Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen, a probiotic component of a medicine used in prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children
verfasst von:
Piotr Jarocki, Marcin Podleśny, Mariusz Krawczyk, Agnieszka Glibowska, Jarosław Pawelec, Elwira Komoń-Janczara, Oleksandr Kholiavskyi, Michał Dworniczak, Zdzisław Targoński
Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen is a human endogenous strain with well-documented health promoting properties that is used for production of probiotics. It has a long safety history of application, and its effectiveness in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea has also been confirmed in clinical trials.
Results
Here we present the complete genome sequence of L. rhamnosus Pen, which consists of a circular 2,884,4966-bp chromosome with a GC content of 46.8%. Within 2907 open reading frames (ORFs), genes involved with probiotic properties were identified. A CRISPR locus, consisting of a 1092-nt region with 16 spacers, was also detected. Finally, an intact prophage of ~ 40.7 kb, 57 ORFs, GC content 44.8% was identified.
Conclusions
Genomic analysis confirmed the probiotic properties of L. rhamnosus Pen and may indicate new biotechnological applications of this industrially important strain.
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
Introduction
Lactobacillus rhamnosus has been isolated from the human intestinal tract, oral cavity, and vagina. Owing to their beneficial effects on human health, many strains of L. rhamnosus are also used in the dairy and pharmaceutical industries. Examples of such industrially important probiotic strains are Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011, as well as Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen, which is a component of a medicine commonly used to reduce the risk of diarrhoea development during antibiotic therapy [1‐3]. Many characteristics of strain Pen have previously been reported, including carbohydrate utilisation, colony and cell morphology, antibiotic sensitivity, RAPD patterns, and SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional (2D) electrophoretic profiles of surface-associated proteins [4, 5]. Other properties, such as adhesion ability [6], survival rate in acidic pH [7], antiradical activity [8] and production of extracellular ferulic acid esterase [9] have also been analysed. Optimisation of medium composition to enhance growth of L. rhamnosus Pen using response surface methodology was reported by Polak-Berecka et al. [10].
Methods
Genomic DNA was isolated and purified using a Genomic Mini AX Bacteria + kit (A&A Biotechnology, Gdynia, Poland); DNA concentration was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA). Sequencing was performed at Genomed SA. Briefly, a paired-end library was constructed by using the NEB-Next® DNA Library Prep Master Mix Set for Illumina (NEB, Ipswich, USA) and subsequently sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq with 2 × 250 paired end sequencing chemistry (Illumina, San Diego, USA). Additionally, a 5–8 kb mate-pair library was constructed according protocol developed in BGI (Shenzhen, China) and sequenced on a HiSeq 4000 with 2 × 100 paired end sequencing chemistry (Illumina, San Diego, USA). A total of 1,270,358,608 bases and 362,759,422 paired reads were yielded. Read trimming and filtering was performed using Cutadapt 1.9.1 [11]. De novo assembly was conducted using SPAdes 3.1.1. [12], which yielded one major contig with 679-fold average coverage. Functional annotation of predicted genes was performed using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline [13]. The clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) of proteins were determined using eggNOG 4.5 [14]. Ribosomal RNA genes were detected using RNAmer 1.2 [15] and tRNA genes were identified using tRNAscan-SE v. 2.0 [16]. Sequences of proteins which may determine putative probiotic properties of L. rhamnosus Pen were individually search against Conserved Domains Database (NCBI) [17] and InterPro detabase (EMBL-EBI) [18]. Genes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of bacteriocins were identified using BAGEL [19]. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes was tested using ResFinder [20]. Phaster was used to search for prophage sequences [21] and the presence of a CRISPR/Cas system was predicted using CRISPRs finder [22] and the Crispr Recognition Tool [23]. Genome mapping and alignment visualisation were performed using CGView [24] and BRIG [25] respectively.
Anzeige
Quality assurance
Genomic DNA used for sequencing was isolated from a pure culture of a single bacterial isolate of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Additionally, the 16S rRNA gene sequence was determined and compared against NCBI database using BLAST (Additional file 2: Figure S2).
Results and discussion
The complete genome of L. rhamnosus Pen consists of a 2,884,966-nt circular chromosome (GC content of 46.8%) with no plasmid. Among the 2907 identified open reading frames, 2729 contain protein-coding genes. In addition, 59 tRNA genes, 5 rRNA operons, and 101 pseudogenes were identified (Table 1, Additional file 3: Figure S3). Of the identified coding sequences, 2422 (88.7%) were grouped into 20 COG classes. Coding sequences were identified as being involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism (12%), transcription (7.3%), amino acid transport and metabolism (6.9%), translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis (5.4%), and replication, recombination and repair of nucleic acids (4.8%) (Table 2, Additional file 3: Figure S3). Comparison of the L. rhamnosus Pen genome with eleven other L. rhamnosus complete genome sequences showed the highest similarity with intestinal isolate L. rhamnosus LOCK900 (symmetric identity 98.76%, gapped identity 99.97; CP005484.1) [26] and substantially lower sequence similarity with the industrially important L. rhamnosus GG (symmetric identity 84.24%, gapped identity 97.50%; AP011548.1) [27] (Fig. 1).
Table 1
General features of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen genome
Attribute
Value
Genome size (bp)
2,884,966
Contig numbers
1
DNA G+C (%)
46.8
Total genes
2907
Protein-coding genes
2729
rRNA genes
15
tRNA genes
59
ncRNA genes
3
Pseudogenes
101
Plasmid
0
Prophages
1
CRISPR arrays
1
GenBank accession
CP020464.1
Table 2
COG functional categories of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen genome
Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport
23
0.8
[O]
Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones
57
2.0
Metabolism
[C]
Energy production and conversion
91
3.2
[G]
Carbohydrate transport and metabolism
339
12.0
[E]
Amino acid transport and metabolism
195
6.9
[F]
Nucleotide transport and metabolism
87
3.1
[H]
Coenzyme transport and metabolism
57
2.0
[I]
Lipid transport and metabolism
62
2.2
[P]
Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
103
3.6
[Q]
Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
27
1.0
Poorly characterized
[R]
General function prediction only
303
10.7
[S]
Function unknown
211
7.5
×
Comparative genomic analysis of L. rhamnosus Pen showed the presence of numerous genes which may determine its putative probiotic properties, supporting use of the strain in prevention of various gastrointestinal disorders. Genetic factors involved in cell surface adherence, biofilm formation, and pathogen inhibition were identified (Additional file 4: Table S1). Such features are known to provide a survival advantage for probiotic strains and are important for effective bacterial colonisation of the human intestine [1, 28‐32]. Additionally, detailed analysis of the genome did not reveal transmissible antibiotic resistance genes in the chromosome of L. rhamnosus Pen. It was previously described that such genetic determinants may constitute a reservoir of antibiotic resistance for food and gut pathogens. On the other hand, presence of intrinsic antibiotic resistance among probiotic strains is valuable factor in restoring the intestinal microbiota after antibiotic treatment [33].
The analysis performed using CRISPRs finder and the Crispr Recognition Tool indicated that the genome contains one regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat locus consisting of a 1092-nt region with 16 spacers (30–31 nt in length) (Fig. 2). The detected CRISPR–Cas system is of type II-A/LsaI1 (four cas genes; cas1, cas2, cas9, csn2, and one CRISPR array), similar to previously described CRISPR loci characteristic of L. rhamnosus strains [34]. BLASTN searches comparing all 16 spacers against the phage and plasmid NCBI databases revealed no sequence identity with known mobile genetic elements of lactobacilli. In a previous report, Douillard et al. [29] observed that many spacer sequences of L. rhamnosus strains fully or partially matched sequenced bacteriophage genomes, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus phage Lc-Nu and Lrm1, as well as L. casei phages, including φAT3, A2, and PL-1. This phenomenon suggests that CRISPR modules may play an important role in protection against different mobile elements and also provide specific bacteriophage resistance [35]. Interestingly, similar results were not obtained for the CRISPR locus identified for Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen.
×
Anzeige
Finally, one intact prophage of ~ 40.7 kb with a GC content of 44.8% was identified. This prophage sequence showed only 94% (query coverage 59%) and 91% (query coverage 21%) similarity with two previously described L. rhamnosus bacteriophages, Lrm1 (EU246945.1) and Lc-Nu (AY131267.2), respectively [36, 37]. However, nearly identical prophage sequences were detected in the genomes of L. rhamnosus CLS17 (NZ_JYCS01000023.1), L. rhamnosus B1 (NZ_NXEU01000011.1), and L. rhamnosus ASCC 3029 (NZ_MLJZ01000021.1). In our previous study, we described the release of phage particles by L. rhamnosus Pen [38]. Although the physiological role of continuous phage particle release in Lactobacillus is not evident, it may be beneficial for the bacterial host. It was previously suggested that such behaviour may enhance biofilm formation and promote horizontal gene transfer. On the other hand, by facilitating binding to human platelets, spontaneous prophage induction may also play an important role in bacterial virulence [39, 40]. Additionally, considering that such bacteriophages may be simultaneously released to the culture medium and that this phenomenon does not lead to complete lysis of the culture, microorganisms containing such phages may have high potential for application as safe food-grade vectors for presenting or producing various biological factors such as antigens, receptors, or virulence proteins [38, 41].
In conclusion, genomic analysis has confirmed the probiotic properties of L. rhamnosus Pen and may indicate new biotechnological applications of this industrially important strain. However, to understand the nature of the relationship between this probiotic bacterium and its phage, further studies for molecular and physiological characterisation of the released bacteriophage should be performed. We hope that future studies may further our knowledge of phage biology and shed new light on interactions between phages and bacteria.
Authors’ contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: PJ, MP, MK, ZT. Performed the experiments: PJ, MK, AG, JP, OK, MD. Analyzed the data: PJ, MK, EKJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PJ, MP, MK. Wrote the paper: PJ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
The complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen has been deposited in GenBank under Accession Number CP020464.1. L. rhamnosus Pen is available at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Polish Academy of Sciences under the Number 2593.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Anzeige
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Science Centre, Poland [Grant Numbers UMO-2013/09/N/NZ9/01617 and UMO-2016/23/D/NZ9/02661].
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Pen, a probiotic component of a medicine used in prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children
verfasst von
Piotr Jarocki Marcin Podleśny Mariusz Krawczyk Agnieszka Glibowska Jarosław Pawelec Elwira Komoń-Janczara Oleksandr Kholiavskyi Michał Dworniczak Zdzisław Targoński