Background
Methods
Study design, area, population, and inclusion criteria
Sampling technique and sample size
Data collection
Data analysis and statistical procedure
Results
Descriptive results
Attributes | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender of respondent | ||
Male | 374 | 53.4 |
Female | 326 | 46.6 |
Age (in years) | ||
Below 30 years | 139 | 19.9 |
Age 31–40 | 198 | 28.3 |
Age 41–50 | 177 | 25.3 |
Age 51–60 | 100 | 14.3 |
Above age 60 | 86 | 12.3 |
Religious affiliation | ||
Christian | 471 | 67.3 |
Muslim | 188 | 26.9 |
traditionalist | 38 | 5.4 |
other religions | 3 | .4 |
Current employment status | ||
Employed | 518 | 74.0 |
Unemployed | 182 | 26.0 |
Income level | ||
High(above_500_gh_cedis) | 323 | 46.1 |
Average(200-500_gh_cedis) | 179 | 25.6 |
Low(below_200_gh_cedis) | 141 | 20.1 |
No income | 57 | 8.1 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 379 | 54.1 |
Not married | 321 | 45.9 |
Level of education | ||
Educated | 654 | 93.4 |
Not educated | 46 | 6.6 |
Household size | ||
1–3 | 260 | 37.1 |
4–6 | 316 | 45.1 |
Household size | ||
1–3 | 260 | 37.1 |
4–6 | 316 | 45.1 |
7+ | 124 | 17.7 |
Solid waste management practice and related health outcomes
Attributes | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Type of waste generated in households | ||
Organic waste | 256 | 36.6 |
Inorganic waste | 241 | 34.4 |
Organic and in organic waste | 203 | 29.0 |
Type of receptacle used in the house | ||
In-door open dumping | 132 | 18.9 |
Out-door open dumping | 164 | 23.4 |
Open container | 404 | 57.7 |
Waste management practice | ||
Yes | 204 | 29.1 |
No | 496 | 70.9 |
Practice of recycling | ||
Yes | 95 | 13.6 |
No | 605 | 86.4 |
Rating charges for waste collection | ||
Expensive | 122 | 17.4 |
Moderate | 508 | 72.6 |
No charges | 70 | 10.0 |
Willingness to pay | ||
Yes | 560 | 80.0 |
No | 140 | 20.0 |
Frequency of people reporting sick in the municipality | ||
Often | 308 | 44.0 |
Not at all | 392 | 56.0 |
Illness related to improper waste management | ||
Yes | 491 | 70.1 |
No | 209 | 29.9 |
People’s attitude towards waste disposal | ||
Positive | 375 | 53.6 |
Negative | 325 | 46.4 |
Place of disposing refuse | ||
Open bush dumping | 167 | 23.9 |
Designated refuse dump | 533 | 76.1 |
If dump site, is it easily accessible | ||
Yes | 505 | 72.1 |
No | 195 | 27.9 |
Type of refuse dump in the Municipality | ||
Surface dump at the outskirts of town | 440 | 62.9 |
Community container | 153 | 21.9 |
No dumping site | 107 | 15.3 |
Frequency of visiting dump sites | ||
Daily | 204 | 29.1 |
Weekly | 434 | 62.0 |
When container is full | 35 | 5.0 |
Monthly | 27 | 3.9 |
Distance to dumpsites | ||
Too far(above 250 m) | 125 | 17.9 |
Far(200-250 m) | 313 | 44.7 |
Close(100-149 m) | 262 | 37.4 |
Associations between background attributes of respondents and waste management practice (simple logistic regressions)
Waste management practice | |||
---|---|---|---|
Attributes | Yes; n (%) | No; n (%) |
P-value |
Gender of respondent | |||
Male | 133 (35.6) | 241 (64.4) | .001 |
Female | 71 (21.8) | 255 (78.2) | |
Age (in years) | |||
Below 30 years | 444 (31.7) | 95 (68.3) | .020 |
Age 31–40 | 54 (27.3) | 144 (72.7) | |
Age 41–50 | 60 (33.9) | 117 (66.1) | |
Age 51–60 | 33 (33) | 67 (67) | |
Above age 60 | 13 (15.1) | 73 (84.9) | |
Religious affiliation | |||
Christian | 131 (27.8) | 340 (72.2) | .087 |
Muslim | 54 (28.7) | 134 (71.3) | |
Traditionalist | 18 (47.4) | 20 (52.6) | |
Other religions | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | |
Current employment status | |||
Employed | 154 (29.7) | 364 (70.3) | .564 |
Unemployed | 50 (27.5) | 132 (72.5) | |
Income level | |||
High(above_500_gh_cedis) | 81 (25.1) | 242 (74.9) | |
Average(200-500_gh_cedis) | 66 (36.9) | 113 (63.1) | |
Low(below_200_gh_cedis) | 49 (34.8) | 92 (65.2) | .141 |
No income | 8 (14) | 49 (86) | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 103 (27.2) | 276 (72.8) | .214 |
Not married | 101 (31.5) | 220 (68.5) | |
Level of education | |||
Educated | 196 (30) | 458 (70) | .070 |
Not educated | 8 (17.4) | 38 (82.6) | |
Household size | |||
1–3 | 92 (35.4) | 168 (64.6) | .002 |
4–6 | 90 (28.5) | 226 (71.5) | |
7+ | 22 (17.7) | 102 (82.3) |
Associations between respondents’ practices, related health outcomes and waste management practice (simple logistic regressions)
Waste management practice | |||
---|---|---|---|
Attributes | Yes; n (%) | No; n (%) |
P-value |
Type of waste generated in households | |||
Organic waste | 68 (26.6) | 188 (73.4) | .001 |
Inorganic waste | 115 (47.7) | 126 (52.3) | |
Organic and in organic waste | 21 (10.3) | 182 (89.7) | |
Type of receptacle used in the house | |||
In-door open dumping | 54 (40.9) | 78 (59.1) | .001 |
Out-door open dumping | 51 (31.1) | 113 (68.9) | |
Open container | 204 (29.1) | 496 (70.9) | |
Practice of recycling | |||
Yes | 81 (85.3) | 14 (14.7) | .001 |
No | 123 (20.3) | 482 (79.7) | |
Persons responsible for solid waste | |||
Individuals | 125 (27.1) | 336 (72.9) | .001 |
The municipal assembly | 60 (58.3) | 43 (41.7) | |
Private agencies | 4 (16.7) | 20 (83.3) | |
Not available | 15 (13.4) | 97 (86.6) | |
Rating charges for waste collection | |||
Expensive | 31 (25.4) | 91 (74.6) | .005 |
Moderate | 163 (32.1) | 345 (67.9) | |
No charges | 10 (14.3) | 60 (85.7) | |
Frequency of people reporting sick in the municipality | |||
Often | 107 (34.7) | 201 (65.3) | .004 |
Not at all | 97 (24.7) | 295 (75.3) | |
Common diseases occurring in the community | |||
Malaria | 77 (24.5) | 237 (75.5) | .001 |
Diarrhea | 36 (32.4) | 75 (67.6) | |
Cholera | 49 (42.2) | 67 (57.8) | |
Typhoid | 11 (55) | 9 (45) | |
Other diseases | 31 (22.3) | 108 (77.7) | |
If dump site, is it easily accessible | |||
Yes | 167 (33.1) | 338 (66.9) | .001 |
No | 37 (19) | 158 (81) | |
Type of refuse dump in the Municipality | |||
Surface dump at the outskirts of town | 159 (36.1) | 281 (63.9) | .001 |
Community container | 24 (15.7) | 129 (84.3) | |
No dumping site | 21 (19.6) | 86 (80.4) | |
Frequency of visiting dump sites | |||
Daily | 76 (37.3) | 128 (62.7) | .001 |
Weekly | 122 (28.1) | 312 (71.9) | |
When container is full | 4 (11.4) | 31 (88.6) | |
Monthly | 2 (7.4) | 25 (92.6) | |
Distance to dumpsites | |||
Too far(above 250 m) | 49 (39.2) | 76 (60.8) | .001 |
Far(200-250 m) | 108 (34.5) | 205 (65.5) | |
Close(100-149 m) | 47 (17.9) | 215 (82.1) |
Predictors of waste management practice (multiple logistic regressions)
Determinants | Waste management practice | ||
---|---|---|---|
Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | ||
Gender | |||
Male | Ref | ||
Female | .479** | .287 | .799#* |
Age | |||
Below 30 years | Ref | ||
Age 31–40 | .808* | .284 | 2.299 |
Age 41–50 | 1.175 | .426 | 3.243 |
Age 51–60 | .793 | .302 | 2.080 |
Above age 60 | 1.094 | .400 | 2.988 |
Household Size | |||
1–3 | Ref | ||
4–6 | .262* | .090 | .767#* |
7+ | .345 | .122 | .977#* |
Type of waste generated in households | |||
Organic waste | Ref | ||
Inorganic waste | .577** | .270 | 1.233 |
Organic and in organic waste | .269 | .125 | .577#* |
Type of receptacle used in the house | |||
In-door open dumping | Ref | ||
Out-door open dumping | 1.179** | .599 | 2.318 |
Open container | 1.338 | .710 | 2.522 |
Amount of waste generated in households | |||
0.001 t | Ref | ||
0.002 t | 1.326** | .349 | 5.031 |
0.003 t | .767 | .208 | 2.821 |
0.004 t | 1.529 | .390 | 6.000 |
Practice of recycling | |||
Yes | Ref | ||
No | .030** | .015 | .077#* |
Persons responsible for solid waste | |||
Individuals | Ref | ||
The municipal assembly | .539** | .224 | 1.296 |
Private agencies | .166 | .062 | .449#* |
Not available | 1.413 | .211 | 9.454 |
Rating charges for waste collection | |||
Expensive | Ref | ||
Moderate | 1.508* | .452 | 5.033 |
No charges | 1.317 | .410 | 4.230 |
Frequency of people reporting sick in the municipality | |||
Often | Ref | ||
Not at all | .700* | .411 | 1.193 |
Common diseases occurring in the community | |||
Malaria | Ref | ||
Diarrhoea | 1.788** | .843 | 3.790 |
Cholera | 3.222 | 1.325 | 7.835#* |
Typhoid | 1.563 | .661 | 3.694 |
Other diseases | .209 | .044 | .988#* |
Type of refuse dump in the Municipality | |||
Surface dump at the outskirts of town | Ref | ||
Community container | .328** | .137 | .787#* |
No dumping site | .471 | .163 | 1.358 |
Frequency of visiting dump sites | |||
Daily | Ref | ||
Weekly | .757** | .075 | 7.599 |
When container is full | .714 | .076 | 6.736 |
Monthly | .596 | .050 | 7.112 |
Distance to dumpsites | |||
Too far(above 250 m) | Ref | ||
Far(200-250 m) | .449** | .202 | .995#* |
Close(100-149 m) | .383 | .214 | .686#* |