Introduction
Methods
Participants
MRI data acquisition protocol
MRI preprocessing
Cortical diffusivity analysis
Volumetric assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants
HC (N = 22) | tAD (N = 23) | PCA (N = 15) | |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age (years) | 74.7 (± 6.98) | 74.9 (± 5.64) | 65.4 (± 7.21)# |
Gender M/F | 12/10 | 13/10 | 9/6 |
Education (years) | 15.57 (± 3.25) | 13.36 (± 3.38) | 13.7 (± 2.20) |
Volumetrics | |||
Cortical GM_fr | 0.319 (± 0.036) | 0.265 (± 0.30)# | 0.257 (± 0.024)# |
WM_fr | 0.165 (± 0.028) | 0.151(± 0.203) | 0.150 (± 0.012) |
CS | 0.1193 (± 0.144) | 0.1075 (± 0.125)# | 0.1071 (± 0.106)# |
Cortical thickness | 2.75 (± 0.10) | 2.63 (± 0.15)#* | 2.50 (± 0.15)# |
Hipp_fr | 0.00562 (± 0.00092) | 0.00427 (± 0.00069)#* | 0.00498 (± 0.00062)# |
Head movement | 0.698 (± 0.24) | 0.742 (± 0.25) | 0.700 (± 0.20) |
Volumetric assessment
Cortical diffusion measurements
Global
Global cortical DTI | HC (N = 22) | tAD (N = 23) | PCA (N = 15) |
---|---|---|---|
FA | 0.1837 (± 0.007) | 0.1785 (± 0.011) | 0.1795 (± 0.012) |
MD | 1.0583 (± 0.053) | 1.1688 (± 0.076)# | 1.2341 (± 0.093)# |
AngleR | 0.9766 (± 0.0038) | 0.9863 (± 0.0065)# | 0.9853 (± 0.0059) |
PerpPD | 0.5932 (± 0.030) | 0.6611 (± 0.049)#* | 0.7085 (± 0.059)# |
ParlPD | 0.3963 (± 0.021) | 0.4311 (± 0.030)#* | 0.4650 (± 0.037)# |
Cortical regions
PerpPD | Left hemisphere | Right hemisphere | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLM | Between groups | GLM | Between groups | |||||||
F | p | HC vs tAD | HC vs PCA | tAD vs PCA | F | p | HC vs tAD | HC vs PCA | tAD vs PCA | |
Unknown | 6.70 | 0.003* | 0.004* | 0.094 | 0.637 | 1.90 | 0.160 | 0.410 | 0.123 | 0.669 |
Bankssts | 8.95 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.002* | 0.979 | 13.46 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.086 |
Caudalanteriorcingulate | 8.94 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.048 | 0.571 | 16.42 | 0.000* | 0.003* | 0.000* | 0.041 |
Caudalmiddlefrontal | 12.08 | 0.000* | 0.002* | 0.000* | 0.612 | 11.79 | 0.000* | 0.007* | 0.000* | 0.107 |
Cuneus | 13.23 | 0.000* | 0.058 | 0.000* | 0.003* | 15.53 | 0.000* | 0.008* | 0.000* | 0.004* |
Entorhinal | 9.15 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.621 | 0.011* | 6.67 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.075 | 0.161 |
Fusiform | 32.19 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.001* | 21.10 | 0.000* | 0.016* | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Inferiorparietal | 16.98 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.019* | 22.19 | 0.000* | 0.022* | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Inferiortemporal | 4.28 | 0.019 | 0.047 | 0.037 | 0.927 | 9.57 | 0.000* | 0.026* | 0.000* | 0.063 |
Isthmuscingulate | 20.90 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.014* | 16.16 | 0.000* | 0.003* | 0.000* | 0.036 |
Lateraloccipital | 31.41 | 0.000* | 0.022* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 28.27 | 0.000* | 0.026* | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Lateralorbitofrontal | 1.33 | 0.272 | 0.237 | 0.857 | 0.119 | 2.13 | 0.129 | 0.296 | 0.264 | 0.969 |
Lingual | 21.25 | 0.000* | 0.011* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 27.58 | 0.000* | 0.018* | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Medialorbitofrontal | 0.61 | 0.547 | 0.963 | 0.997 | 0.949 | 1.97 | 0.149 | 0.157 | 0.250 | 0.998 |
Middletemporal | 11.88 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.002* | 0.950 | 16.68 | 0.000* | 0.002* | 0.000* | 0.089 |
Parahippocampal | 17.01 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.844 | 13.40 | 0.000* | 0.002* | 0.000* | 0.088 |
Paracentral | 3.40 | 0.041 | 0.396 | 0.015* | 0.202 | 10.01 | 0.000* | 0.200 | 0.000* | 0.006* |
Parsopercularis | 7.40 | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.136 | 0.284 | 4.62 | 0.014 | 0.235 | 0.083 | 0.753 |
Parsorbitalis | 1.29 | 0.284 | 0.586 | 0.394 | 0.077 | 2.29 | 0.111 | 0.435 | 0.205 | 0.807 |
Parstriangularis | 1.91 | 0.157 | 0.215 | 0.675 | 0.782 | 2.37 | 0.103 | 0.338 | 0.280 | 0.958 |
Pericalcarine | 19.80 | 0.000* | 0.062 | 0.000* | 0.036 | 24.53 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.002* |
Postcentral | 14.16 | 0.000* | 0.002* | 0.000* | 0.064 | 12.29 | 0.000* | 0.016* | 0.000* | 0.023* |
Posteriorcingulate | 15.28 | 0.000* | 0.005* | 0.000* | 0.025* | 16.18 | 0.000* | 0.036 | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Precentral | 11.72 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.527 | 9.66 | 0.000* | 0.008* | 0.000* | 0.377 |
Precuneus | 20.36 | 0.000* | 0.006* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 15.48 | 0.000* | 0.024* | 0.000* | 0.001* |
Rostralanteriorcingulate | 2.36 | 0.103 | 0.071 | 0.643 | 0.506 | 3.67 | 0.032 | 0.041 | 0.289 | 0.762 |
Rostralmiddlefrontal | 16.23 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.837 | 10.01 | 0.000* | 0.008* | 0.001* | 0.479 |
Superiorfrontal | 8.04 | 0.001* | 0.010* | 0.006* | 0.870 | 14.06 | 0.000* | 0.011* | 0.000* | 0.040 |
Superiorparietal | 15.90 | 0.000* | 0.093 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 14.51 | 0.000* | 0.172 | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Superiortemporal | 15.59 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.948 | 9.32 | 0.000* | 0.005* | 0.001* | 0.578 |
Supramarginal | 10.62 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.592 | 15.97 | 0.000* | 0.018* | 0.000* | 0.001* |
Frontalpole | 1.83 | 0.170 | 0.448 | 0.354 | 0.949 | 4.43 | 0.017 | 0.187 | 0.029 | 0.539 |
Temporalpole | 0.69 | 0.504 | 0.564 | 0.945 | 0.821 | 0.47 | 0.626 | 0.999 | 0.859 | 0.875 |
Transversetemporal | 21.52 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.949 | 17.25 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.005* | 0.993 |
Insula | 14.85 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 0.014* | 0.211 | 11.16 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.013* | 0.915 |
Left hemisphere | Right hemisphere | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ParlPD | GLM | Between groups | GLM | Between groups | ||||||
F | p | HC vs tAD | HC vs PCA | tAD vs PCA | F | p | HC vs tAD | HC vs PCA | tAD vs PCA | |
Unknown | 7.59 | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.618 | 0.037 | 1.36 | 0.266 | 0.751 | 0.333 | 0.709 |
Bankssts | 10.39 | 0.000* | 0.008* | 0.000* | 0.277 | 8.69 | 0.001* | 0.144 | 0.000* | 0.032 |
Caudalanteriorcingulate | 1.78 | 0.178 | 0.104 | 0.376 | 0.867 | 3.22 | 0.048 | 0.078 | 0.016 | 0.648 |
Caudalmiddlefrontal | 8.68 | 0.001* | 0.011* | 0.001* | 0.397 | 8.21 | 0.001* | 0.194 | 0.000* | 0.017* |
Cuneus | 12.21 | 0.000* | 0.100 | 0.000* | 0.002* | 10.79 | 0.000* | 0.325 | 0.000* | 0.001* |
Entorhinal | 7.76 | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.995 | 0.001* | 5.39 | 0.007* | 0.001* | 0.721 | 0.003* |
Fusiform | 2.33 | 0.107 | 0.136 | 0.250 | 0.992 | 4.23 | 0.012* | 0.159 | 0.008* | 0.307 |
Inferiorparietal | 17.05 | 0.000* | 0.011* | 0.000* | 0.002* | 22.08 | 0.000* | 0.050 | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Inferiortemporal | 0.87 | 0.425 | 0.329 | 0.948 | 0.593 | 1.35 | 0.268 | 0.946 | 0.267 | 0.157 |
Isthmuscingulate | 15.45 | 0.000* | 0.012* | 0.000* | 0.005* | 8.87 | 0.000* | 0.068 | 0.000* | 0.105 |
Lateraloccipital | 22.41 | 0.000* | 0.062 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 27.83 | 0.000* | 0.125 | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Lateralorbitofrontal | 3.54 | 0.036 | 0.023 | 0.547 | 0.356 | 7.18 | 0.002* | 0.048 | 0.016* | 0.756 |
Lingual | 15.04 | 0.000* | 0.056 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 11.11 | 0.000* | 0.199 | 0.000* | 0.002* |
Medialorbitofrontal | 0.56 | 0.572 | 0.870 | 0.900 | 1.000 | 2.81 | 0.069 | 0.770 | 0.235 | 0.067 |
Middletemporal | 7.45 | 0.001* | 0.006* | 0.012* | 0.992 | 5.33 | 0.008* | 0.122 | 0.020 | 0.573 |
Parahippocampal | 3.25 | 0.046* | 0.030 | 0.185 | 0.845 | 6.30 | 0.004* | 0.006* | 0.036 | 0.942 |
Paracentral | 4.15 | 0.0021* | 0.515 | 0.006* | 0.072 | 9.77 | 0.000* | 0.233 | 0.000* | 0.007* |
Parsopercularis | 2.37 | 0.103 | 0.055 | 0.482 | 0.607 | 11.30 | 0.000* | 0.189 | 0.003* | 0.138 |
Parsorbitalis | 1.62 | 0.206 | 0.361 | 0.780 | 0.844 | 1.51 | 0.230 | 0.915 | 0.479 | 0.696 |
Parstriangularis | 0.63 | 0.536 | 0.367 | 1.000 | 0.455 | 5.75 | 0.005* | 0.569 | 0.010* | 0.092 |
Pericalcarine | 12.00 | 0.000* | 0.392 | 0.000* | 0.004* | 9.23 | 0.000* | 0.018* | 0.001* | 0.434 |
Postcentral | 11.40 | 0.000* | 0.005* | 0.000* | 0.272 | 12.96 | 0.000* | 0.037 | 0.000* | 0.009* |
Posteriorcingulate | 4.416 | 0.017 | 0.711 | 0.027 | 0.130 | 4.24 | 0.020* | 0.567 | 0.007* | 0.071 |
Precentral | 9.72 | 0.000* | 0.023 | 0.000* | 0.170 | 6.89 | 0.002* | 0.053 | 0.001* | 0.221 |
Precuneus | 13.56 | 0.000* | 0.175 | 0.000* | 0.000* | 10.97 | 0.000* | 0.129 | 0.000* | 0.003* |
Rostralanteriorcingulate | 0.73 | 0.487 | 0.824 | 0.959 | 0.698 | 3.10 | 0.053 | 0.101 | 0.101 | 0.971 |
Rostralmiddlefrontal | 11.46 | 0.000* | 0.006* | 0.002* | 0.739 | 9.93 | 0.000* | 0.017* | 0.000* | 0.275 |
Superiorfrontal | 7.20 | 0.002* | 0.062 | 0.002* | 0.242 | 9.24 | 0.000* | 0.218 | 0.000* | 0.013* |
Superiorparietal | 10.17 | 0.000* | 0.289 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 15.91 | 0.000* | 0.320 | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Superiortemporal | 6.01 | 0.004* | 0.002* | 0.592 | 0.072 | 5.88 | 0.005* | 0.010* | 0.078 | 0.876 |
Supramarginal | 15.67 | 0.000* | 0.001* | 0.000* | 0.115 | 20.86 | 0.000* | 0.050 | 0.000* | 0.000* |
Frontalpole | 2.31 | 0.109 | 0.355 | 0.212 | 0.883 | 2.86 | 0.066 | 0.277 | 0.183 | 0.911 |
Temporalpole | 1.78 | 0.178 | 0.109 | 0.983 | 0.227 | 0.47 | 0.624 | 0.868 | 0.777 | 0.972 |
Transversetemporal | 5.99 | 0.005* | 0.004* | 0.121 | 0.595 | 2.38 | 0.047 | 0.041 | 0.098 | 0.993 |
Insula | 4.26 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.128 | 0.871 | 1.83 | 0.170 | 0.427 | 0.275 | 0.900 |
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis
Global cortical
Measures | HC vs all patients AUC | HC vs tAD AUC | HC vs PCA AUC | tAD vs PCA AUC |
---|---|---|---|---|
FA | 0.629 | 0.625 | 0.635 | 0.528 |
MD | 0.830 | 0.812 | 0.858 | 0.646 |
AngleR | 0.902 | 0.922 | 0.873 | 0.559 |
PerpPD | 0.889 | 0.862 | 0.961 | 0.731 |
ParlPD | 0.836 | 0.777 | 0.927 | 0.771 |
Cortical GM_fr | 0.874 | 0.861 | 0.911 | 0.645 |
Cortical Thickness | 0.811 | 0.781 | 0.870 | 0.658 |
Hipp_fr | 0.838 | 0.856 | 0.798 | 0.688 |
Cortical regions
PerpPD left hemisphere | HC vs tAD | HC vs PCA | tAD vs PCA | PerpPD right hemisphere | HC vs tAD | HC vs PCA | tAD vs PCA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unknown | 0.783 | 0.733 | 0.562 | Unknown | 0.630 | 0.642 | 0.533 |
Bankssts | 0.755 | 0.842 | 0.557 | Bankssts | 0.808 | 0.873 | 0.600 |
Caudalanteriorcingulate | 0.824 | 0.752 | 0.571 | Caudalanteriorcingulate | 0.800 | 0.903 | 0.629 |
Caudalmiddlefrontal | 0.765 | 0.876 | 0.597 | Caudalmiddlefrontal | 0.806 | 0.812 | 0.620 |
Cuneus | 0.735 | 0.855 | 0.670 | Cuneus | 0.782 | 0.871 | 0.704 |
Entorhinal | 0.862 | 0.588 | 0.801 | Entorhinal | 0.831 | 0.679 | 0.662 |
Fusiform | 0.858 | 0.933 | 0.765 | Fusiform | 0.852 | 0.897 | 0.802 |
Inferiorparietal | 0.806 | 0.909 | 0.695 | Inferiorparietal | 0.761 | 0.933 | 0.759 |
Inferiortemporal | 0.652 | 0.712 | 0.551 | Inferiortemporal | 0.762 | 0.806 | 0.591 |
Isthmuscingulate | 0.801 | 0.918 | 0.681 | Isthmuscingulate | 0.852 | 0.888 | 0.629 |
Lateraloccipital | 0.763 | 0.912 | 0.817 | Lateraloccipital | 0.808 | 0.906 | 0.811 |
Lateralorbitofrontal | 0.617 | 0.552 | 0.575 | Lateralorbitofrontal | 0.640 | 0.645 | 0.522 |
Lingual | 0.789 | 0.909 | 0.802 | Lingual | 0.801 | 0.936 | 0.856 |
Medialorbitofrontal | 0.502 | 0.585 | 0.606 | Medialorbitofrontal | 0.668 | 0.673 | 0.611 |
Middletemporal | 0.804 | 0.882 | 0.600 | Middletemporal | 0.818 | 0.906 | 0.664 |
Parahippocampal | 0.840 | 0.897 | 0.562 | Parahippocampal | 0.832 | 0.879 | 0.559 |
Paracentral | 0.656 | 0.706 | 0.559 | Paracentral | 0.660 | 0.842 | 0.693 |
Parsopercularis | 0.765 | 0.806 | 0.587 | Parsopercularis | 0.664 | 0.709 | 0.574 |
Parsorbitalis | 0.565 | 0.673 | 0.767 | Parsorbitalis | 0.579 | 0.664 | 0.594 |
Parstriangularis | 0.628 | 0.645 | 0.519 | Parstriangularis | 0.654 | 0.682 | 0.586 |
Pericalcarine | 0.719 | 0.891 | 0.754 | Pericalcarine | 0.842 | 0.909 | 0.704 |
Postcentral | 0.769 | 0.909 | 0.676 | Postcentral | 0.751 | 0.830 | 0.684 |
Posteriorcingulate | 0.749 | 0.927 | 0.685 | Posteriorcingulate | 0.745 | 0.876 | 0.701 |
Precentral | 0.781 | 0.864 | 0.559 | Precentral | 0.759 | 0.774 | 0.603 |
Precuneus | 0.802 | 0.897 | 0.802 | Precuneus | 0.803 | 0.872 | 0.796 |
Rostralanteriorcingulate | 0.660 | 0.661 | 0.612 | Rostralanteriorcingulate | 0.741 | 0.673 | 0.626 |
Rostralmiddlefrontal | 0.808 | 0.918 | 0.530 | Rostralmiddlefrontal | 0.755 | 0.855 | 0.580 |
Superiorfrontal | 0.743 | 0.796 | 0.548 | Superiorfrontal | 0.767 | 0.882 | 0.658 |
Superiorparietal | 0.711 | 0.891 | 0.806 | Superiorparietal | 0.684 | 0.845 | 0.842 |
Superiortemporal | 0.814 | 0.897 | 0.597 | Superiortemporal | 0.834 | 0.848 | 0.551 |
Supramarginal | 0.815 | 0.877 | 0.559 | Supramarginal | 0.763 | 0.870 | 0.687 |
Frontalpole | 0.619 | 0.694 | 0.614 | Frontalpole | 0.698 | 0.727 | 0.525 |
Temporalpole | 0.542 | 0.582 | 0.545 | Temporalpole | 0.589 | 0.652 | 0.588 |
Transversetemporal | 0.891 | 0.864 | 0.657 | Transversetemporal | 0.830 | 0.809 | 0.659 |
Insula | 0.858 | 0.876 | 0.636 | Insula | 0.872 | 0.800 | 0.665 |
ParlPD Left hemisphere | HC vs tAD | HC vs PCA | tAD vs PCA | ParlPD Right hemisphere | HC vs tAD | HC vs PCA | tAD vs PCA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unknown | 0.810 | 0.709 | 0.600 | Unknown | 0.615 | 0.721 | 0.655 |
Bankssts | 0.798 | 0.797 | 0.574 | Bankssts | 0.725 | 0.773 | 0.614 |
Caudalanteriorcingulate | 0.656 | 0.636 | 0.639 | Caudalanteriorcingulate | 0.672 | 0.739 | 0.575 |
Caudalmiddlefrontal | 0.727 | 0.858 | 0.617 | Caudalmiddlefrontal | 0.668 | 0.806 | 0.658 |
Cuneus | 0.761 | 0.827 | 0.632 | Cuneus | 0.680 | 0.831 | 0.704 |
Entorhinal | 0.815 | 0.528 | 0.801 | Entorhinal | 0.807 | 0.558 | 0.786 |
Fusiform | 0.692 | 0.633 | 0.519 | Fusiform | 0.708 | 0.697 | 0.582 |
Inferiorparietal | 0.702 | 0.945 | 0.704 | Inferiorparietal | 0.789 | 0.897 | 0.811 |
Inferiortemporal | 0.589 | 0.515 | 0.584 | Inferiortemporal | 0.514 | 0.561 | 0.533 |
Isthmuscingulate | 0.777 | 0.852 | 0.710 | Isthmuscingulate | 0.700 | 0.764 | 0.623 |
Lateraloccipital | 0.783 | 0.901 | 0.817 | Lateraloccipital | 0.769 | 0.903 | 0.826 |
Lateralorbitofrontal | 0.678 | 0.712 | 0.622 | Lateralorbitofrontal | 0.735 | 0.761 | 0.629 |
Lingual | 0.672 | 0.918 | 0.751 | Lingual | 0.700 | 0.818 | 0.696 |
Medialorbitofrontal | 0.522 | 0.588 | 0.597 | Medialorbitofrontal | 0.565 | 0.606 | 0.690 |
Middletemporal | 0.767 | 0.788 | 0.525 | Middletemporal | 0.729 | 0.752 | 0.583 |
Parahippocampal | 0.708 | 0.579 | 0.616 | Parahippocampal | 0.796 | 0.652 | 0.586 |
Paracentral | 0.611 | 0.742 | 0.600 | Paracentral | 0.644 | 0.815 | 0.681 |
Parsopercularis | 0.644 | 0.694 | 0.574 | Parsopercularis | 0.640 | 0.833 | 0.707 |
Parsorbitalis | 0.686 | 0.585 | 0.588 | Parsorbitalis | 0.502 | 0.597 | 0.620 |
Parstriangularis | 0.593 | 0.567 | 0.594 | Parstriangularis | 0.609 | 0.779 | 0.652 |
Pericalcarine | 0.630 | 0.830 | 0.788 | Pericalcarine | 0.763 | 0.812 | 0.641 |
Postcentral | 0.779 | 0.873 | 0.655 | Postcentral | 0.713 | 0.870 | 0.719 |
Posteriorcingulate | 0.585 | 0.770 | 0.675 | Posteriorcingulate | 0.605 | 0.770 | 0.658 |
Precentral | 0.711 | 0.879 | 0.652 | Precentral | 0.709 | 0.779 | 0.571 |
Precuneus | 0.585 | 0.855 | 0.803 | Precuneus | 0.678 | 0.830 | 0.713 |
Rostralanteriorcingulate | 0.694 | 0.515 | 0.513 | Rostralanteriorcingulate | 0.668 | 0.676 | 0.545 |
Rostralmiddlefrontal | 0.747 | 0.894 | 0.617 | Rostralmiddlefrontal | 0.741 | 0.812 | 0.614 |
Superiorfrontal | 0.690 | 0.833 | 0.638 | Superiorfrontal | 0.662 | 0.847 | 0.693 |
Superiorparietal | 0.686 | 0.836 | 0.738 | Superiorparietal | 0.658 | 0.848 | 0.814 |
Superiortemporal | 0.725 | 0.727 | 0.577 | Superiortemporal | 0.765 | 0.730 | 0.667 |
Supramarginal | 0.826 | 0.915 | 0.613 | Supramarginal | 0.741 | 0.936 | 0.825 |
Frontalpole | 0.615 | 0.712 | 0.583 | Frontalpole | 0.654 | 0.736 | 0.571 |
Temporalpole | 0.593 | 0.609 | 0.521 | Temporalpole | 0.583 | 0.648 | 0.545 |
Transversetemporal | 0.773 | 0.676 | 0.559 | Transversetemporal | 0.674 | 0.767 | 0.565 |
Insula | 0.708 | 0.773 | 0.576 | Insula | 0.625 | 0.624 | 0.507 |