Background
Methods
Literature search
Procedure
k | n |
α
correlate
|
α
EE
|
α
DP
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work engagement drivers
| |||||
Recognition/feedback | 4 | 2,125 | 0.79 | 0.86 | nd |
Autonomy | 7 | 2,821 | 0.71 | 0.89 | 0.73 |
Organization/peer support | 3 | 1,626 | nd | 0.87 | 0.69 |
Adequate resources | 2 | 1,089 | nd | 0.87 | 0.68 |
Work engagement constraints
| |||||
Professional values | 4 | 686 | 0.80 | nd | 0.70 |
Organization structures | 5 | 1,084 | nd | 0.88 | nd |
Inadequate resources | 5 | 1,023 | nd | 0.89 | 0.78 |
Role ambiguity/conflict | 3 | 622 | nd | 0.87 | 0.80 |
Insufficient input | 4 | 437 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.79 |
Workload | 19 | 6,205 | 0.74 | 0.88 | 0.75 |
Inadequate skills/preparation | 4 | 1,242 | nd | 0.87 | 0.80 |
Position-specific demands | 10 | 3,550 | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.76 |
Work attitudes drivers
| 17 | 13,271 | 0.61 | 0.84 | 0.75 |
Work attitudes constraints
| 13 | 4,652 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.76 |
Health and safety drivers
| |||||
Quality and safety culture | 8 | 8,618 | 0.67 | 0.87 | 0.69 |
Clinical skills | 3 | 1,033 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 0.69 |
Professional development | 6 | 1,377 | nd | nd | nd |
Health and safety constraints
| |||||
Incivility/conflicts/violence | 7 | 1,816 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.79 |
Lack of quality and safety | 15 | 5,612 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.76 |
Work-life/home conflict
| 14 | 3,846 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.73 |
Contributions to poor mental health
| 23 | 7,345 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.69 |
Contributions to good health
| 6 | 3,684 | nd | 0.87 | 0.80 |
Adaptive coping
| |||||
Social support | 6 | 2,297 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.80 |
Problem-focused | 8 | 1,856 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.78 |
Ineffective coping
| 9 | 2,007 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.76 |
Analyses
Analytical software
Results
Sample characteristics
k | nk
| Years of age | Years in practice | Males (%) | Response rate (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region
| ||||||
Americas | 26 | 12,457 | 42 (14) | 16 (3) | 74 (13) | 53 (24) |
Europe | 28 | 13,085 | 47 (4) | 15 (3) | 72 (14) | 69 (10) |
Asia/Australia | 11 | 3,340 | 41 (4) | 15 (3) | 76 (12) | 68 (14) |
F-ratio, df = 2, 62 | - | - | 2.57a
| 0.90 | 0.39 | 6.28b
|
Specialty group
| ||||||
Inpatient | 25 | 10,935 | 42 (14) | 16 (2) | 73 (16) | 63 (19) |
Outpatient | 17 | 4,775 | 44 (3) | 13 (3) | 76 (14) | 76 (14) |
Mixed | 23 | 13,172 | 47 (4) | 15 (3) | 73 (12) | 57 (18) |
F-ratio, df – 2, 62 | - | - | 1.80 | 6.49b
| 0.28 | 5.89b
|
N
| 65 | 28,882 | 45 (9) | 15 (3) | 73 (14) | 62 (19) |
Reliability estimates
Overall associations
Correlates | k | n | ρ | ρc
| σ2
ρc
| 95% CI ρc
| Q | kfs
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work Engagement Drivers
| ||||||||
Recognition/feedback | 4 | 2,125 | −0.17 | −0.20b
| 0.003 | −0.24 to −0.11 | 6.69 | 10 |
Autonomy | 6 | 2,189 | −0.26 |
−0.36
b
| 0.021 | −0.60 to −0.01 | 53.09b
| 30 |
Organization/peer support | 4 | 2,748 | −0.15 | −0.18b
| 0.002 | −0.21 to −0.09 | 4.18 | 8 |
Adequate resources | 2 | 1,089 | −0.14 | −0.15b
| 0.002 | −0.18 to −0.11 | 2.35 | 4 |
Work Engagement Constraints
| ||||||||
Professional values | 2 | 91 | 0.36 |
0.42
b
| 0.000 | 0.41 to 0.42 | 0.01 | 13 |
Organization structures | 5 | 1,084 | 0.44 |
0.45
b
| 0.038 | 0.08 to 0.82 | 63.41b
| 40 |
Inadequate resources | 5 | 1,023 | 0.34 |
0.36
b
| 0.012 | 0.18 to 0.53 | 15.16b
| 31 |
Role ambiguity/conflict | 3 | 622 | 0.23 | 0.24b
| 0.007 | 0.12 to 0.34 | 5.14 | 11 |
Insufficient input | 4 | 437 | 0.34 |
0.36
b
| 0.017 | 0.15 to 0.56 | 9.79a
| 23 |
Workload | 19 | 6,205 | 0.51 |
0.66
b
| 0.018 | 0.28 to 0.79 | 206.09b
| 183 |
Inadequate skills/preparation | 4 | 1,242 | 0.24 | 0.26b
| 0.002 | 0.25 to 0.27 | 3.34 | 16 |
Position specific demands | 10 | 3,550 | 0.32 |
0.40
b
| 0.004 | 0.27 to 0.43 | 18.19a
| 61 |
Work Attitude Drivers
| 16 | 12,323 | −0.30 |
−0.47
b
| 0.022 | −0.61 to −0.02 | 328.50b
| 85 |
Work Attitude Constraints
| 13 | 4,652 | 0.35 |
0.46
b
| 0.008 | 0.21 to 0.52 | 50.15b
| 82 |
Health & Safety Drivers
| ||||||||
Quality & safety culture | 7 | 8,226 | −0.23 |
−0.34
b
| 0.016 | −0.50 to 0.00 | 143.72b
| 28 |
Clinical Skills | 3 | 1,033 | −0.08 | −0.08a
| 0.004 | −0.16 to −0.00 | 4.39 | 2 |
Professional development | 6 | 1,377 | −0.31 |
−0.31
b
| 0.014 | −0.51 to −0.10 | 23.74b
| 31 |
Health & Safety Constraints
| ||||||||
Incivility/conflicts/violence | 7 | 1,816 | 0.34 |
0.41
b
| 0.015 | 0.14 to 0.58 | 34.61b
| 43 |
Lack of quality & safety | 15 | 5,612 | 0.34 |
0.42
b
| 0.007 | 0.22 to 0.51 | 50.11b
| 94 |
Work–Life/Home Conflict
| 13 | 3,817 | 0.40 |
0.49
b
| 0.019 | 0.16 to 0.69 | 102.49b
| 98 |
Contributors to Poor Mental Health
| 23 | 7,345 | 0.49 |
0.62
b
| 0.013 | 0.30 to 0.71 | 168.99b
| 210 |
Contributors to Good Health
| 6 | 4,806 | −0.28 |
−0.32
b
| 0.01 | −0.48 to −0.10 | 57.76b
| 29 |
Adaptive Coping
| ||||||||
Social support | 7 | 3,448 | −0.17 | −0.26b
| 0.007 | −0.32 to −0.04 | 28.34b
| 18 |
Problem-focused | 9 | 3,007 | −0.20 | −0.29b
| 0.009 | −0.38 to −0.04 | 30.42b
| 29 |
Ineffective Coping
| 9 | 3,129 | 0.22 |
0.33
b
| 0.009 | 0.07 to 0.50 | 31.28b
| 33 |
Correlates | k | n | ρ | ρc
| σ
2
ρc
| 95% CI ρc
| Q | kfs
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work Engagement Drivers
| ||||||||
Recognition, feedback | 3 | 853 | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.004 | −0.07 to −0.01 | 3.25 | <1 |
Autonomy | 5 | 1,769 | -0.17 | −0.24b
| 0.003 | −0.42 to 0.01 | 22.36b
| 15 |
Organization/peer support | 3 | 1,597 | −0.08 | −0.09b
| 0.004 | −0.18 to 0.01 | 6.17a
| 2 |
Work Engagement Constraints
| ||||||||
Professional values | 4 | 686 | 0.28 |
0.36
b
| 0.003 | 0.34 to 0.37 | 2.23 | 21 |
Organization structures | 2 | 198 | 0.47 |
0.47
b
| 0.003 | 0.46 to 0.47 | 1.02 | 17 |
Role Ambiguity/conflict | 2 | 593 | 0.23 | 0.26b
| 0.003 | 0.25 to 0.26 | 0.05 | 8 |
Workload | 12 | 3,899 | 0.26 | 0.29b
| 0.011 | 0.11 to 0.48 | 48.80b
| 58 |
Inadequate skills/preparation | 3 | 679 | 0.28 |
0.35
b
| 0.001 | 0.34 to 0.36 | 0.53 | 15 |
Position specific demands | 7 | 1,773 | 0.28 |
0.38
b
| 0.005 | 0.27 to 0.41 | 10.30b
| 41 |
Work Attitudes Drivers
| 13 | 11,206 | −0.24 |
−0.36
b
| 0.008 |
− 0.43 to − 0.10 | 100.07b
| 55 |
Work Attitudes Constraints
| 7 | 1,945 | 0.24 |
0.32
b
| 0.009 | 0.11 to 0.40 | 19.44b
| 33 |
Health & Safety Drivers
| ||||||||
Quality & safety culture | 7 | 7,640 | −0.24 |
−0.35
b
| 0.006 | −0.41 to −0.12 | 51.09b
| 30 |
Clinical skills | 2 | 975 | −0.11 |
− 0.15b
| 0.001 | −0.15 to −0.16 | 1.12 | 4 |
Professional development | 5 | 1,348 | −0.18 | −0.18b
| 0.000 | −0.18 to −0.18 | 0.61 | 13 |
Health & Safety Constraints
| ||||||||
Incivility/conflicts/violence | 3 | 220 | 0.42 |
0.51
b
| 0.01 | 0.49 to 0.54 | 3.18 | 25 |
Lack of quality & safety | 8 | 2,573 | 0.27 |
0.33
b
| 0.012 | 0.10 to 0.53 | 36.49b
| 42 |
Work–Life/ Home Conflict
| 9 | 2,511 | 0.27 |
0.34
b
| 0.01 | 0.13 to 0.47 | 29.06b
| 39 |
Contributors to Poor Mental Health
| 17 | 5,411 | 0.27 |
0.34
b
| 0.008 | 0.14 to 0.42 | 50.96b
| 78 |
Contributors to Good Health
| 5 | 3,387 | −0.15 | −0.15b
| −0.16 | −0.27 to −0.04 | 16.71b
| 11 |
Adaptive Coping
| ||||||||
Social support | 5 | 1,866 | −0.16 | −0.21b
| 0.004 | −0.23 to −0.10 | 7.10 | 11 |
Problem-focused | 7 | 1,647 | −0.14 | −0.18b
| 0.004 | −0.16 to −0.14 | 7.31 | 14 |
Ineffective Coping
| 9 | 2,007 | 0.19 | 0.24b
| 0.012 | 0.02 to 0.40 | 26.13b
| 25 |
Group differences
Americas | Europe | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlates
|
k
|
n
|
ρ
c
|
k
|
n
|
ρ
c
|
Z-dif
|
Work engagement drivers
| |||||||
Autonomy | 2 | 860 | −0.49
| 3 | 1,279 | −0.24 | 6.39b
|
Work engagement constraints
| |||||||
Organization structures | 1 | 62 | 0.48 | 2 | 857 | 0.44 | 0.42 |
Inadequate resources | 3 | 431 | 0.33 | 1 | 563 | 0.37 | 0.78 |
Insufficient input | 2 | 324 | 0.37 | 1 | 84 | 0.25 | 1.11 |
Workload | 9 | 2,746 |
0.70
| 8 | 2,876 | 0.63 | 4.79b
|
Position-specific demands | 3 | 578 |
0.46
| 6 | 2,429 | 0.37 | 2.13a
|
Work attitudes drivers
| 6 | 6,114 | −0.28 | 7 | 5,705 |
−0.64
| 25.42b
|
Work attitudes constraints
| 6 | 1,474 |
0.55
| 4 | 1,934 | 0.38 | 6.36b
|
Health and safety drivers
| |||||||
Quality and safety culture | 2 | 2,714 | −0.56
| 4 | 4,815 | −0.25 | 15.74b
|
Professional development | 2 | 652 | −0.41
| 2 | 646 | −0.22 | 3.76b
|
Health and safety constraints
| |||||||
Incivility/conflicts/violence | 3 | 431 | 0.34 | 3 | 1,356 | 0.43 | 1.89 |
Lack of quality and safety | 6 | 1,921 |
0.47
| 8 | 3,148 | 0.39 | 3.42b
|
Work-life/home conflict
| 7 | 1,881 |
0.57
| 5 | 1,907 | 0.40 | 7.04b
|
Contributors to poor mental health
| 5 | 1,157 | 0.57 | 13 | 5,018 |
0.65
| 3.86b
|
Contributors to good health
| 2 | 879 | −0.33 | 2 | 2,233 | 0.30 | 0.60 |
Adaptive coping
| |||||||
Social support | 4 | 1,253 | −0.35
| 1 | 501 | −0.22 | 2.68a
|
Problem-focused | 2 | 342 | −0.44
| 3 | 892 | −0.17 | 4.81b
|
Ineffective coping
| 1 | 133 |
0.53
| 7 | 1,845 | 0.32 | 2.36a
|
Americas | Europe | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlates
|
k
|
n
|
ρ
c
|
k
|
n
|
ρ
c
|
Z-dif
|
Work engagement drivers
| |||||||
Autonomy | 2 | 860 | −0.28 | 2 | 859 | −0.20 | 1.70 |
Organization/peer support | 1 | 133 | −0.15 | 1 | 1,435 | −0.08 | 0.80 |
Work engagement constraints
| |||||||
Workload | 3 | 993 | 0.32 | 7 | 2,313 | 0.33 | 0.29 |
Position-specific demands | 2 | 385 |
0.51
| 4 | 815 | 0.32 | 2.71a
|
Work attitudes drivers
| 5 | 4,842 | −0.31 | 5 | 5,148 |
−0.38
| 4.19b
|
Work attitudes constraints
| 3 | 765 |
0.38
| 3 | 913 | 0.25 | 2.89a
|
Quality and safety culture | 2 | 2,714 |
−0.41
| 4 | 4,229 | −0.33 | 3.86b
|
Health and safety constraints
| |||||||
Lack of quality and safety | 2 | 760 |
0.47
| 5 | 1,270 | 0.29 | 4.33b
|
Work-life/home conflict
| 4 | 1,138 |
0.42
| 4 | 1,344 | 0.27 | 4.14b
|
Contributors to poor mental health
| 4 | 608 |
0.45
| 10 | 3,898 | 0.33 | 3.23b
|
Contributors to good health
| 1 | 582 |
−0.27
| 2 | 2,233 | −0.13 | 3.02a
|
Ineffective coping
| 1 | 133 | 0.32 | 7 | 1,845 | 0.23 | 1.02 |
Inpatient | Outpatient | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlates
|
k
|
n
|
ρ
c
|
k
|
n
|
ρ
c
|
Z-dif
|
Work engagement drivers
| |||||||
Autonomy | 2 | 843 | −0.57 | 1 | 50 |
−0.79
| 2.79a
|
Work engagement constraints
| |||||||
Organization structures | 3 | 654 | 0.32 | 1 | 294 |
0.72
| 8.27b
|
Inadequate resources | 2 | 592 | 0.38 | 3 | 431 | 0.33 | 0.96 |
Insufficient input | 1 | 29 | 0.44 | 3 | 408 | 0.35 | 0.54 |
Workload | 9 | 4,366 |
0.72
| 5 | 558 | 0.65 | 2.82a
|
Position-specific demands | 4 | 2,519 | 0.38 | 4 | 591 | 0.42 | 1.00 |
Work attitudes drivers
| 5 | 2,854 |
−0.44
| 5 | 2,236 | −0.29 | 5.94b
|
Work attitudes constraints
| 6 | 2,711 | 0.44 | 5 | 1,346 | 0.44 | 0.06 |
Health and safety drivers
| |||||||
Professional development | 3 | 1,112 | −0.31 | 1 | 145 | −0.34 | 0.35 |
Health and safety constraints
| |||||||
Incivility/conflicts/violence | 2 | 1,007 | 0.36 | 5 | 809 |
0.48
| 3.02a
|
Lack of quality and safety | 8 | 4,518 | 0.41 | 5 | 839 |
0.50
| 3.00a
|
Work-life/home conflict
| 6 | 2,055 | 0.49 | 3 | 471 | 0.52 | 0.94 |
Contributors to poor mental health
| 10 | 3,498 | 0.56 | 5 | 791 |
0.77
| 9.86b
|
Adaptive coping
| |||||||
Social support | 3 | 1,190 | −0.18 | 1 | 133 | −0.17 | 1.18 |
Problem-focused | 5 | 1,543 | −0.29 | 1 | 133 |
−0.48
| 2.51a
|
Ineffective coping
| 4 | 1,469 | 0.32 | 2 | 217 | 0.47 | 1.80 |
Inpatient | Outpatient | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlates
|
k
|
n
|
ρ
c
|
k
|
n
|
ρ
c
|
Z-dif
|
Work engagement drivers
| |||||||
Autonomy | 2 | 843 | −0.33 | 1 | 50 | −0.51 | 1.40 |
Organization/peer support | 1 | 29 | −0.50 | 1 | 133 | −0.15 | 1.85 |
Work engagement constraints
| |||||||
Workload | 6 | 2,485 | 0.37 | 1 | 133 | 0.34 | 0.46 |
Position-specific demands | 3 | 583 | 0.26 | 1 | 207 | 0.43 | 1.72 |
Work attitudes drivers
| 2 | 1,083 |
−0.45
| 5 | 2,890 | −0.29 | 4.93a
|
Work attitudes constraints
| 2 | 1,083 | 0.28 | 3 | 267 | 0.27 | 0.22 |
Health and safety constraints
| |||||||
Lack of quality and safety | 5 | 2,234 | 0.32 | 1 | 84 | 0.34 | 0.24 |
Work-life/home conflict
| 5 | 1,402 | 0.32 | 2 | 278 |
0.46
| 2.52a
|
Contributors to poor mental health
| 5 | 1,858 | 0.35 | 4 | 497 |
0.63
| 7.41b
|
Ineffective coping
| 5 | 1,498 | 0.22 | 2 | 217 | 0.28 | 0.78 |