Venous leg ulcers, affecting approximately 1% of the population, are costly to manage due to poor healing and high recurrence rates. We evaluated an evidence-informed leg ulcer care protocol with two frequently used high compression systems: ‘four-layer bandage’ (4LB) and ‘short-stretch bandage’ (SSB).
Methods
We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using individual patient data from the Canadian Bandaging Trial, a publicly funded, pragmatic, randomized trial evaluating high compression therapy with 4LB (n = 215) and SSB (n = 209) for community care of venous leg ulcers. We estimated costs (in 2009–2010 Canadian dollars) from the societal perspective and used a time horizon corresponding to each trial participant’s first year.
Results
Relative to SSB, 4LB was associated with an average 15 ulcer-free days gained, although the 95% confidence interval [−32, 21 days] crossed zero, indicating no treatment difference; an average health benefit of 0.009 QALYs gained [−0.019, 0.037] and overall, an average cost increase of $420 [$235, $739] (due to twice as many 4LB bandages used); or equivalently, a cost of $46,667 per QALY gained. If decision makers are willing to pay from $50,000 to $100,000 per QALY, the probability of 4LB being more cost effective increased from 51% to 63%.
Conclusions
Our findings differ from the emerging clinical and economic evidence that supports high compression therapy with 4LB, and therefore suggest another perspective on high compression practice, namely when delivered by trained registered nurses using an evidence-informed protocol, both 4LB and SSB systems offer comparable effectiveness and value for money.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-346) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
All authors wish to declare that to the best of our knowledge, no conflict of interest, financial or other, exists.
Authors’ contributions
BP developed the analysis plan for the cost-effectiveness analysis, coordinated the project, wrote the manuscript, and was responsible for the cost-effectiveness analysis and interpretation of the results. MBH was the principal investigator of the Canadian Bandaging Trial (CBT) and responsible for the conceptualization, ethical approval, conduct and management of the CBT. She contributed to the conceptualization of the cost-effectiveness analysis and interpretation of the results. MHC conducted the cost-effectiveness analysis, and assisted with the interpretation of the results. MEC was responsible for data management of the CBT, contributed to the conceptualization of the cost-effectiveness analysis, assisted with the analysis, and contributed to the interpretation of the results. The ‘Canadian Bandaging Trial Group’ members served as site investigators, contributed to the feasibility and conduct of the trial protocol, and contributed to the interpretation of the results of the cost-effectiveness analysis. All primary authors participated in the revisions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.
Background
Community care of individuals with chronic wounds is an important issue for community care authorities as it consumes approximately 14% of their budget [1]. In particular, budget shortfalls and nursing shortages make caring for individuals with venous leg ulcers a challenge [2]. This chronic condition affects approximately 1% of people at some time in their lives [3]. It is associated with poor healing [4], high recurrence [5], and negative impact on physical and psychological wellbeing [6].
Best practice supported by high level evidence recommends high compression bandaging applied by well-trained clinicians for individuals with leg ulcers associated with venous insufficiency [7‐11]. Compression bandaging systems are all designed to improve venous return but vary by construction (knitted, woven), components (elastic, non-elastic), performance (long-stretch, short-stretch) and layers (single-layer, multiple-layer) [12]. Some frequently used systems are the “four-layer bandage” system (strictly speaking a four-component system, 4LB) and the multi-component compression that includes a “short-stretch bandage” (SSB) [12]. The Canadian Bandaging Trial (CBT, n = 424 participants), funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, was a pragmatic, multi-centre (10 centres in three provinces), open-label, randomized comparative trial evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of high compression therapy with 4LB and SSB for community care of venous leg ulcers [13, 14]. Results of the effectiveness analysis have been recently published [13]. On average, leg ulcers in participants treated with 4LB heal slightly faster than those in SSB participants but overall, the treatment groups are not significantly different with respect to healing times, recurrence rates, health-related quality of life, or pain [13]. We described results of the cost-effectiveness analysis below.
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Methods
Overview
This cost-effectiveness analysis compared the costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of high compression therapy with 4LB and SSB for individuals with venous leg ulcers using individual patient data from the CBT. The comparison was conducted within the following decision-making context: community care setting (home or nursing clinic); participating centres were supported during the pilot phase of the trial to develop a common evidence-informed protocol for venous leg ulcers (e.g., full assessment, ankle brachial pressure index to screen for arterial disease) [14]; and registered nurses (RNs) with the trial were trained on the evidence-informed protocol to reduce variation in service delivery and bandaging skills [13, 14]. Ethics approval for the trial was received from Queen’s University Research Ethics Board, Kingston Canada (REB# NURS-140-03).
We conducted the analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle [15]. Given the funding source, we estimated costs from the societal perspective in the base case analysis and given the decision-making context, considered the health systems and community care perspectives in scenario analyses [16]. All costs are expressed in 2009–2010 Canadian dollars. We measured QALYs during the first year of the trial and therefore did not use discounting of future outcomes [16].
Patient population
The patient population is described elsewhere [13]. In total, 424 consenting individuals referred for community care with a venous leg ulcer were randomized to 4LB (n = 215) and SSB (n = 209). In total, 23 (11%) 4LB participants were lost to follow-up and 57 (27%) participants discontinued therapy before healing. The corresponding number for SSB participants was 10 (5%) and 44 (21%). Reasons for lost to follow-up and discontinuation are reported elsewhere [13]. Participants were on average 65 years of age, of whom 80% were fully mobile.
High compression therapy
In the late 1990’s, best practice recommendations in Canada and elsewhere, supported by high level evidence, indicate that the most effective treatment for venous leg ulcers is high compression bandaging [7, 17‐19] applied by well-trained healthcare professionals [20]. By 2004 when the CBT trial started, high compression bandaging had become the standard of care, although it was unclear which high compression systems should be used in routine practice [21].
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In the CBT, community care RNs trained in both the 4LB and SSB systems administered the randomly allocated high compression system to participants. The 4LB system is available as a kit (i.e., Profore®, Smith & Nephew Medical Ltd.) and is used once and discarded. There is no pre-packaged SSB system. Instead, the attending nurses selected the bandages (e.g., the initial protective padding layer covered with two bandaging layers) depending on a participant’s leg circumferences. Whenever possible, SSB bandages (e.g., Comprilan®, Beiersdorf-Jobst, Inc.) were washed by the participants and reused.
Resources used
Resources utilization data were collected from baseline to healing or 12 months whichever came first. In the CBT, visit schedule (at least once a week) was not dictated by the trial protocol but rather determined by the visiting nurse. At each visit, nursing staff completed a clinical sheet detailing the care given (e.g. dressings, skin treatments), the approximate visit time, and also documented on a supply log all newly opened supplies provided by the community care authority (e.g., compression bandages, wound contact layers, cohesive bandages).
Monthly and at the time of healing, participants filled out expense forms for resources consumed or expenses incurred because of leg ulcers, including health services used (i.e., visits to hospitals, family physicians, specialists, and emergency rooms), out-of-pocket expenses (i.e., taxi fares, parking fees, and preventive supplies (e.g., stocking, alternate shoes)), hire help (e.g., cleaning, meal preparation, gardening, and snow shovelling) and lost work days.
We assumed that other resources unrelated to leg ulcers had been unchanged with treatment allocation.
Unit costs
Table 1 displays unit costs of the resources used for leg ulcer care. The site-specific unit costs of treatment supplies were obtained from the participant centres. The average cost of the 4LB kit was approximately $30 (range: $23, $41). The cost of SSB depends on how the system is assembled for a participant’s leg circumferences (e.g., 6- and 8-centimeter bandages and padding). Its cost was participant-dependent, ranging on average from $29 to $35 (overall range: $20, $42).
Table 1
Unit prices used tovalue resources consumed (2009–2010Canadian dollar)
Item of resource
Unit
Unit cost ($)
Source
High compression bandages
Four-layer bandage (4LB) system
Kit
29.55
Site data*
Short-stretch bandage (SSB) system
6 cm bandage
Each
11.69
Site data*
8 cm bandage
Each
13.90
Site data*
10 cm bandage
Each
14.89
Site data*
12 cm bandage
Each
17.27
Site data*
Padding
Each
2.91
Site data*
Typically used SSB system
6 cm + 8 cm + padding
System
28.50
Site data*
8 cm + 10 cm + padding
System
31.70
Site data*
10 cm + 12 cm + padding
System
35.07
Site data*
Hourly nursing wage
Hour
35.15
ONA†
Health services utilization
Family doctor visit
Visit
34.70
OHIP‡
Specialist visit
Visit
68.31
OHIP‡
Emergency room visit
Visit
252.00
OHIP‡
Outpatient hospital visit
Visit
426.00
OCCI§
Time cost of lost work due to leg ulcer
Hour
9.41
HRSD¶
Abbreviations: ONA: Ontario Nursing Association. OCCI: Ontario Case Costing Initiative. OHIP: Ontario Health Insurance Plan database. HRSD: Department of Human Resources and Skills Development. Notes:*Unit prices are for illustration purposes only; the analysis uses site-specific prices (see Methods). †Average full-time hourly rate of an RN [22]. ‡Mean costs of physician services from OHIP database (see Methods). §Average direct (and overhead) cost of ambulatory care visits [25]. ¶Average minimum hourly wages across provinces [26].
The average hourly wage of an RN was $35 ($30, $42) [22]. Average unit costs for physician services (family physicians, specialists, and emergency departments - EDs) were obtained from the Ontario Health Insurance Plan dataset [23]. A location code in the dataset indicates whether the service was provided in a physician’s office or in an ED. Costs reflect mean fee paid per visit (e.g., $52 for physician cost per ED visit). The total average cost per ED visit includes an additional $200 for non-physician costs [24]. The mean direct cost (including overhead costs) of outpatient hospital (ambulatory care) visits was obtained from the Ontario Case Costing Initiative [25]. The time cost of lost work was valued using the average minimum wage [26].
Cost estimates
From the community care perspective, the costs of nursing visits and all treatment supplies provided by the community care authorities were included. The health system costs included the community care costs and visit costs to outpatient services, family physicians, specialists and emergency rooms. The societal costs included the health system costs and all expenses and lost income related to leg ulcers incurred by the participants.
Quality-adjusted life-years
QALYs were derived for all participants to reflect survival time, treatment outcomes and health-related quality of life according to the EQ-5D™ questionnaire [27]. The EQ-5D™ is a generic measure of health status, where health is characterised on five dimensions (mobility, self care, ability to undertake usual activities, pain, anxiety / depression) [28]. Each dimension has 3 levels, reflecting “no health problems,” “moderate health problems,” and “extreme health problems.” Each response placed a participant into one of 243 mutually exclusive health states, each of which has previously been valued on the 0 (equivalent to dead) to 1 (equivalent to good health) ‘utility’ scale to derive a health-related quality-of-life weight from a sample of 4048 members of the US public [29]. We used the US valuation scheme because at the time of the analysis a Canadian scheme is still under-development (Dr. Jeffrey A. Johnson, University of Alberta, personal communication, April 3, 2010).
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Participants filled out the EQ-5D™ questionnaire at baseline, every three months while on treatment or at healing time and 3 months post-healing. Over one year, each participant had a quality-of-life weight from three to five time-points and, by using area under the curve methods which effectively weights time by health-related quality of life, we derived QALYs [30]. To account for baseline variation in quality-of-life weights, we estimated mean QALYs for treatment groups adjusting for baseline differences [31].
Data analysis
Scenario analyses were conducted by varying perspectives to inform different decision makers. We presented the results separately for societal, health system and community care perspectives. We conducted the base case analysis using site-specific wholesale prices of all treatment supplies, accounting for variation in the unit prices of 4LB kits, and variation in the types of SSB bandages assembled according to individual participants’ leg circumferences and their varied unit prices. Sensitivity analyses were conducted 1) using average, low and high prices of the 4LB kit and 2) using highest unit prices (of the site-specific prices) of the bandages and padding assembled for the SSB systems.
Relative to SSB, the average ulcer-free days gained with 4LB was estimated by the median difference in the time to healing using the Kaplan-Meier method [15]. The mean costs and mean QALYs of 4LB and SSB were estimated using methods to adjust for censored data due to lost to follow-up [32‐34]. Patients who discontinued their allocated bandages continued to be followed; their data were included in the analysis, conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle [15]. We estimated the differential mean costs and mean QALYs of 4LB relative to SSB, and derived the corresponding incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs).
To account for sampling variation, we re-sampled the individual participant data from the original CBT with replacement to create 1000 bootstrapped CBT trials and re-analyzed the bootstrapped trial data [35, 36]. For simplicity, we did not take into account variation in the unit costs of health services used and hourly wages (Table 1). We derived the 95% “credible” (hereafter “confidence”) intervals for differential costs and QALYs using the bias corrected and accelerated bootstrap method [35]. We plotted cost effectiveness acceptability curves [37, 38], showing the probability that 4LB is more cost effective than SSB for different values decision makers are willing to pay for an additional QALY gained with compression therapy.
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All analyses were conducted in R, version 2.9.0, R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Results
Resources used
Table 2 summarizes resources used and time loss due to leg ulcers. Relative to SSB, 4LB was associated with a 14% decrease in the average number of nursing visits and average total nursing time. On average, participants used approximately twice as many 4LB as SSB bandages. 4LB participants visited outpatient services, family physicians, specialists and emergency rooms less often than SSB participants, although the annual utilization rates were very small. There were no reported hospitalizations and the mean numbers of lost work hours were very small.
Table 2
Resources used and timeloss due to legulcers during the firstyear of follow-up
4LB (n = 215)
SSB (n = 209)
Difference*
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Number of nursing visits
28.25 (24.16)
32.64 (24.07)
−14%
Total nursing time (hour)
15.90 (13.28)
18.48 (15.63)
−14%
Total number of bandages used
24.04 (24.54)
11.64 (10.07)
107%
Health services used
Family doctor visits†
0.284 (0.790)
0.368 (0.857)
−23%
Specialist visits†
0.019 (0.135)
0.081 (0.402)
−77%
Hospital visits†
0.005 (0.068)
0.014 (0.119)
−64%
Emergency room visits†
0.260 (0.087)
0.411 (1.603)
−37%
Lost work hours‡
1.14 (6.09)
1.24 (5.29)
−8%
Abbreviations: 4LB: four-layer bandage. SSB: short-stretch bandage. SD: standard deviation. Notes:*(4LB mean - SSB mean), expressed as percentages of the SSB mean. †Total number of visits per participant. ‡Total number of hours missed work due to leg ulcer per participant.
Costs
Table 3 shows mean costs per participant. The marked differences were in high compression bandaging cost ($606 more with 4LB, because twice as many 4LB bandages were used), nursing time cost ($90 less with 4LB, mainly due to the average ulcer-free days gained with 4LB, as reported below), and out-of-pocket expenses ($30 less with 4LB). Overall, 4LB cost more per participant per year (point estimate: $420; 95% confidence interval: $235 to $739).
Table 3
Mean costs during thefirst year of follow-up
4LB (n = 215)
SSB (n = 209)
Cost Difference $*
Mean cost (SD) $
Mean cost (SD) $
Nursing visits
563 (463)
653 (547)
−90
Compression bandages
811 (897)
205 (232)
606
Health services used†
35 (96)
46 (117)
−11
Out-of-pocket expenses‡
28 (78)
58 (177)
−30
Lost work due to leg ulcers
1.82 (8.08)
2.39 (9.06)
−0.57
Hired help§
0.43 (3.25)
0.56 (2.98)
−0.13
Mean (95% CI)
Mean (95% CI)
Total cost
1570 (1448, 1870)
1150 (1014, 1297)
Differential cost
420 (235, 739 )
Abbreviations: 4LB: four-layer bandage. SSB: short-stretch bandage. SD: standard deviation. CI: confidence intervals derived from the 1000 bootstrapped trials. Notes:*(4LB mean – SSB mean). †Per participant costs of visits to family physicians, specialists, outpatient services, and emergency rooms. ‡Per participant expenses related to leg ulcer care. §Costs of hired help related to leg ulcer.
In summary, bandaging costs were substantially higher for 4LB and these were only partially offset by the lower health utilisation costs for 4LB compared with SSB.
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Health outcomes
Table 4 summarizes healing time and QALYs. Leg ulcers treated with 4LB on average healed slightly faster than those with SSB, resulting in an average 15 ulcer-free days gained with 4LB; however, the 95% confidence interval (−32 days, 21 days) crossed zero, indicating no statistically significant difference between treatment groups. Healing rates were also not different between treatments: at 12 weeks, the healing rate was 58% for 4LB and 53% for SSB; the corresponding rate was 71% and 78% at 26 weeks and 83% and 92% at 52 weeks (data not shown).
Table 4
Summary of healing timeand QALYs during thefirst year of follow-up
4LB (n = 215)
SSB (n = 209)
Median (95% CI)
Median (95% CI)
Healing time (days)
62 (51, 73)
77 (63, 91)
Ulcer-free days
−15 (−32, 21)
Mean (95% CI)
Mean (95% CI)
Quality-adjusted life years
0.839 (0.811, 0.862)
0.830 (0.809, 0.851)
Difference (QALYs)
0.009 (−0.019, 0.037 )
Abbreviations: 4LB: four-layer bandage. SSB: short-stretch bandage. CI: confidence interval derived from the 1000 bootstrapped samples. QALY: Quality-adjusted life year.
The mean quality-of-life weights were comparable for both groups at regular assessment intervals while participants were on treatment (Figure 1, solid lines). Both groups attained similar improvement in quality-of-life weights at healing and sustained the improvement comparably at 3 months post healing (Figure 1, broken lines), partially reflecting similar recurrence rates (10% for 4LB and 13% for SSB at 52 weeks, data not shown). Comparable trends in health-related quality of life between groups were also observed with the physical and mental components of the SF-12 (data not shown).
Figure 1
Mean quality of life weights*by treatment group during the first year of follow-up.Abbreviations: 4LB: four-layer bandage. SSB: short-stretch bandage. Notes: Error bars denote standard error of the means. *Health-related quality of life according to the EQ-5D™ questionnaire [27].
×
Partially due to the average 15 ulcer-free days gained with 4LB, 4LB was associated with a differential mean of 0.009 QALYs (95% confidence interval: -0.019, 0.037 QALYs, Table 4), corresponding to 3.3 quality-adjusted life-days gained (−7.0, 13.5).
Cost effectiveness
For the base case analysis, both mean overall costs and mean QALYs were higher for 4LB than for SSB participants, with mean differences of $420 and 0.009 QALYs. Here, the issue is whether decision makers are willing to pay $420 more for the 0.009 QALYs gained, or equivalently, the additional cost of $46,667 ($420/0.009) per QALY gained associated with 4LB — the implied ICER.
Using a willingness-to-pay value of $50,000 per QALY as an exchange rate, the health benefit of 0.009 QALYs gained is equivalent to $450 and the net monetary benefit associated with 4LB was $30 ($450 - $420). Alternatively, the additional cost of $420 is equivalent to 3.1 quality-adjusted life days and the net health benefit was 0.2 (approximately 3.3 – 3.1) quality-adjusted life days. At a willingness-to-pay value of $100,000 per QALY, the corresponding net monetary benefit was $480 and the corresponding net health benefit was 1.8 quality-adjusted life days.
Above, the ICER was estimated with sampling uncertainty, which is represented in Figure 2 in the form of a cost effectiveness acceptability curve. The curve indicates that the higher the value decision makers are willing to pay for an additional QALY gained, the higher the probability that 4LB will be more cost effective than SSB. For willingness-to-pay values ranging from $50,000 to $100,000 per QALY gained, the probability that 4LB is more cost effective than SSB increased from 51% to 63%.
Figure 2
Probability of 4LB being more cost-effective at different willingness-to-pay values.Abbreviations: 4LB: four-layer bandage. SSB: short-stretch bandage.
×
Scenario and sensitivity analyses
Table 5 displays results of the scenario and sensitivity analyses. The ICER was approximately $48,000 from a health system perspective and approximately $51,000 from a community care perspective. When the unit price of the 4LB kit was fixed at its average ($30), lowest ($23) and highest ($39) price, the ICERs changed slightly from approximately $46,000 to $47,000. Using the highest unit prices of the components of the SSB systems (instead of the site-specific unit prices of the components), the ICER was approximately $45,000.
Table 5
Results of base case,scenario and sensitivity analyses*
4LB (n = 215)
SSB (n = 209)
Differential cost
Cost per QALY gained
Mean cost (95% CI)
Mean cost (95% CI)
Mean (95% CI)
Base case analysis‡
1570 (1448, 1870)
1150 (1014, 1297)
420 (235, 739 )
46,667
Scenario analyses
Community care perspective
1497 (1371, 1760)
1034 (930, 1169)
463 (308, 748)
51,444
Healthcare payer perspective
1519 (1394, 1786)
1089 (968, 1216)
430 (2801, 749)
47,777
Sensitivity analyses
Unit price of a 4LB kit
Average ($29.55)†
1567 (1442,1879)
1150 (1014, 1297 )
417 (256, 753)
46,333
Low ($22.70)†
1561 (1433, 1849 )
1150 (1014, 1297 )
410 (251, 742)
45,556
High ($39.10)†
1576 (1459,1864)
1150 (1014, 1297 )
426 (246, 754)
47,333
Highest prices of SSB systems
1570 (1448, 1870)
1169 (1035, 1315)
401 (240, 729)
44,556
Abbreviations: 4LB: four-layer bandage. SSB: short-stretch bandage. CI: confidence interval. Notes:*Only mean costs are displayed in Table 5; refer to Table 4 for mean QALYs. ‡According to the societal perspective. †Average costs of the 4LB kit from site-specific prices.
Discussion
We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of high compression therapy for community care of individuals with venous leg ulcers. The effects of the two high compression systems were similar. Relative to the SSB system, the 4LB system was associated with a very small health benefit (approximately 3 quality-adjusted life-days gained over one year), and with a small cost increase (an average increase of $420 per individual per year), or equivalently, a cost of approximately $47,000 per QALY gained. For willingness-to-pay values between $50,000 and $100,000 per QALY, the probability that 4LB is more cost effective than SSB ranged from 51% to 63%, indicating that the decision about value for money is finely balanced. Our results are different from recently published studies and therefore suggest another perspective on high compression practice.
Existing clinical and economic evidence supports high compression therapy with 4LB for venous leg ulcers. Results from a meta-analysis including individual patient data from 90% of known randomized patients (or 5 trials) show that relative to SSB, 4LB is associated with significantly shorter healing time of approximately 30% and the treatment effect is consistent across patients with different prognostic profiles [39]. Similar results are also reported in a related Cochrane systematic review (6 randomized trials, a total of 847 participants), but care setting remains an important factor for variation in clinical outcomes [40]. A cost-effectiveness analysis using individual patient data from the largest trial in the review [41], the VenUS I randomized trial (n = 387 participants) also shows that 4LB is more effective and less costly than SSB for community care of venous leg ulcers in the UK [42]. On the other hand, results from the CBT (424 participants) show that in the practice context of trained RNs using an evidence-informed protocol, the choice of high compression bandage system does not materially affect healing times, recurrence rates, health-related quality of life, or pain [13]. Using CBT data, our results show that SSB is as economically attractive as 4LB. Within the right organization of care, the choice of high compression bandaging systems appears to be less important. If delivery of only one, or the other, is possible because of local factors and resources, the CBT results suggest that the expected health benefits and costs would not be compromised whichever is selected.
O’Meara et al. conducted a systematic review (and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with data from individual patients) evaluating 4LB and SSB for venous leg ulcers [39]. They identified seven eligible trials (887 patients, and patient level data were retrieved for 5 trials, including 797 patients) and reported that 4LB was associated with significantly shorter time to healing: adjusted hazard ratio 1.31 (95% confidence interval: 1.09 to 1.58). The CBT increases the information available by approximately 50%. Adding the CBT data to the existing evidence in a meta-analysis conducted by CBT members (Drs. Andrea Nelson and Margaret Harrison, Journal of Community Nursing, manuscript submitted), the hazard ratio estimate is 1.14 (0.98, 1.32). The updated evidence suggests that high compression is the key to venous leg ulcer care and the method of delivery is less important than indicated in some earlier work [39‐42].
Limitations
There are a number of important limitations. First, the CBT was open-labelled. Blinding the nurse to the compression therapy was not feasible and once bandage were applied it would have been excessively intrusive to remove them solely for the purpose of an outcome assessment [13]. Healing assessment however was validated by photos assessed by an expert who was located remotely from the site of care and blinded to treatment allocation [13]. We expected minimal bias potentially introduced by the open-label manoeuvre since i) the primary analysis was based upon time to healing and ii) the choice of bandage system did not seem to materially affect healing times, recurrence rates, health-related quality of life, or pain [13].
In mid 2011, we analyzed our EQ-5D data using preference values of EQ-5D health states derived for the US public [29]. In February 2012, the preference valuation for the Canadian public became available [43]. According to Bansback et al. 2012, the correlation between the US and Canadian tariffs is high (i.e., 0.96), although the maximum absolute difference could be large (i.e., 0.06). This is primarily because i) compared to US participants, Canadian participants revealed lower preference values for severe health states and ii) different transformations were applied to values of worse-than-dead states (a linear and monotonic transformation was used for the US and Canadian valuation, respectively so that these values are bounded between −1 and 0). While these are important measurement issues, they would be far less important for the average results in our cost-effectiveness analysis. This was partially because CBT participants 1) were relatively young (i.e., 65 years of age, relative to for example, approximately 71 for a similar trial, the VenUS I trial), 2) were relatively mobile (i.e., 80% relative to 61% for VenUS I), and 3) were with relatively high average EQ-5D valuation at baseline (i.e., 0.77 versus 0.60 for VenUS I) [41, 42]. In addition, because the health-related quality of life profiles (i.e., EQ-5D, SF-12 mental and physical component scores) were not markedly different between treatment groups, we did not anticipate any major impacts of this limitation on the results of our analysis.
We valued collected resources that were deemed attributable to leg ulcers, according to the participants. We did not assess the reliability of this attribution although according to our collective experience with conducting the VenUS I and CBT trials, participants would recall most high-value items associated with their leg ulcers.
Last but not least, we only evaluated two frequently used high compression systems (4LB and SSB) although there are a large number of systems available, including newer systems [12].
Conclusions
Our findings differ from the emerging clinical and economic evidence that supports high compression therapy with 4LB, and therefore suggest another perspective on high compression practice. Namely when delivered by trained registered nurses using an evidence-informed protocol, both 4LB and SSB bandages offer comparable effectiveness and value for money.
Acknowledgements
Members of the Canadian Bandaging Trial Group included Arleene Arnold, Maureen Buchanan, Donna Flahr, Ian D Graham, Connie Harris, Wilma M Hopman, Theresa Hurd, Karen Lorimer, Estrella Mercurio, Susan Mills-Zorzes, Andrea Nelson, Mary Catherine Rilett, Laura Teague, Michelle Todoruk-Orchard and Elizabeth G VanDenKerkhof. The research team is indebted to the many individuals with leg ulcers who gave generously of their time to participate in this trial. We gratefully acknowledge Elaine Friedberg and Val Angus for trial coordination and logistical support, and Monica Prince for data management support. We greatly appreciate Dr. Murray Krahn, University of Toronto, for his insightful comments on an early version of this manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Andy Willan, SickKids Research Institute, for his guidance during the analysis. The study was funded by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR #63175, CIHR funded trials ISRCTN37782978). During the time of this study M.B. Harrison held research personnel awards from CIHR. B. Pham is a research associate with the Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative. THETA is funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and Health Quality Ontario.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
All authors wish to declare that to the best of our knowledge, no conflict of interest, financial or other, exists.
Authors’ contributions
BP developed the analysis plan for the cost-effectiveness analysis, coordinated the project, wrote the manuscript, and was responsible for the cost-effectiveness analysis and interpretation of the results. MBH was the principal investigator of the Canadian Bandaging Trial (CBT) and responsible for the conceptualization, ethical approval, conduct and management of the CBT. She contributed to the conceptualization of the cost-effectiveness analysis and interpretation of the results. MHC conducted the cost-effectiveness analysis, and assisted with the interpretation of the results. MEC was responsible for data management of the CBT, contributed to the conceptualization of the cost-effectiveness analysis, assisted with the analysis, and contributed to the interpretation of the results. The ‘Canadian Bandaging Trial Group’ members served as site investigators, contributed to the feasibility and conduct of the trial protocol, and contributed to the interpretation of the results of the cost-effectiveness analysis. All primary authors participated in the revisions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.
