Background
Methods
Study design, site, study population and sampling
Questionnaire, measures and outcomes
SFP awareness and support
-
Do you know the main reasons for smoking restrictions in indoor public spaces, including public transportation?
-
Do you allow clients to smoke in your taxi? If not, what are the major reasons? These two questions were asked twice to access behaviour before and after the smoking ban came into force.
-
Do you agree with total smoking bans in any indoor public spaces (public buildings, workplaces, restaurants, cafes, shops, etc., and public transport including taxis)?
Ban compliance and enforcement
-
Compliance: drivers report that they do not smoke in the taxi.
-
Self-enforcement: drivers report that they do not allow clients smoke in the taxi.
Data analyses
Results
Participants, smoking behaviour and cessation support
Gender | n | % | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 249 | 99.6 | ||||||
Female | 1 | 0.4 | ||||||
Nationality
| ||||||||
Portuguese | 246 | 98.4 | ||||||
Non-Portuguese | 4 | 1.6 | ||||||
Work-shift
| ||||||||
Day | 115 | 46.0 | ||||||
Night | 68 | 27.2 | ||||||
Both | 67 | 26.8 | ||||||
Education**
| ||||||||
4–6 | 135 | 54.0 | ||||||
7–9 | 65 | 26.0 | ||||||
10–11 | 26 | 10.4 | ||||||
12 | 23 | 9.2 | ||||||
Higher Education | 1 | 0.4 | ||||||
Taxi sharing with colleague
| ||||||||
Yes | 178 | 71.2 | ||||||
No | 72 | 28.8 | ||||||
Total
| 250 | 100 | ||||||
Age-Group
|
Smokers
|
Ex-smokers
|
Never-smokers
|
Total
| ||||
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
| |
25–44
| 30 | 60.0 | 9 | 18.0 | 11 | 22.0 | 50 | 100 |
45–54
| 42 | 51.2 | 23 | 28.0 | 17 | 20.7 | 82 | 100 |
55–64
| 30 | 35.3 | 36 | 42.4 | 19 | 22.4 | 85 | 100 |
65–76
| 7 | 21.9 | 14 | 43.8 | 11 | 34.4 | 32 | 100 |
Total
| 109 | 43.8 | 82 | 32.9 | 58 | 23.3 | 249 | 100 |
Females
| ||||||||
45–54
| 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 1 | 100 |
Total
|
109
|
43.6
|
82
|
32.8
|
59
|
23.6
|
250
|
100
|
SFP awareness and support
Ban support
| Strongly agree/agree | Strongly disagree/disagree | Total | Crude OR | 95%CI | p value | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | p value | MLR (Strong ban support) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
| |||||||||
Smoking behaviour
| N-Smokers | 133 | 94.3 | 8 | 5.7 | 141 | 100 | 7.86 | 3.47–17.84 | <0.001 | 6.27 | 3.05–12.86 | <0.001 |
Model explanation
|
Ref
| Smokers | 74 | 67.9 | 35 | 32.1 | 109 | 100 | 77.8% | ||||||
Total | 207 | 82.8 | 43 | 17.2 | 250 | 100 | ||||||||
Smoke-free Home *
| Yes | 117 | 90.7 | 12 | 9.3 | 129 | 100 | 3.82 | 1.84–7.95 | <0.001 |
ns
|
Hosmer and Lemeshow test
| ||
Ref
| No | 74 | 71.8 | 29 | 28.2 | 103 | 100 | p = 0.296 | ||||||
Total | 191 | 82.3 | 41 | 17.7 | 232 | 100 | ||||||||
Smoke-free Car **
| Yes | 115 | 95.8 | 5 | 4.2 | 120 | 100 | 11.17 | 4.17–29.91 | <0.001 | 2.39 | 1.16–4.90 | 0.018 |
Model p value
|
Ref
| No | 70 | 67.3 | 34 | 32.7 | 104 | 100 | <0.001 | ||||||
Total | 185 | 82.6 | 39 | 17.4 | 224 | 100 | ||||||||
Cigarettes per day
| ≤20 | 19 | 45.2 | 23 | 54.8 | 42 | 100 | 2.63 | 1.15–6.02 | 0.20 |
ns
| |||
Ref
| >20 | 16 | 23.9 | 51 | 76.1 | 67 | 100 | |||||||
Total | 35 | 32.1 | 74 | 67.9 | 109 | 100 | ||||||||
Strong ban support
|
Yes
|
No
|
Crude OR
|
95%CI
|
p value
|
Adjusted OR
|
95%CI
|
p value
| ||||||
n
|
%*
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
| |||||||||
Shift work
| Day | 72 | 62.6 | 43 | 37.4 | 115 | 100 | 3.50 | 1.86–6.59 | <0.001 |
ns
| |||
Ref
| Night | 22 | 32.4 | 46 | 67.6 | 68 | 100 | |||||||
Total | 94 | 51.4 | 89 | 48.6 | 183 | 100 | ||||||||
Health beliefs
| Yes | 78 | 73.6 | 28 | 26.4 | 106 | 100 | 4.38 | 2.53–7.56 | <0.001 | 3.71 | 1.85–7.43 | <0.001 | |
Ref
| No | 56 | 38.9 | 88 | 61.1 | 144 | 100 | |||||||
Total | 134 | 53.6 | 116 | 46.4 | 250 | 100 |
Understanding of the ban | n | % |
---|---|---|
· Health/To avoid Diseases | 98 | 39.2 |
· Respect non-smokers | 92 | 36.8 |
· To reduce consumption | 6 | 2.4 |
· Health + Respect non-smokers | 8 | 3.2 |
· Do not know | 31 | 12.4 |
· Environmental and pollution control | 5 | 2.0 |
· Others* | 10 | 4.0 |
Total
| 250 | 100.0 |
Ban compliance and enforcement
Self-enforcement
| Yes | No | Total | Crude OR | 95%CI | p value | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | p value | MLR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
| |||||||||
Smoking behaviour
| N-Smokers | 131 | 92.9 | 10 | 7.1 | 141 | 100 | 5.44 | 2.54–11.69 | <0.001 | 3.94 | 1.77–8.75 | 0.001 |
Model explanation
|
Ref
| Smokers | 77 | 70.6 | 32 | 29.4 | 109 | 100 | 82.9% | ||||||
Total | 208 | 83.2. | 42 | 16.8 | 250 | 100 | ||||||||
Smoking Drivers’ Compliance
| Yes | 35 | 94.6 | 2 | 5.4 | 37 | 100 | 12.50 | 2.79–56.02 | <0.001 | ns |
Hosmer &Lemeshow test
| ||
Ref
| No | 42 | 58.3 | 30 | 41.7 | 72 | 100 | P value = 0.264 | ||||||
Total | 77 | 70.6 | 32 | 29.4 | 109 | 100 | ||||||||
Smoke-free Car *
| Yes | 111 | 92.5. | 9 | 7.5 | 120 | 100 | 4.54 | 2.03–10.17 | <0.001 | ns |
Model p value
| ||
Ref
| No | 76 | 73.1 | 28 | 26.9 | 104 | 100 | <0.001 | ||||||
Total | 187 | 83.5 | 37 | 16.5 | 224 | 100 | ||||||||
Allowing smoking prior to the ban**
| No | 48 | 96.0 | 2 | 4.00 | 50 | 100 | 6.41 | 1.49–27.69 | 0.005 | 4.79 | 1.08–21.16 | 0.039 | |
Ref
| Yes | 131 | 78.9 | 35 | 21.1 | 166 | 100 | |||||||
Total | 179 | 82.9 | 37 | 17.1 | 216 | 100 | ||||||||
Age
| ≥55 | 104 | 88.9 | 13 | 11.1 | 117 | 100 | 2.23 | 1.10–4.53 | 0.024 | ns | |||
Ref
| <55 | 104 | 78.2 | 29 | 21.8 | 133 | 100 | |||||||
Total | 208 | 83.2 | 42 | 16.8 | 250 | 100 | ||||||||
Ban support
| Yes | 179 | 86.5 | 28 | 13.5 | 207 | 100 | 3.09 | 1.46–6.55 | 0.002 | ns | |||
Ref
| No | 29 | 67.4 | 14 | 32.6 | 43 | 100 | |||||||
Total | 208 | 83.2 | 42 | 16.8 | 250 | 100 |
Compliance
| Yes | No | Total | Crude OR | 95%CI | p | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | p | MLR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
| |||||||||
Cigarettes per day
| >20 | 3 | 7.1 | 39 | 92.9 | 42 | 100 | 0.08 | 0.02–0.27 | <0.001 | 0.045 | 0.01–0.38 | 0.004 |
Model explanation
|
Ref
| ≤20 | 34 | 50.7 | 33 | 49.3 | 67 | 100 | 77.6% | ||||||
Total | 37 | 33.9 | 72 | 66.1 | 109 | 100 | ||||||||
Allowing smoking* prior to the ban
| Yes | 21 | 25.9 | 60 | 74.1 | 81 | 100 | 0.18 | 0.05–0.64 | 0.004 | 0.15 | 0.02–0.88 | 0.036 |
Hosmer and Lemeshow test
|
Ref
| No | 8 | 66.7 | 4 | 33.3 | 12 | 100 | p = 0.950 | ||||||
Total | 29 | 31.2 | 64 | 68.8 | 93 | 100 | ||||||||
Smoke-free car**
| Yes | 13 | 56.5 | 10 | 43.5 | 23 | 100 | 4.12 | 1.55–10.97 | 0.003 | ns |
Model p value
| ||
Ref
| No | 18 | 24.0 | 57 | 76.0 | 75 | 100 | <0.001 | ||||||
Total | 31 | 31.6 | 67 | 68.4 | 98 | 100 | ||||||||
Shift work
| Night | 11 | 23.9 | 35 | 76.1 | 46 | 100 | 0.30 | 0.12–0.77 | 0.011 | 0.20 | 0.05–0.79 | 0.021 | |
Ref
| Day | 18 | 51.4 | 17 | 48.6 | 35 | 100 | |||||||
Total | 29 | 36.3 | 52 | 63.8 | 81 | 100 | ||||||||
Health beliefs
| Yes | 16 | 48.5 | 17 | 51.5 | 33 | 100 | 2.47 | 1.06–5.76 | 0.035 | ns | |||
Ref
| No | 21 | 27.6 | 55 | 72.4 | 76 | 100 | |||||||
Total | 37 | 33.9 | 72 | 66.1 | 109 | 100 |
Before the ban | n | % |
---|---|---|
SHS annoyance | 19 | 36.0 |
To avoid diseases/own health | 11 | 26.0 |
SHS annoys clients & damages the car | 19 | 36.0 |
It is forbidden | 1 | 2.0 |
Total
|
50
|
100.0
|
After the ban
|
n
|
%
|
SHS annoyance & legal ban | 29 | 13.9 |
To avoid diseases/own health & legal ban | 16 | 7.7 |
SHS annoys clients, damages the car & legal ban | 15 | 7.2 |
The legal ban and associated fines | 148 | 71.2 |
Total
|
208
|
100.0
|