Background
Method
Procedure
Measures
Sample
Statistical analysis
Results
Client characteristics
Male | Female | Test-statistic | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 193) | (n) | (%) | (n) | (%) | ||
Gender | 107 | 55.4 | 86 | 44.6 | ||
Rurality | ||||||
MMM1 | 62 | 57.9 | 58 | 67.4 | 1Z = 1.2036 | 0.229 |
MMM2 | 5 | 4.7 | 3 | 3.5 | ||
MMM3 | 12 | 112 | 7 | 8.1 | ||
MMM4 | 14 | 13.1 | 8 | 9.3 | ||
MMM5 | 14 | 13.1 | 9 | 10.5 | ||
MMM6 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.16 | ||
MMM7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Primary drug | ||||||
Alcohol | 51 | 48.6 | 44 | 53.0 | 2 χ(1) = 2.135 | 0.7110 |
Amphetamines | 17 | 16.2 | 14 | 16.9 | ||
Cannabis | 12 | 11.4 | 6 | 7.2 | ||
Heroin | 17 | 16.9 | 10 | 12.1 | ||
Other | 8 | 7.6 | 9 | 10.8 | ||
Self-reported problems | ||||||
Other addictions | 13 | 12.2 | 11 | 12.8 | 2 χ(1) = 0.018 | 0.893 |
Self-Harm/Suicidality | 62 | 57.9 | 51 | 59.3 | 2 χ(1) = 0.036 | 0.849 |
Aggression | 49 | 45.8 | 42 | 48.8 | 2 χ(1) = 0.177 | 0.674 |
Risky Behaviour | 94 | 87.9 | 65 | 76.5 | 2 χ(1) = 4.310 |
4
0.038
|
Gambling | 13 | 12.15 | 8 | 9.4 | 2 χ(1) = 0.364 | 0.546 |
(Mean) | (SD) | (Mean) | (SD) | |||
Age (years) | 37.22 | 9.45 | 37.44 | 9.03 | 3T(191) = 0.16 | 0.871 |
DASS on Entry | ||||||
Depression | 15.78 | 10.89 | 17.24 | 11.63 | 3T(183) = 0.88 | 0.378 |
Anxiety | 12.55 | 8.34 | 13.04 | 9.48 | 3T(183) = 0.37 | 0.713 |
Stress | 16.70 | 8.78 | 17.74 | 9.57 | 3T(183) = 0.77 | 0.441 |
WHOQOL-8 on Entry | ||||||
Quality | 3.12 | 0.99 | 3.00 | 0.96 | 3T(190) = −0.86 | 0.393 |
Health | 2.94 | 1.01 | 2.86 | 1.09 | 3T(190) = −0.56 | 0.576 |
Energy | 3.26 | 1.05 | 3.04 | 1.03 | 3T(190) = −1.50 | 0.136 |
Money | 2.98 | 1.32 | 3.09 | 1.14 | 3T(190) = 0.62 | 0.534 |
Daily Living | 3.11 | 1.13 | 3.22 | 1.13 | 3T(190) = 0.68 | 0.497 |
Self-Satisfaction | 2.70 | 0.92 | 2.26 | 1.00 | 3T(190) = −3.17 |
4
0.0018
|
Relationships | 2.78 | 1.11 | 2.61 | 1.12 | 3T(190) = − 1.01 | 0.313 |
Living Place | 3.02 | 1.24 | 3.16 | 1.15 | 3T(190) = 0.84 | 0.403 |
Treatment retention
N = 193 | ||
---|---|---|
(n) | (%) | |
Completion status group | ||
Completers | 59 | 30.6 |
Non-completers | 134 | 69.4 |
Non-completer exit status | ||
Voluntary | 100 | 51.8 |
Involuntary | 34 | 17.6 |
Non-completer duration of stay | ||
Weeks 1–2 | 20 | 10.4 |
Weeks 3–4 | 9 | 4.7 |
Weeks 5–6 | 14 | 7.3 |
Weeks 7–8 | 14 | 7.3 |
Weeks 9–10 | 5 | 2.6 |
Weeks 11–12 | 11 | 5.7 |
> 12 Weeks | 61 | 31.6 |
Median length of stay (days) | 112 (SD 78.5, Range 1–247) |
Differences between completers and non-completers
Total | Completers | Non-Completers | Test-statistic | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 193 | N = 59 | N = 134 | ||||
n
| % | % | % | |||
Gender | 1χ(1) = 0.050 | 0.823 | ||||
Male | 107 | 55.44 | 54.24 | 55.97 | ||
Female | 86 | 44.56 | 45.76 | 44.03 | ||
Age | 1χ(2) = 7.309 |
4
0.026
| ||||
< 25 yr | 16 | 8.29 | 1.69 | 11.19 | ||
26–50 yr | 159 | 82.38 | 93.22 | 77.61 | ||
> 51 yr | 18 | 9.33 | 5.08 | 11.19 | ||
Mean (sd) Age (years) | 36.86 (6.99) | 37.52 (10.09) | 2T(156) = 0.52 | 0.603 | ||
Rurality | 1χ(1) = 2.934 | 0.087 | ||||
MMM 1 (Metro) | 120 | 62.18 | 71.19 | 58.21 | ||
MMM 2–6 (Non-Metro) | 73 | 37.81 | 28.81 | 41.79 | ||
Depression on Entry (DASS) | 1χ(1) = 3.478 | 0.062 | ||||
Normal-Mild | 85 | 45.95 | 55.93 | 41.27 | ||
Moderate-Very Severe | 100 | 54.05 | 44.07 | 58.73 | ||
Mean (sd) | 14.20 (10.80) | 17.46 (11.30) | 2T(183) = 1.86 | 0.065 | ||
Anxiety on Entry (DASS) | 1χ(1) = 0.003 | 0.958 | ||||
Normal-Mild | 81 | 43.78 | 44.07 | 43.65 | ||
Moderate-Very Severe | 104 | 56.22 | 55.93 | 55.93 | ||
Mean (sd) | 11.61 (8.31) | 13.31 (9.06) | 2T(183) = 1.22 | 0.224 | ||
Stress on Entry (DASS) | 1χ(1) = 0.218 | 0.641 | ||||
Normal-Mild | 102 | 55.14 | 57.63 | 53.97 | ||
Moderate-Very Severe | 83 | 44.86 | 42.37 | 46.03 | ||
Mean (sd) | 15.61 (8.41) | 17.89 (9.38) | 2T(183) = 1.59 | 0.114 | ||
Primary Substance3 | ||||||
Alcohol | 95 | 50.53 | 56.90 | 47.69 | 1χ(1) = 1.359 | 0.243 |
Amphetamines | 31 | 16.49 | 8.62 | 20.0 | 1χ(1) = 3.771 | 0.052 |
Cannabis | 18 | 9.57 | 6.90 | 10.77 | 1χ(1) = 0.695 | 0.405 |
Heroin | 27 | 14.36 | 17.24 | 13.08 | 1χ(1) = 0.566 | 0.452 |
Other Drugs | 17 | 9.04 | 10.34 | 8.46 | 1χ(1) = 0.173 | 0.678 |
Self-Reported Problems | ||||||
Non-Drug Addictions | 39 | 20.21 | 20.34 | 20.15 | 1χ(1) = 0.0009 | 0.976 |
Aggression | 91 | 47.15 | 32.20 | 53.73 | 1χ(1) = 7.619 |
4
0.006
|
Self-Harm/Suicidality | 113 | 58.55 | 45.76 | 64.18 | 1χ(1) = 5.725 |
4
0.017
|
Risk Taking Behaviours | 159 | 82.81 | 84.75 | 81.95 | 1χ(1) = 0.2237 | 0.636 |
WHOQOL-8 on Entry | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | |||
Quality | 3.07 (0.99) | 3.10 (0.98) | 3.05 (0.98) | 2T(190) = −0.32 | 0.749 | |
Health | 2.98 (1.04) | 2.91 (1.04) | 2.90 (1.05) | 2T(190) = −0.08 | 0.937 | |
Energy | 3.16 (1.05) | 3.27 (1.11) | 3.11 (1.01) | 2T(190) = −0.97 | 0.333 | |
Money | 3.01 (1.24) | 3.37 (1.29) | 2.88 (1.20) | 2T(190) = −2.57 |
4
0.011
| |
Daily Living | 3.17 (1.13) | 3.15 (1.20) | 3.17 (1.10) | 2T(190) = 0.07 | 0.942 | |
Self-Satisfaction | 2.50 (1.00) | 2.52 (1.06) | 2.50 (0.95) | 2T(190) = −0.19 | 0.850 | |
Relationships | 2.67 (1.12) | 1.56 (1.15) | 1.77 (1.10) | 2T(190) = 1.19 | 0.236 | |
Living Place | 3.07 (1.19) | 3.20 (1.16) | 3.03 (1.22) | 2T(190) = −0.92 | 0.357 |
Relative strength of variables predicting completion
Predictors of completion | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
N = 193 | |||
Money Ratings (WHOQOL-8) | 1.57 | (1.14, 2.16) |
1
0.005
|
Amphetamines as Primary Substance | 0.29 | (0.01, 0.89) |
1
0.030
|
Aggression Problems | 0.41 | (0.19, 0.86) |
1
0.017
|
Good Relationship Ratings (WHOQOL-8) | 0.60 | (0.41, 0.86) |
1
0.007
|
Self-Harm/Suicidality Problems | 0.52 | (0.25, 1.07) | 0.074 |
Depression on Entry (DASS) | 0.97 | (0.94, 1.01) | 0.193 |
Age | – | – |
1
0.010
|
Age* Age | – | – |
1
0.007
|
Psychosocial outcome measures
Completers | Non-completers | Time effect | Completion effect | Time*completion effect | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entry | Exit | Entry | Exit | DF | F | P | DF | F | P | DF | F | P | ||||||
Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | |||||||||||
DASS | ||||||||||||||||||
Depression | 14.20 | 1.47 | 4.83 | 1.12 | 17.41 | 1.08 | 10.28 | 0.83 | 166 | 79.3 |
1
<.0001
| 166 | 10.59 |
1
0.001
| 166 | 1.45 | 0.230 | |
Anxiety | 11.61 | 1.14 | 4.07 | 0.95 | 13.06 | 0.84 | 8.36 | 0.70 | 166 | 80.1 |
1
<.0001
| 166 | 6.69 |
1
0.011
| 166 | 4.33 |
1
0.039
| |
Stress | 15.61 | 1.19 | 7.93 | 1.08 | 17.39 | 0.88 | 12.34 | 0.80 | 166 | 64.7 |
1
<.0001
| 166 | 6.96 |
1
0.009
| 166 | 2.77 | 0.098 | |
WHOQOL-8** | ||||||||||||||||||
Quality | 3.10 | 0.13 | 4.27 | 0.11 | 3.05 | 0.09 | 3.74 | 0.08 | 171 | 101 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 6.380 |
1
0.0125
| 171 | 6.9 |
1
0.009
| |
Health | 2.92 | 0.14 | 4.00 | 0.11 | 2.94 | 0.10 | 3.63 | 0.08 | 171 | 80.6 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 2.14 | 0.146 | 171 | 3.91 |
1
0.050
| |
Energy | 3.27 | 0.14 | 4.25 | 0.12 | 3.10 | 0.10 | 3.69 | 0.08 | 171 | 67.3 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 9.1 |
1
0.003
| 171 | 4.03 |
1
0.046
| |
Money | 3.37 | 0.16 | 4.22 | 0.14 | 2.82 | 0.11 | 3.45 | 0.10 | 171 | 42.5 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 21.14 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 0.91 | 0.343 | |
Daily Living | 3.15 | 0.15 | 4.47 | 0.11 | 3.18 | 0.11 | 3.81 | 0.08 | 171 | 102 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 6.28 |
1
0.013
| 171 | 12.7 |
1
0.001
| |
Self-Satisfaction | 2.53 | 0.13 | 4.19 | 0.12 | 2.51 | 0.09 | 3.61 | 0.09 | 171 | 231 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 5.66 |
1
0.018
| 171 | 9.67 |
1
0.002
| |
Relationships | 2.56 | 0.15 | 4.05 | 0.12 | 2.76 | 0.11 | 3.40 | 0.08 | 171 | 127 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 2.76 | 0.099 | 171 | 20.3 |
1
<.0001
| |
Living Place | 3.20 | 0.15 | 4.20 | 0.12 | 3.08 | 0.11 | 3.63 | 0.08 | 171 | 56.4 |
1
<.0001
| 171 | 6.89 |
1
0.009
| 171 | 4.68 |
1
0.032
| |
Note: 25 Non-completers did not complete all components of the exit interview, resulting in reduced N values | ||||||||||||||||||
DASS categorical | ||||||||||||||||||
Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Very Severe | ||||||||||||||
Depression | 0-9 | 10-13 | 14-20 | 21-27 | 28-42 | |||||||||||||
Anxiety | 0-7 | 8-9 | 10-14 | 15-19 | 20-42 | |||||||||||||
Stress | 0-14 | 15-18 | 15-25 | 20-33 | 34-42 |