Background
Methods
The ISCOLE project
Study design and population
Direct measures (anthropometry)
Direct measures (accelerometry)
Questionnaires
Recruitment rates
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant and parent characteristics
Mean (SD) or n(%) | |
---|---|
Individual Factors
| |
Sex
| |
Boys | 262 (46.5%) |
Girls | 301 (53.5%) |
Waist Circumference (cm)
| |
1st tertile (range: 47.85 – 58.30) | 55.5 (1.9) |
2nd tertile (range: 58.35 – 62.95) | 60.5 (1.4) |
3rd tertile (range: 63.00 – 108.10) | 70.8 (7.9) |
Mid Upper Arm Circumference (cm)
| |
1st tertile (range: 14.65 – 18.80) | 17.4 (0.9) |
2nd tertile (range: 18.85 – 21.20) | 19.9 (0.7) |
3rd tertile (range: 21.25 – 36.15) | 24.5 (3.1) |
BMI Categories (WHO Cut-Points)
| |
Underweight | 21 (3.7%) |
Healthy weight | 425 (75.5%) |
Overweight | 81 (14.4%) |
Obese | 36 (6.4%) |
Transport to School
| |
Active (Walking, bicycle, roller blade, skate board) | 245 (45.7%) |
Motorised (Bus, van, car) | 291 (54.3%) |
Mean (minutes) in Various Activity Intensities
| |
Daily minutes of Sedentary | 397.8 (71.5) |
Weekday minutes of Sedentary | 419.5 (82.7) |
Weekend day minutes of Sedentary | 349.4 (94.9) |
Daily minutes of Light | 463.1 (69.8) |
Daily minutes of Moderate | 31.5 (20.2) |
Daily minutes of Vigorous | 4.0 (4.3) |
Daily minutes of MVPA | 35.4 (23.2) |
Weekday minutes of MVPA | 36.1 (24.2) |
Weekend day minutes of MVPA | 34.2 (28.7) |
Met MVPA Guidelines (Mean of ≥ 60 minutes of daily MVPA)
| 71 (12.6%) |
Mean (minutes) of Sleep Duration | 516.4 (55.0) |
Parental Factors
| |
Maternal Education Level
| |
Primary or less | 91 (16.3%) |
High school or less | 163 (29.2%) |
Diploma/Higher Diploma/Degree | 237 (42.5%) |
Graduate/Professional Degree | 67 (12.0%) |
Paternal Education Level
| |
Primary or less | 43 (8.4%) |
High school or less | 159 (31.1%) |
Diploma/Higher Diploma/Degree | 197 (38.6%) |
Graduate/Professional Degree | 112 (21.9%) |
Maternal BMI (kg/m
2
)
| |
Underweight (<18.50) | 157 (27.9%) |
Healthy weight (18.50 – 24.99) | 128 (22.7%) |
Overweight (25.00 – 29.99) | 135 (24.0%) |
Obese (≥30.0) | 143 (25.4%) |
Paternal BMI (kg/m
2
)
| |
Underweight (<18.50) | 206 (36.6%) |
Healthy weight (18.50 – 24.99) | 142 (25.2%) |
Overweight (25.00 – 29.99) | 149 (26.5%) |
Obese (≥30.0) | 66 (11.7%) |
Household Environment Factors
| |
Total Annual Household Income (Kshs)
| |
Low SES (<466,728) | 264 (48.6%) |
Mid SES (466,728 – 1,799,999) | 177 (32.6%) |
High SES (>1,800,000) | 102 (18.8%) |
Neighbourhood Environment Factors
| |
Trust (People in my neighbourhood can be trusted) -% that somewhat agree/strongly agree | 301 (54.5%) |
Getting Around (There are shops/stores/markets and place to buy things that I need within easy walking distance) -% that somewhat agree/strongly agree | 467 (85.2%) |
High crime rate -% that somewhat agree/strongly agree | 232 (42.5%) |
School Environment Factors
| |
Participation by Type of School
| |
Public | 295 (52.4%) |
Private | 268 (47.6%) |
Participants in schools with written policies (underdevelopment or existing) or practices on Physical Activity | 529 (94.0%) |
Participants in schools with written policies (underdevelopment or existing) or practices on Healthy Eating | 475 (84.4%) |
Factors associated with overweight/obesity
Overweight/Obese (%) | p-value | Met daily MVPA guidelines (%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual Factors
| ||||
Sex | ||||
Boys | 54 (20.6%) | NS | 46 (17.6%) | 0.0013 |
Girls | 63 (20.9%) | 25 (8.3%) | ||
Transport to School | ||||
Active | 36 (14.7%) | 0.0019 | 55 (22.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Motorised | 75 (25.8%) | 16 (5.5%) | ||
BMI Categories | ||||
Overweight/Obese | 3 (2.6%) | < 0.0001 | ||
Underweight/Healthy weight | 68 (15.3%) | |||
Parental Factors
| ||||
Maternal Education Level | ||||
Primary or less | 3 (3.3%) | < 0.0001 | 34 (37.4%) | < 0.0001 |
High school or less | 24 (14.7%) | 23 (14.1%) | ||
Diploma/Higher diploma/Degree | 69 (29.1%) | 12 (5.1%) | ||
Graduate/Profession degree | 21 (31.3%) | 2 (3.0%) | ||
Paternal Education Level | ||||
Primary or less | 1 (2.3%) | < 0.0001 | 13 (30.2%) | < 0.0001 |
High school or less | 14 (8.8%) | 31 (19.5%) | ||
Diploma/Higher diploma/Degree | 54 (27.4%) | 9 (4.6%) | ||
Graduate/Profession degree | 41 (36.6%) | 7 (6.3%) | ||
Maternal BMI (kg/m2); as continuous variable
| 0.11 (r-value) | 0.0297 | NS | |
Paternal BMI (kg/m2); as continuous variable
| 0.27 (r-value) | < 0.0001 | NS | |
Household Environment Factors
| ||||
Total Annual Household Income (Kshs) | ||||
Low SES (<466,728) | 27 (10.2%) | < 0.0001 | 59 (22.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Mid SES (466,728 - 1,799,999) | 47 (26.6%) | 10 (5.7%) | ||
High SES (>1,800,000) | 35 (34.3%) | 2 (2.0%) | ||
School Environment Factors
| ||||
Participation by Type of School | ||||
Public | 27 (9.2%) | < 0.0001 | 69 (23.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Private | 90 (33.6%) | 2 (0.8%) |
OR (Confidence limits) | p-value | |
---|---|---|
Overweight/Obese
| ||
Paternal BMI (kg/m2); as continuous variable
| 1.17 (1.09 – 1.26) | < 0.0001 |
Participation by Type of School (Private vs. Public)
| 4.18 (2.26 – 7.72) | < 0.0001 |
Met Daily MVPA Guidelines
| ||
Sex (Boys vs. Girls) | 2.63 (1.49 – 4.64) | 0.0009 |
Maternal Education Level | ||
High school or less vs. Primary or less
| 0.35 (0.19 – 0.67) | 0.0014 |
Diploma/Higher Diploma/Degree vs. Primary or less
| 0.25 (0.12 – 0.54) | 0.0008 |
Graduate/Professional Degree vs. Primary or less
| NS | |
Participation by Type of School (Private vs. Public)
| 0.04 (0.01 – 0.17) | < 0.0001 |