Background
Hypotheses | ICF components | Relationships | Factor |
---|---|---|---|
H1 | Body function | At least fair | 1. Muscle power |
H2 | Body function | At least fair | 2. Aerobic capacity |
Daily physical activities | |||
H3 | Participation | Low | 3. Sport-index |
H4 | Participation | Low | 4. Leisure time-index |
H5 | Participation | Low | 5. Work-index |
H6 | Environmental factors | Low | 6. Perception of work |
H7 | Environmental factors | Low | 7. Physical workloads (DOT) |
Perceived health status | |||
H8 | Personal psychological factors | Low | 8. Mental health |
H9 | Personal psychological factors | Low | 9. Vitality |
H10 | Personal psychological factors | Low | 10. General health perceptions |
H11 | Personal physical factors | At least fair | 11. Age |
H12 | Personal physical factors | At least fair | 12. Gender |
H13 | Personal physical factors | At least fair | 13. Body height |
H14 | Personal physical factors | At least fair | 14. Body weight |
H15 | Personal physical factors | Low | 15. Education |
Methods
Study sample
Measures
Activities
Functional capacity
Body function
Muscle Power
Aerobic Capacity
Participation
Daily Life Physical Activities
Environmental factors
Perception of Work
Dimensions | Scale | Example question |
---|---|---|
Psychosocial workloads | ||
Psychological workloads | Working pace | “Do you have to work fast?” |
Emotional work-load | “Is your work mentally stressful?” | |
Job variety | Alternation in work | “Do you get to do a variety of different things on jour job?” |
Learning possibilities | “Do you learn new skills in your work?” | |
Decision latitude | Skill discretion | “Do you have the freedom to decide how to do your job?” |
Decision authority | “Can you make your own decisions concerning your work?” | |
Social support | Co-worker support | “Can you ask your colleagues for help?” |
Supervisory support | “Can you ask your supervisor for help?” | |
Work stress | ||
Stress | Emotional exhaustion | “When I come home they have to give me a break” |
Worrying | “During leisure time, I worry about my work” | |
Job satisfaction | Job task satisfaction | “Generally, I find it pleasant to start the working day” |
Commitment to organization | “Work at this organisation is very attractive” | |
Physical load | Physical load | “Do you find your work physically heavy?” |
Perception of job insecurity | Job security | “Do you need more job security for the year coming?” |
Personal factors
Perceived Health Status
Physical Personal Factors
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptive statistics
Total*
| Male*
| Female*
| |
---|---|---|---|
n = 403 | n = 209 | n = 194 | |
Body function
| |||
Muscle power | |||
Handgrip strength (kg) | 41.0(12.5) | 50.4(9.5) | 31.3(6.1) |
Knee flexion (N) | 226.4(65.3) | 261.4(63.0) | 189.0(43.4) |
Knee extension (N) | 311.1(108.1) | 360.0(105.4) | 258.8(83.8) |
Elbow flexion (N) | 229.2(57.9) | 269.7(46.5) | 185.3(30.6) |
Elbow extension (N) | 157.8(44.1) | 185.9(38.0) | 127.3(26.7) |
Glenohumeral abduction (N) | 152.2(45.5) | 181.0(37.3) | 118.0(26.9) |
Aerobic capacity (ml/min/kg) | 33.8(7.4) | 36.7(7.1) | 30.6(6.4) |
Functional capacity
| |||
Material handling | |||
Lifting low (kg) | 37.5(15.5) | 48.1(13.2) | 26.2(7.8) |
Overhead lifting (kg) | 16.3(6.4) | 20.7(5.2) | 11.6(3.3) |
Carrying (kg) | 39.6(14.2) | 49.2(11.8) | 29.3(8.0) |
Static work | |||
Standing forward bend (sec) | 374.6(3.4.9) | 356.8(273.7) | 393.5(334.5) |
Overhead working (sec) | 247.2(113.1) | 269.2(122.4) | 223.6(97.0) |
Participation
| |||
Sport-index†
| 2.9(1.2) | 3.0(1.2) | 2.8(1.1) |
Leisure time-index†
| 3.1(0.6) | 3.1(0.7) | 3.3(0.6) |
Work-index†
| 2.8(0.7) | 2.9(0.7) | 2.8(0.7) |
Environmental factors
| |||
Perception of work
| |||
Working pace||
| 38.3(12.6) | 38.5(12.6) | 38.1(12.6) |
Emotional work-load||
| 25.8(14.6) | 25.5(13.7) | 26.2(15.6) |
Alternation in work||
| 40.3(19.3) | 40.1(19.3) | 40.4(19.4) |
Learning possibilities||
| 48.3(23.6) | 49.5(22.9) | 46.9(24.2) |
Skill discretion||
| 28.3(27.2) | 28.1(27.5) | 28.5(27.0) |
Decision authority||
| 32.4(26.1) | 29.7(27.2) | 35.2(24.8) |
Co-worker support||
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
| 0.0(0.0-66.7)§
|
Supervisory support||
| 0.0(0.0-87.5)§
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
| 0.0(0.0-77.8)§
|
Emotional exhaustion||
| 21.3(25.6) | 20.3(25.0) | 22.4(26.3) |
Worrying||
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
|
Job task satisfaction||
| 11.1(0.00-100.0)§
| 11.1(0.00-100.0)§
| 11.1(0.0-100.0)§
|
Commitment to organization||
| 33.1(22.8) | 31.4(23.4) | 34.9(22.0) |
Physical load||
| 20.6(19.1) | 21.4(19.8) | 19.8(18.3) |
Job security||
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
| 0.0(0.0-100.0)§
|
Physical workloads (DOT) ‡
| 2(1–4)§
| 2(1–4)§
| 2(1–4)§
|
Personal factors
| |||
Mental health¶
| 71.8(9.6) | 72.9(8.8) | 70.7(10.4) |
Vitality¶
| 67.5(12.5) | 68.8(12.0) | 66.1(12.9) |
General health perceptions¶
| 80.0(25.0-100.0)§
| 75.0(35.0-100.0)§
| 80.0(25.0-100.0)§
|
Physical personal factors
| |||
Age (years) | 41.4(10.6) | 42.2(10.8) | 40.6(10.3) |
Body height (cm) | 176.8(9,3) | 183.0(6.8) | 170.1(6.5) |
Body weight (kg) | 75.0(13.0) | 81.8(11.9) | 67.6(9.9) |
Education (0–6) #
| 5.0(1–7)§
| 4(2–7)§
| 5(1–7)§
|
r, ρ, r
pbi
| Functional capacity | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material handling | Static work | |||||||||||
Lifting low | Overhead lifting | Carrying | Standing forward bend | Overhead working | ||||||||
Total | ♂;♀ | Total | ♂;♀ | Total | ♂;♀ | Total | ♂;♀ | Total | ♂;♀ | |||
Body function
| ||||||||||||
H1 | Muscle power | |||||||||||
Handgrip strength (kg) |
r
| 0.68** | 0.29**;0.32** | 0.72** | 0.37; 0.35** | 0.68** | 0.30**;0.32** | −0.03 | 0.00; 0.02 | 0.26** | 0.10; 0.22** | |
Knee flexion (N) |
r
| 0.53** | 0.25**;0.21** | 0.52** | 0.22**;0.22** | 0.55** | 0.26**;0.32** | −0.04 | −0.02; 0.01 | 0.16** | 0.06; 0.05 | |
Knee extension (N) |
r
| 0.49** | 0.24**;0.27** | 0.45** | 0.17*; 0.21** | 0.48** | 0.19**;0.34** | 0.03 | 0.04; 0.09 | 0.18** | 0.11; 0.03 | |
Elbow flexion (N) |
r
| 0.64** | 0.26**;0.25** | 0.66** | 0.28**;0.30** | 0.66** | 0.29**;0.34** | −0.03 | 0.05; 0.00 | 0.15** | 0.02; -0.01 | |
Elbow extension (N) |
r
| 0.64** | 0.37**;0.20** | 0.66** | 0.38**;0.26** | 0.63** | 0.35**;0.21** | −0.07 | −0.04; -0.02 | 0.14** | 0.01; -0.00 | |
Glenohumeral abduction (N) |
r
| 0.66** | 0.31**;0.24 | 0.66** | 0.38**;0.22* | 0.70** | 0.40**;0.34** | 0.04 | −0.09; 0.07 | 0.22** | 0.10; -0.03 | |
H2 | Aerobic capacity (ml/min/kg) |
r
| 0.42** | 0.21**;0.23** | 0.40** | 0.17*; 0.19* | 0.43** | 0.21**;0.23** | 0.13** | 0.10; 0.23** | 0.28** | 0.16; 0.03** |
Participation
| ||||||||||||
H3 | Sport-index†
|
r
| 0.17** | 0.18*; 0.20** | 0.14** | 0.11; 0.18* | 0.16** | 0.13; 0.23** | 0.11* | 0.07; 0.16 | 0.19** | 0.14; 0.24** |
H4 | Leisure time-index†
|
r
| 0.11* | 0.03; 0.06 | −0.12* | 0.04; -0.00 | −0.08 | 0.10; 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.04; 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.14; 0.12 |
H5 | Work-index†
|
r
| 0.13* | 0.10; 0.13 | 0.15** | 0.14*; 0.12 | 0.13** | 0.11; 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.09; 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.06; 0.00 |
Environmental factors
| ||||||||||||
H6 | Perception of work
| |||||||||||
Working pace||
|
r
| 0.01 | −0.06; 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.02; -0.01 | −0.07 | −0.17; -0.03 | 0.09 | 0.09; 0.09 | −0.00 | 0.03; -0.06 | |
Emotional work-load||
|
r
| 0.01 | −0.08; 0.22** | −0.00 | −0.09;0.18 | −0.00 | −0.09; 0.16 | 0.12* | 0.01; 0.20** | 0.10* | 0.23; 0.22** | |
Alternation in work||
|
r
| −0.06 | −0.03; -0.19** | −0.02 | 0.00; -0.07 | −0.06 | −0.02; -0.18 | −0.12* | −0.06; -0.18 | −0.17** | −0.12; -0.25** | |
Learning possibilities||
|
r
| 0.01 | −0.05; -0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02; -0.02 | 0.03 | −0.01; -0.03 | −0.10* | −0.14; -0.07 | −0.14** | −0.09; -0.24** | |
Skill discretion||
|
r
| 0.00 | 0.02; -0.00 | −0.03 | 0.01; -0.12 | −0.01 | 0.02; -0.06 | −0.07 | −0.10; -0.04 | −0.20** | −0.22**;-0.18 | |
Decision authority||
|
r
| 0.00 | 0.01; -0.0 | −0.05 | 0.03; 0.06 | −0.06 | 0.03; 0.03 | −0.07 | −0.09; -0.07 | −0.16** | −0.19**;-0.08 | |
Co-worker support||
|
ρ
| −0.03 | −0.02; -0.05 | 0.01 | 0.00; -0.03 | −0.05 | −0.16; -0.02 | 0.00 | 0.08; -0.07 | −0.08 | −0.01; 0.02 | |
Supervisory support||
|
ρ
| 0.02 | −0.03; 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.01; 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00; 0.08 | −0.01 | −0.06; 0.05 | −0.07 | −0.13; -0.01 | |
Emotional exhaustion||
|
r
| −0.05 | −0.07; 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.06; 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.13; 0.05 | 0.13* | 0.08; 0.17 | −0.01 | −0.06; 0.08 | |
Worrying||
|
ρ
| 0.03 | 0.02; 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04;0.05 | 0.02 | −0.03; 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08; 0.06 | 0.03 | −0.01;0.07 | |
Job task satisfaction||
|
r
| 0.05 | 0.03; 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05; -0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00; 0.03 | −0.08 | −0.05; -0.08 | −0.11* | −0.10; -0.16 | |
Commitment to organization||
|
r
| −0.08 | −0.02; -0.07 | −0.07 | 0.01; -0.08 | −0.05 | 0.04; -0.06 | −0.02 | −0.04; -0.01 | −0.03 | −0.00; -0.04 | |
Physical load||
|
r
| 0.08 | 0.08; 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.12; 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07; 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03; 0.05 | 0.00 | −0.03; 0.03 | |
Job security||
|
ρ
| 0.05 | 0.08; -0.06 | 0.03 | −0.02; -0.07 | 0.00 | −0.05; -0.07 | −0.08 | 0.00; -0.18 | −0.08 | 0.02; -0.17 | |
H7 | Physical workloads (DOT) ‡
|
ρ
| 0.19** | 0.13; 0.10 | 0.21** | 0.16; 0.13 | 0.20** | 0.14; 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.10; 0.07 | 0.03 | −0.03; 0.02 |
Personal factors
| ||||||||||||
H8 | Mental health¶
|
r
| 0.06 | −0.01; -0.07 | 0.10 | 0.07; -0.05 | 0.10 | 0.06; -0.03 | 0.00 | −0.01; 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.04; -0.07 |
H9 | Vitality¶
|
r
| 0.06 | 0.01; -0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09; -0.07 | 0.08 | 0.05; -0.04 | −0.06 | −0.06; -0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03; -0.02 |
H10 | General health perceptions¶
|
ρ
| −0.02 | 0.11; -0.05 | 0.01 | 0.18**;-0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05; -0.05 | 0.01 | 0.09; -0.03 | 0.05 | −0.12; 0.05 |
Physical personal factors
| ||||||||||||
H11 | Age (years) |
r
| 0.05 | −0.16*;-0.13 | −0.01 | −0.12; -0.06 | −0.07 | −0.23**;-0.11 | −0.06 | −0.13; 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.02; -0.01 |
H12 | Gender |
r
pbi
| 0.71** | 0.72** | 0.71** | −0.06 | 0.20** | |||||
H13 | Body height (cm) |
r
| 0.62** | 0.24**;0.30** | 0.58** | 0.12; 0.20** | 0.61* | 0.23**;0.26** | −0.02 | −0.08; -0.01 | 0.15** | −0.02; 0.04 |
H14 | Body weight (kg) |
r
| 0.53** | 0.27**;0.22** | 0.52** | 0.23**;0.19** | 0.49** | 0.18**;0.18 | −0.16** | −0.14; -0.17 | −0.01 | −0.12; -0.20** |
H15 | Education (0–6)#
|
ρ
| −0.07 | −0.15; 0.14 | −0.06 | −0.13; 0.16 | −0.03 | −0.09; 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.00; 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.14; 0.15 |
Hypotheses tested
Material Handling FC tests
Static Work FC tests
Regression analyses
B value
|
SE
|
t
|
P value
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material handling
| |||||
Lifting low
| Constant | −58.88 | 12.74 | −4.62 | <.001 |
R
2
= 0.62
| Gender (Male) | 8.58 | 1.62 | 5.30 | <.001 |
Body height (cm) | 0.26 | 0.08 | 3.21 | 0.001 | |
Body weight (kg) | 0.14 | 0.05 | 2.65 | 0.008 | |
Glenohumeral abduction strength (N) | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.60 | 0.01 | |
Elbow extension strength (N) | 0.07 | 0.02 | 4.61 | <.001 | |
Aerobic capacity (ml/min/kg) | 0.28 | 0.08 | 3.47 | 0.001 | |
Sport-index†
| 1.21 | 0.45 | 2.68 | 0.008 | |
Physical workloads (DOT) ‡
| 1.72 | 0.58 | 2.97 | 0.003 | |
Overhead lifting
| Constant | −1.93 | 1.40 | −1.37 | 0.17 |
R
2
= 0.62
| Gender (Male) | 3.95 | 0.65 | 6.09 | <.001 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 0.13 | 0.03 | 4.99 | <.001 | |
Elbow extension strength (N) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 5.91 | <.001 | |
Aerobic capacity (ml/min/kg) | 0.10 | 0.03 | 3.46 | 0.001 | |
Physical workloads (DOT) ‡
| 0.79 | 0.23 | 3.44 | 0.001 | |
Carrying
| Constant | −48.56 | 11.69 | −4.15 | <.001 |
R
2
= 0.61
| Gender (Male) | 6.09 | 1.6 | 3.81 | <.001 |
Body height (cm) | 0.26 | 0.07 | 3.80 | <.001 | |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 0.17 | 0.06 | 2.78 | 0.006 | |
Glenohumeral abduction strength (N) | 0.06 | 0.02 | 3.37 | 0.001 | |
Elbow extension strength (N) | 0.07 | 0.02 | 4.46 | <.001 | |
Aerobic capacity (ml/min/kg) | 0.27 | 0.068 | 4.00 | <.001 | |
Physical workloads (DOT) ‡
| 1.53 | 0.52 | 2.92 | 0.004 | |
Standing forward bend
| Constant | 439.36 | 109.63 | 4.01 | <.001 |
R
2
= 0.05
| Body weight (kg) | −3.86 | 1.13 | −3.41 | 0.001 |
Aerobic capacity (ml/min/kg) | 5.66 | 2.04 | 2.78 | 0.006 | |
Emotional exhaustion||
| 1.57 | 0.58 | 2.73 | 0.007 | |
Overhead working
| Constant | 177.01 | 39.54 | 4.48 | <.001 |
R
2
= 0.15
| Body weight (kg) | −1.52 | 0.49 | −3.09 | 0.002 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 2.65 | 0.56 | 4.74 | <.001 | |
Aerobic capacity (ml/min/kg) | 2.88 | 0.77 | 3.74 | <.001 | |
Skill discretion||
| −0.77 | 0.19 | −4.04 | <.001 |