Background
Methods
Apparatus
Conventional tests
Participants
Procedures
Data analysis
Validity
Reliability
Results
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Sex, n (%) | |
female | 8 (25.8) |
male | 23 (74.2) |
Age, in years | |
mean ± SD | 62.7 ± 15.1 |
Time onset stroke, in months | |
mean ± SD | 51.1 ± 82.0 |
Affected hand, n (%) | |
right | 17 (54.8) |
left | 14 (45.2) |
Learned left-handedness due to stroke, n (%) | 7 (22.6) |
Affected hand = dominant hand, n (%) | 18 (58.1) |
LST, recognized images, n (%) | |
3 (out of 3) | 5 (16.1) |
2 (out of 3) | 12 (38.7) |
1 (out of 3) | 11 (35.5) |
0 (out of 3) | 3 (9.7) |
MMSE | |
mean ± SD | 27.5 ± 2.4 |
Parameters | Mean ± SD of achieved scores | ||
---|---|---|---|
mean of 3 trials | All patients (n = 31) | Subgroup 1: without support (n = 11) | Subgroup 2: with support (n = 20) |
Tex [s] VPIT | 119.7 ± 72.1 | 113.1 ± 64.5 | 123.3 ± 77.2 |
Tex [s] NHPT | 54.4 ± 28.9 | 32.2 ± 15.3 | 66.7 ± 27.5 |
Tex [s] NHPT(TP1)
| 39.4 ± 20.5 | 22.5 ± 10.5 | 48.6 ± 18.7 |
Ntc BBT | 35.8 ± 17.4 | 51.4 ± 13.8 | 27.2 ± 12.6 |
Ndp VPIT | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 1.3 |
Ndp NHPT | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 1.0 |
Ndc BBT | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.9 |
Concurrent validity
Concurrent validity parameters | Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient | ||
---|---|---|---|
mean of 3 trials | All patients | Subgroup 1: without support | Subgroup 2: with support |
(n = 31) | (n = 11) | (n = 20) | |
Tex [s] VPIT / | 0.31 | 0.57 | 0.35 |
Tex [s] NHPT | 0.09* | 0.07* | 0.13* |
Tex [s] VPIT / | 0.30 | 0.61 | 0.32 |
Tex [s] NHPT(TP1)
| 0.10* | 0.47* | 0.16* |
Tex [s] VPIT / | −0.23 | −0.41 | −0.21 |
Ntc BBT | 0.22* | 0.22* | 0.37* |
Ndp VPIT / | 0.21 | −0.18 | 0.17 |
Ndp NHPT | 0.26* | 0.60* | 0.49* |
Ndp VPIT / | −0.12 | −0.18 | −0.16 |
Ndc BBT | 0.51* | 0.60* | 0.51* |
Test-retest reliability
VPIT parameters | Test | Retest | Test-Retest | Kendall’s tau correlation | Kendall’s tau correlation with transformed data | ICC (95 % CI) | SEM agreement | SDD | SDD% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean difference ± SD | |||||||
Tex [s] | 119.71 ± 72.05 | 98.71 ± 50.77 | 21.01 ± 45.25 | 0.01 | - | 0.83 (0.61–0.92) | 25.34 | 70.18 | 434.50 |
Ndp
| 0.54 ± 1.06 | 0.83 ± 1.59 | −0.29 ± 1.55 | 0.16a
| 0.12b,c
| 0.51 (−0.01–0.76) | 0.95 | 2.62 | 16.22 |
0.13 ± 0.19c
| 0.18 ± 0.23c
| 0.58 (0.13–0.79)c
| 0.14c
| 0.38c
| 2.64c
| ||||
Fg go [N] | 8.98 ± 5.15 | 8.54 ± 4.96 | 0.44 ± 2.43 | 0.10 | - | 0.94 (0.87–0.97) | 0.14 | 3.46 | 21.42 |
Fg return [N] | 1.66 ± 0.83 | 1.60 ± 0.91 | 0.06 ± 0.80 | 0.08 | - | 0.75 (0.47–0.88) | 0.43 | 1.18 | 7.31 |
Nzc [1/S] go | 11.09 ± 1.52 | 10.80 ± 1.70 | 0.28 ± 0.89 | 0.21a
| 0.20b,d
| 0.91 (0.82–0.96) | 0.48 | 1.33 | 8.23 |
3.32 ± 0.23d
| 3.28 ± 0.26d
| 0.92 (0.82–0.96)d
| 0.07d
| 0.20d
| 1.37d
| ||||
Nzc [1/s] return | 11.36 ± 1.69 | 10.88 ± 1.76 | 0.48 ± 1.09 | 0.14a
| 0.20c
| 0.87 (0.71–0.94) | 0.63 | 1.75 | 10.84 |
Etraj go [cm] | 0.74 ± 0.38 | 0.67 ± 0.29 | 0.07 ± 0.32 | 0.03 | - | 0.70 (0.39–0.85) | 0.19 | 0.53 | 3.28 |
Etraj return [cm] | 0.99 ± 0.40 | 1.00 ± 0.56 | 0.01 ± 0.49 | 0.18a
| 0.20c
| 0.67 (0.30–0.84) | 0.29 | 0.80 | 4.95 |
Fcmean [N] | 1.32 ± 1.03 | 1.29 ± 0.95 | 0.02 ± 0.51 | 0.06 | - | 0.93 (0.86–0.97) | 0.26 | 0.73 | 4.52 |
Subgroup 1 (n = 11) VPIT test performance without support | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VPIT parameters | Test Mean ± SD | Retest Mean ± SD | Test-Retest Mean difference ± SD | Kendall’s tau correlation | Kendall’s tau correlation with transformed data | ICC (95 % CI) | SEM agreement | SDD | SDD% |
Tex [s] | 113.14 ± 64.54 | 83.56 ± 27.26 | 29.57 ± 61.17 | .19a
| 0.31c
| 0.35 (−0.90–0.81) | 37.01 | 102.50 | 682.87 |
Ndp
| 0.12 ± 0.23 | 0.12 ± 0.23 | 0.0 ± 0.34 | 0.0 | - | 0.25 (−6.04–0.69) | 0.20 | 0.55 | 3.66 |
Fg go [N] | 10.49 ± 4.84 | 10.13 ± 4.09 | 0.36 ± 3.4 | 0.20a
| 0.24c
| 0.84 (0.40–0.96) | 1.79 | 4.95 | 32.97 |
Fg return [N] | 1.74 ± 0.92 | 1.55 ± 1.22 | 0.19 ± 0.93 | 0.13a
| 0.13d
| 0.78 (0.18–0.94) | 0.50 | 1.39 | 9.26 |
Nzc [1/s] go | 11.18 ± 1.79 | 10.79 ± 1.97 | 0.39 ± 1.21 | 0.06 | - | 0.89 (0.60–0.97) | 0.62 | 1.73 | 11.53 |
Nzc [1/s] return | 11.72 ± 1.91 | 10.80 ± 1.83 | 0.92 ± 1.29 | 0.09 | - | 0.82 (0.28–0.95) | 0.79 | 2.20 | 14.66 |
Etraj go [cm] | 0.56 ± 0.27 | 0.47 ± 0.15 | 0.09 ± 0.20 | 0.16a
| 0.10b,c
| 0.70 (0.00–0.92) | 0.12 | 0.32 | 2.13 |
0.29 ± 0.18c
| 0.35 ± 0.15c
| 0.06 ± 0.11c
| 0.83 (0.38–0.95)c
| 0.07c
| 0.19c
| 1.27c
| |||
Etraj return [cm] | 0.79 ± 0.28 | 0.75 ± 0.35 | 0.04 ± 0.42 | 0.06 | - | 0.18 (−2.80–0.80) | 0.29 | 0.79 | 5.26 |
Fcmean [N] | 1.08 ± 0.72 | 1.18 ± 0.66 | −0.10 ± 0.52 | 0.02 | - | 0.84 (0.41–0.96) | 0.28 | 0.77 | 5.13 |
Discussion
Concurrent validity
Test-retest reliability
Subgroup 2 (n = 20) VPIT test performance with support | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VPIT parameters | Test Mean ± SD | Retest Mean ± SD | Test-Retest Mean difference ± SD | Kendall’s tau correlation | Kendall’s tau correlation with transformed data | ICC (95 % CI) | SEM agreement | SDD | SDD% |
Tex [s] | 123.33 ± 77.24 | 107.04 ± 58.93 | 16.30 ± 34.62 | 0.03 | - | 0.92 (0.79–0.97) | 19.25 | 53.32 | 317.76 |
Ndp
| 0.77 ± 1.27 | 1.22 ± 1.87 | −0.45 ± 1.91 | 0.18a
| 0.11b,c
| 0.45 (−0.37–0.78) | 1.16 | 3.23 | 19.25 |
0.18 ± 0.22c
| 0.26 ± 0.26c
| −0.07 ± 0.28c
| 0.49 (−0.26–0.80)c
| 0.17c
| 0.48c
| 3.11c
| |||
Fg go [N] | 8.15 ± 5.25 | 7.67 ± 5.28 | 0.49 ± 1.79 | 0.11a
| 0.12d
| 0.97 (0.93–0.99) | 0.91 | 2.53 | 15.08 |
Fg return [N] | 1.62 ± 0.80 | 1.63 ± 0.73 | −0.02 ± 0.72 | 0.10a
| - | 0.73 (0.29–0.89) | 0.40 | 1.10 | 6.56 |
Nzc [1/s]go | 11.03 ± 1.39 | 10.81 ± 1.59 | 0.22 ± 0.68 | 0.34a
| 0.32b,c
| 0.94 (0.86–0.98) | 0.37 | 1.01 | 6.02 |
1.04 ± 0.06c
| 1.03 ± 0.07c
| 0.01 ± 0.03c
| 0.94 (0.85–0.98)c
| 0.02c
| 0.04c
| 0.26c
| |||
Nzc[1/s] return | 11.17 ± 1.57 | 10.93 ± 1.77 | 0.25 ± 0.91 | 0.18a
| 0.18d
| 0.92 (0.80–0.97) | 0.47 | 1.31 | 7.81 |
Etraj go [cm] | 0.84 ± 0.39 | 0.78 ± 0.28 | 0.06 ± 0.37 | 0.01 | - | 0.58 (−0.06–0.84) | 0.22 | 0.60 | 3.58 |
Etraj return [cm] | 1.10 ± 0.42 | 1.15 ± 0.61 | −0.04 ± 0.53 | 0.16a
| 0.15b,c
| 0.66 (0.13–0.87) | 0.30 | 0.83 | 4.95 |
0.02 ± 0.16c
| 0.02 ± 0.19c
| 0.00 ± 0.17c
| 0.69 (0.21–0.88)c
| 0.10c
| 0.27c
| 1.75c
| |||
Fcmean [N] | 1.45 ± 1.16 | 1.36 ± 1.08 | 0.09 ± 0.50 | 0.10a
| 0.01b,d
| 0.95 (0.87–0.98) | 0.25 | 0.69 | 4.11 |
1.11 ± 0.47d
| 1.08 ± 0.47d
| 0.04 ± 0.23d
| 0.94 (0.84–0.98)d
| 0.12d
| 0.32d
| 2.07d
|