Background
Methods
Model structure
Patient population
Costs
Country/costs (USD) | Trastuzumab treatment | Local recurrence | Distance recurrence |
---|---|---|---|
Congo | 20,000 | 974 | 1356 |
Ethiopia | 20,000 | 1323 | 1841 |
Guinea | 20,000 | 1136 | 1581 |
Kenya | 20,000 | 2769 | 3853 |
Namibia | 20,000 | 9719 | 13,524 |
Nigeria | 20,000 | 5446 | 7578 |
Rwanda | 20,000 | 1456 | 2027 |
Uganda | 20,000 | 1424 | 1981 |
Zambia | 20,000 | 2695 | 3751 |
Zimbabwe | 20,000 | 2090 | 2909 |
South Africa | 20,000 | 11,836 | 16,470 |
Quality of life
Description | Value | Distribution | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Utilities | |||
Remission (R) | 0.94 | Beta (89, 6) | |
Local recurrence (LR) | 0.82 | Beta (77, 23) | [16] |
Distant recurrence (DR) | 0.58 | Beta (171, 79) | [16] |
Transition probabilities | |||
R > LR | 0.029 | Beta (27, 983) | [26] |
R > DR | 0.087 | Beta (102, 1061) | |
LR > R | 0.1 | Beta (111, 899) | [16] |
LR > DR | 0.261 | Beta (119, 931) | [16] |
DR > BCD | 0.325 | Beta (15, 20) | [16] |
R, DR, LR > D | All-cause mortality | Age-specific mortality | [32] |
Hazard ratio years 1–5 | 0.59 | Log-Normal (− 0.527, 0.089) |
Sensitivity analyses
Results
Country | Results | LYs | QALYs | Costs (USD) | ICER ($/QALY) | ICER ($/LY) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Congo | No Tzb arm | 8.88 | 7.72 | 2588 | 20,520 | 19,701 |
Tzb arm | 9.89 | 8.69 | 22,585 | |||
Diffrence | 1.01 | 0.97 | 19,997 | |||
Ethiopia | No Tzb arm | 8.87 | 7.71 | 3541 | 19,990 | 19,384 |
Tzb arm | 9.90 | 8.70 | 23,457 | |||
Diffrence | 1.03 | 1.00 | 19,916 | |||
Guinea | No Tzb arm | 8.65 | 7.52 | 2955 | 20,692 | 20,025 |
Tzb arm | 9.65 | 8.48 | 22,898 | |||
Diffrence | 1.00 | 0.96 | 19,943 | |||
Kenya | No Tzb arm | 8.96 | 7.79 | 7467 | 19,601 | 18,709 |
Tzb arm | 10.03 | 8.80 | 27,448 | |||
Diffrence | 1.07 | 1.02 | 19,982 | |||
Namibia | No Tzb arm | 8.69 | 7.54 | 25,549 | 19,818 | 19,125 |
Tzb arm | 9.72 | 8.53 | 45,173 | |||
Diffrence | 1.03 | 0.99 | 19,624 | |||
Nigeria | No Tzb arm | 8.51 | 7.39 | 14,066 | 21,697 | 21,321 |
Tzb arm | 9.43 | 8.29 | 33,628 | |||
Diffrence | 0.92 | 0.90 | 19,561 | |||
Rwanda | No Tzb arm | 8.98 | 7.80 | 3919 | 19,751 | 19,004 |
Tzb arm | 10.03 | 8.81 | 23,894 | |||
Diffrence | 1.05 | 1.01 | 19,975 | |||
Uganda | No Tzb arm | 8.79 | 7.63 | 3793 | 20,477 | 19,806 |
Tzb arm | 9.80 | 8.61 | 23,738 | |||
Diffrence | 1.01 | 0.97 | 19,945 | |||
Zambia | No Tzb arm | 8.75 | 7.60 | 7116 | 20,330 | 19,473 |
Tzb arm | 9.77 | 8.58 | 27,074 | |||
Diffrence | 1.02 | 0.98 | 19,958 | |||
Zimbabwe | No Tzb arm | 8.57 | 7.44 | 5458 | 20,537 | 20,086 |
Tzb arm | 9.56 | 8.41 | 25,303 | |||
Diffrence | 0.99 | 0.97 | 19,845 | |||
South Africa | No Tzb arm | 8.76 | 7.61 | 31,160 | 19,534 | 18,719 |
Tzb arm | 9.83 | 8.63 | 51,119 | |||
Diffrence | 1.07 | 1.02 | 19,960 |
Country | Value based price (1 GDP per capita) | Value based price (3 GDP per capita) |
---|---|---|
Congo | 466 | 1392 |
Ethiopia | 727 | 2012 |
Guinea | 591 | 1659 |
Kenya | 1395 | 4147 |
Namibia | 5068 | 14,451 |
Nigeria | 2832 | 7620 |
Rwanda | 743 | 2179 |
Uganda | 731 | 2083 |
Zambia | 1332 | 3912 |
Zimbabwe | 1139 | 3109 |
South Africa | 5936 | 17,728 |
Discussion
Country | ICER | GDP per capita (USD) |
---|---|---|
Switzerland | 40,505 EUR (45,950 USD) per LYG | 57,579 |
United Kingdom | 25,803 GBP (33,073 USD) per QALY | 44,252 |
Sweden | 41,500 USD per QALY | 46,256 |
Norway | 35,974 EUR (40,810 USD) per LYG | 85,170 |
United States | 26,417 USD per QALY | 48,061 |
United States | 39,892 USD per QALY | 55,443 |