome exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) limitations. Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001247CrossRefPubMed

Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons’ responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741–749. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.741CrossRef

Muris, P., Otgaar, H., & Petrocchi, N. (2016). Protection as the mirror image of psychopathology: Further critical notes on the self-compassion scale. Mindfulness, 7(3), 787–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0509-9CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2004). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 9(2), 27–37.

Neff, K. D. (2019). Setting the record straight about the self-compassion scale. Mindfulness, 10(1), 200–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1061-6CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2020). Commentary on Muris and Otgaar (2020): Let the empirical evidence speak on the self-compassion scale. Mindfulness, 11(8), 1900–1909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01411-9CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923CrossRefPubMed

Orcan, F. (2018). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first? Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(4), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323CrossRef

Peters, G. (2014). The Alpha and the Omega of scale reliability and validity: Why and how to abandon Cronbach’s Alpha. European Health Psychologist, 16(2), 56–69.

Pommier, E. (2010). The compassion scale. Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (855633530).

Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Tóth-Király, I. (2020). The development and validation of the compassion scale. Assessment, 27(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119874108CrossRefPubMed

Pratscher, S. D., Rose, A. J., Markovitz, L., & Bettencourt, A. (2018). Interpersonal mindfulness: Investigating mindfulness in interpersonal interactions, co-rumination, and friendship quality. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1206–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0859-yCrossRef

R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In R foundation for statistical computing. https://www.R-project.org/

Raîche, G., Walls, T. A., Magis, D., Riopel, M., & Blais, J.-G. (2013). Non-graphical solutions for Cattell’s scree test. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 9(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000051CrossRef

Reio, T. G., & Shuck, B. (2015). Exploratory factor analysis: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 17(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422314559804CrossRef

Rosenberg, E. L., Zanesco, A. P., King, B. G., Aichele, S. R., Jacobs, T. L., Bridwell, D. A., MacLean, K. A., Shaver, P. R., Ferrer, E., Sahdra, B. K., Lavy, S., Wallace, B. A., & Saron, C. D. (2015). Intensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering. Emotion, 15, 775–790. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000080CrossRefPubMed

Schmitt, T. A. (2011). Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406653CrossRef

Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). The emerging role of Buddhism in clinical psychology: Toward effective integration. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035859CrossRef

Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0CrossRefPubMed

Spinelli, C., Ibrahim, M., & Khoury, B. (revised and resubmitted). Enhancing ambiguity tolerance in counsellors-in-training: A pilot program. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy

Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056439CrossRef

Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto empathy questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Strauss, C., Lever Taylor, B., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F., & Cavanagh, K. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.004CrossRefPubMed

Syakur, M. A., Khotimah, B. K., Rochman, E. M. S., & Satoto, B. D. (2018). Integration K-means clustering method and Elbow method for identification of the best customer profile cluster. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 336, 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/336/1/012017CrossRef

Tóth-Király, I., & Neff, K. D. (2020). Is self-compassion universal? Support for the measurement invariance of the self-compassion scale across populations. Assessment, 28(1), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120926232CrossRefPubMed

Venables, W. N., & Ripley, B. D. (2013). Modern applied statistics with S-PLUS. Springer Science & Business Media.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063CrossRefPubMed

Williams, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Karl, A., & Kuyken, W. (2014). Examining the factor structures of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire and the self-compassion scale. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035566CrossRefPubMed

Wispé, L. (1991). The psychology of sympathy. Plenum.CrossRef

Yang, Y., Zhang, M., & Kou, Y. (2016). Self-compassion and life satisfaction: The mediating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.086CrossRef

Yarnell, L. M., Neff, K. D., Davidson, O. A., & Mullarkey, M. (2019). Gender differences in self-compassion: Examining the role of gender role orientation. Mindfulness, 10(6), 1136–1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1066-1CrossRef

Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966CrossRef

Zeng, X., Wei, J., Oei, T. P., & Liu, X. (2016). The Self-compassion scale is not validated in a Buddhist sample. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(6), 1996–2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0205-zCrossRefPubMed

Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Compassion Questionnaires: Scales Development and Validation
verfasst von: Bassam Khoury
Rodrigo C. Vergara
Christina Spinelli
Publikationsdatum: 11.08.2023
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Ausgabe 6/2023
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10416-2

Is a Gradualist Approach to Clinical Training Helpful or Necessary?

Original Article

Harnessing AI to Optimize Thought Records and Facilitate Cognitive Restructuring in Smartphone CBT: An Exploratory Study

Open Access
Original Article

Metacognitive Appraisals of Perseverative Cognition: A Prospective Test Across Thought Types

Original Article

Find a Resting Place for Your Emotions and Make it Yours: A Meta-Analysis of Expressive Writing Interventions Among Asian Populations

Original Article

The Moderating Role of Age Beliefs on the Relationships Between Physical Symptoms, Depression, and Irritability in Menopausal Women

Original Article

Development and Validation of the Revised Chinese Version of Intolerance of Uncertainty Index-A for Children: A Large-Scale Study Among Chinese Adolescents

Original Article

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Depressive Senioren fahren besonders riskant

14.01.2025
Altersdepression
Nachrichten

Beim Autofahren machen ältere Depressive häufiger eine Vollbremsung, gehen öfter zu schnell in Kurven und halten sich seltener an Tempolimits als Senioren ohne Depression. Offenbar scheint eine Depression eine riskante Fahrweise im Alter zu verstärken.

Verhaltenstherapie plus Stimulanz reduziert Binge Eating

14.01.2025
Binge-Eating-Störung
Nachrichten

Die Kombination von kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie plus Lisdexamfetamin bringt Personen mit Binge-Eating-Störung deutlich häufiger in Remission als die jeweiligen Einzeltherapien. Zudem nimmt das Gewicht der Betroffenen spürbar ab.

Medikamente verändern wohl Nährstoffzusammensetzung der Muttermilch

Medikamente in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit
Nachrichten

Einige Medikamente wie selektive Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer können offenbar die Makronährstoffzusammensetzung der Muttermilch verändern. Das birgt möglicherweise gesundheitliche Risiken für manche gestillte Kinder.

Psychologische Interventionen können Depressionen oft verhindern

16.12.2024
Depressive Störungen
Nachrichten

Gespräche, Telefonate, internetbasierte Verfahren: Mit solchen Methoden lässt sich der Beginn einer Depression bei gefährdeten Personen oft vermeiden. Sie funktionieren vor allem dann, wenn die Betroffenen deutliche Symptome aufweisen und noch keine Psychotherapie hatten.

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Compassion Questionnaires: Scales Development and Validation