The ability of our auditory system to detect modulations within ongoing sounds is essential for daily life. It enables us to detect changes in our environment, to identify vowels and consonants, and also to appreciate pitch differences in musical compositions. Normal hearing listeners can identify very small frequency changes of less than 1 % of the base frequency (Sek and Moore
1995; Amitay et al.
2006; Papakonstantinou et al.
2011). In the case of sensorineural hearing loss, frequency resolution capabilities become impaired, resulting in poorer speech understanding in especially noisy environments (Dreschler and Plomp
1985; Horst
1987; Noordhoek et al.
2001; Strelcyk and Dau
2009; Papakonstantinou et al.
2011). Psychophysical experiments revealed that patients with sensorineural hearing loss had frequency discrimination thresholds which correlated well with their speech perception in noise abilities (Noordhoek et al.
2001; Papakonstantinou et al.
2011). These findings indicate the importance of frequency discrimination in oral communication.
The underlying neurophysiological alterations in response to frequency changes have been investigated using cortical auditory evoked potentials (Arlinger et al.
1976; McCandless and Rose
1970; Dimitrijevic et al.
2008; Harris et al.
2008; Pratt et al.
2009). The obligatory cortical auditory evoked potential is thought to mainly reflect neuronal activation in various primary and secondary auditory cortical fields (Eggermont and Ponton
2002; Martin et al.
2007,
2008). The response evoked by a change in a continuous stimulus is often called the acoustic change complex (ACC). This response can be elicited in response to changes within speech stimuli (Ostroff et al.
1998; Martin and Boothroyd
2000; Tremblay et al.
2003; Friesen and Tremblay
2006) and to intensity or frequency changes within continuous tones (McCandless and Rose
1970; Arlinger et al.
1976; Harris et al.
2007,
2008; Dimitrijevic et al.
2008; Pratt et al.
2009; Presacco and Middlebrooks
2018).
Recent literature has shown interest in the ACC and investigated its possible clinical applications (He et al.
2012; Brown et al.
2015,
2017; Chen and Small
2015; Kim
2015). The ACC has been reported to correlate with psychophysical measures in normal hearing adult subjects (He et al.
2012; Brown et al.
2017), and moreover, the ACC has been reliably evoked in various types of subjects such as young children, hearing aid users, cochlear implant users, and sedated cats (Tremblay et al.
2006; He et al.
2012; Brown et al.
2015; Chen and Small
2015; Presacco and Middlebrooks
2018). The ACC might therefore possess characteristics, which can be used for objective auditory assessment. Although recent research has aimed at the correlation of ACC measures (such as amplitude and latency) to psychophysical outcomes, these measures also depend on the choice of stimulus parameters. Knowledge on how different factors of frequency change stimuli affect ACC parameters is therefore essential for researchers investigating the ACC. Previous studies have revealed that ACCs elicited with frequency changes show larger amplitudes with increasing magnitude of the frequency change (McCandless and Rose
1970; Martin and Boothroyd
2000; Harris et al.
2008; Pratt et al.
2009; He et al.
2012). Harris et al. (
2008) demonstrated that ACCs can even be evoked in response to small changes of less than 1 % of the base frequency, closely resembling behavioral just noticeable frequency discrimination results. Besides the magnitude of the change, there are multiple parameters to choose for an acoustic change stimulus, see for instance, the differences in stimuli between abovementioned studies. The majority of studies using a pure tone stimulus, followed by a frequency change, studied only one direction of frequency change (frequency increase or decrease). With respect to rate of the frequency change, some authors did not report rates (Pratt et al.
2009; Brown et al.
2017) while others reported a constant duration of the change with varying magnitudes, thus resulting in varying velocities (Dimitrijevic et al.
2008; Harris et al.
2008; Presacco and Middlebrooks
2018). Thus, since evidence is lacking on the effect of rate and direction, we aim to investigate the extent to which suprathreshold ACC is influenced by rate and direction, next to magnitude. This may help researchers and clinicians to determine stimulus parameters when recording ACCs, for example, the rate and/or direction of change that generates the clearest response or the steepest amplitude–change slope. This may attribute to development of the ACC into a clinically applicable objective measurement of auditory performance. Therefore, in the current study, we systematically varied magnitude, rate, and direction to elicit the ACC in young, normal-hearing subjects.