Introduction
Methods
Search strategy
Study selection
Data extraction
Results
Study selection
Study characteristics
Characteristic | Number of country-specific results: N = 83; Number of papers: N = 581 | Totala | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of studies | 9 | 16 | 3 | 10 | 24 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 58 |
English | 5 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 21 | 11 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 44 |
National language | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
Search | ||||||||||
Electronic database search | 7 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 23 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 50 |
Hand-search | 2 | 5 | NA | NA | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8 |
Currency | ||||||||||
Euro | 9 | 10 | 3 | 10 | 21 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 45 |
National currency | NA | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 13 |
Source of resource use data | ||||||||||
Retrospective cross-sectional, self-completed questionnaire | 6 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
Retrospective chart review | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
Interview-based prospective cohort | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Retrospective claims data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
Combination of various sourcesb | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
Modelling | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
NR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Perspective | ||||||||||
Public payer | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 10 |
Societal | 2 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30 |
Patient | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Hospital | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
NR | 5 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 13 |
Costing method | ||||||||||
Top–down | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 |
Bottom–up | 3 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 22 |
NR | 5 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 24 |
Indirect cost calculation method | ||||||||||
Human capital | 5 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 18 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 34 |
Friction cost | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 |
NR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
N/A | 3 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 |
Informal care monetary valuation | ||||||||||
Proxy good | 0 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Opportunity cost | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
NR | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
Other | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
N/A | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 29 |
Funding source | ||||||||||
EU | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
Pharmaceutical industry | 5 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 11 |
Government | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
None | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
NR | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 11 |
Cost per patient reported | ||||||||||
Direct medical costs | 5 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 20 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 38 |
Indirect costs | 6 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 21 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 38 |
Informal care cost | 4 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 18 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 29 |
Total costs | 8 | 13 | 3 | 7 | 23 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 47 |
Any unit costs | ||||||||||
Reported | 3 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 24 |
NR | 6 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 34 |
Methods
Cost-of-illness: comparison across countries in one disease
Disease | Country | Study | Costing year | Sample size | Perspective | Resource use data source | EUR/patient/year converted to € 2017 | Total cost as % of GDP/capita | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total costs | Direct medical | Direct non-medical | Indirect costs | ||||||||
I. Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (ICD A00–B99) | |||||||||||
Acute gastrointestinal infections | POL | Czech et al. [87] | 2009 | NR | Societal | Interview-based prospective cohort, follow-up period = 4 weeks | 196 | 77 | 16 | 103 | 1.7% |
Clostridium difficile infection | HUN | Kopcsóné Németh et al. [95]a | 2011 | 151 | Hospital | Retrospective chart review | 656–1397 | NR | NR | NR | 5.2–11.1% |
HIV infection | AUT | Grabmeier-Pfistershammer et al. [58] | 2006 | 24 | NR | Retrospective chart review | 28,572 | NR | NR | NR | 5.7% |
Rotavirus gastroenteritis | CZE HUN POL SVK | Tichopad et al. [75] | 2013 | 109 NR 112 115 | Payer | Retrospective chart review | 494 324 747 597 | NR NR NR NR | NR NR NR NR | NR NR NR NR | 2.7% 2.6% 6.2% 3.8% |
II. Neoplasms (C00–D48) | |||||||||||
Bladder cancer | AUT BUL HRV CZE HUN POL ROU SVK SVN | Leal et al. [59] | 2012 | NR | NR | Publicly available sources and claims data were combined | 12,988 2320 6035 7266 4545 6757 3812 8677 16,479 | 7965 1090 2520 4511 2748 3466 1750 6143 8050 | NR | 3292 912 2725 1935 1061 2333 1548 1749 6398 | 30.9% 32.7% 51.1% 40.1% 36.1% 55.8% 39.7% 55.6% 78.5% |
Breast cancer | HUN | Inotai et al. [41] | 2012 | 127,512 | NR | Retrospective claims data | 1622 | NR | NR | NR | 12.9% |
Cervical cancer | POL | Dubas-Jakóbczyk et al. [88] | 2012 | NR | Societal | Publicly available sources and social insurance data were combined | NR | NR | NR | 8457,898f | NA |
Colorectal cancer | HUN | Inotai et al. [41] | 2012 | 118,235 | NR | Retrospective claims data | 2010 | NR | NR | NR | 16.0% |
Lung cancer | HUN | Inotai et al. [41] | 2012 | 126,731 | NR | Retrospective claims data | 2663 | NR | NR | NR | 21.1% |
Prostate cancer | HUN | Inotai et al. [41] Brodszky et al. [40] | 2012 2005 | 56,382 17,642 | Payer Payer | Retrospective claims data Retrospective follow-up cohort of claims data, follow-up = 8 years | 1656 12,072 | NR NR | NR NR | NR NR | 13.1% 95.8% |
Skin melanoma | HRV | Bencina et al. [71] | 2011 | NR | Payer | Modelling | Stage 0: 104–stage 4: 4610 | NR | NR | NR | 1.0-39.1% |
VI. Diseases of the nervous system (G00–G99) | |||||||||||
Alzheimer’s disease | CZE | Maresova et al. [73] | 2014 | NR | NR | Publicly available sources and claims data were combined | NR | 13,208 | NR | 73.0% | |
Dementia | HUN CZE | Érsek et al. [35]. Holmerová et al. [36] | 2008 2014 | 88 119 | Societal NR | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 671 2013b | 222 | 387 | 63 1769b | 5.3% 11.1% |
238b | |||||||||||
Epilepsy | HUN | Péntek et al. [83] | 2009 | 100 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 2650 | 885 | 465 | 1300 | 21% |
Multiple sclerosis | AUT CZE HUN POL | Kobelt et al. [24] Dusankova et al. [23] Péntek et al. [30] Szmurlo et al. [25] | 2005 2007 2009 2012 | 1019 909 68 NR | Societal Societal Societal Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Prospective cohort, follow-up = 3 ms Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Extrapolation from other country | 50,599 14,777 13,115 12,343 | 21,788 7581 8744 5805 | 10,109 550 1576 510 | 18,399 6646 2696 6028 | 120.5% 81.6% 104.1% 102.0% |
Parkinson’s disease | AUT CZE HUN | Campenhausen et al. [33] Winter et al. [34] Tamás et al. [85] | 2008 2004 2009 | 81 100 110 | Societal Societal Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 22,984 6970 7257 | 13,833 4238 | 9151 2733 2534 | 30.9% 38.5% 57.6% | |
2586 | 2136 | ||||||||||
IX. Diseases of the circulatory system (I00–I99) | |||||||||||
Acute myocardial infarction | HUN | Gulácsi et al. [80]. | 2003 | 996 | Societal | Claims data | NR | NR | NR | 947 | 7.5% |
Chronic heart failure | POL | Czech et al. [92] | 2010 | 400 | Public payer | Interview-based prospective cohort, follow-up period = 4 weeks | 1991 | NR | NR | NR | 16.5% |
Coronary artery disease | POL | Jaworski et al. [89] | 2005 | 2593 | NR | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 2851 | 1365 | NR | 1486 | 23.6% |
Subarachnoide bleeding | BUL | Georgieva et al. [18]a | 2014 | 61 | Hospital | Prospective cohort | NR | 3685 | NR | NR | 51.9% |
X. Diseases of the respiratory system (J00–J99) | |||||||||||
Bronchial Asthma | BUL | Ivanova et al. [20]a | 2014 | 112 | Hospital cost | Retrospective chart review | 200–393c | 200–393c | NR | NR | 2.8-5.5% |
COPD | BUL ROU | Kyuchukov et al. [21]a Stâmbu et al. [37] | NR 2006 | 84 85 | Hospital and patient NR | Prospective cohort Interview data | 1839 2103 | 898 2103 | NR NR | NR NR | 25.9% 21.9% |
Lower respiratory tract infection | BUL | Glogovska et al. [19]a | NR | 1441 ambulatory + 353 hospitalized | Health system | NR | NR | 1218 | NR | NR | 17.2% |
Pneumonia | CZE HUN POL SVK | Tichopad et al. [76] | 2010 | 258 NR 198 315 | NR | Claims data | Ages 50–64/> 65 1194/786 1009/686 714/472 1685/1111 | Ages 50–64/age > 65 708/786 686/686 472/472 1190/1111 | Ages:50-64/> 65 486/0 323/0 242/0 495/0 | 6.6%/4.3% 8.0%/5.4% 5.9%/3.9% 10.8%/7.1% | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | ROU | Stoicescu et al. [93] | 2004 | 48,200 | Public payer | Claims data | 8.3 million | 8.3 million | NR | NR | NA |
XIII. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00.0–M99.9) | |||||||||||
Chronic non-specific back pain | AUT | Wagner et al. [64]a | 2008 | 48 | Public payer | Retrospective self-completed questionnaire | 2148 | 1687 | 461 | NR | 5.1% |
Osteoporosis | SVN AUT | Dzajkovska et al. [94] Dimai et al. [62] | 2003 2008 | NR 441/population-based | Societal NR | Publicly available sources and claims data were combined Publicly available sources and retrospective self-completed questionnaire were combined | 34,524,727d 827,849,562d | 24,432,069d 520,419,423d 1 | 10,092,657d 307,430,139d | NA NA | |
Osteoarthritis of hip and knee | AUT | Wagner et al. [63] | 2008 | 174 | Public payer | Retrospective self-completed questionnaire | 3211 | 1342 | 1869 | NR | 7.6% |
Rheumatoid arthritis | CZE HUN | Klimes et al. [72] Péntek et al. [86] | 2014 2004 | 261 255 | Societal NR | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 9176 5536 | 7442 | 1733 3034 | 50.7% 43.9% | |
1524 | 978 | ||||||||||
Systemic lupus erythematosus | POL | Kawalec et al. [90] | 2012 | 1600 | NR | Claims data | NR | NR | NR | 1363 | 11.2% |
Systemic sclerosis | POL HUN HUN | Kawalec et al. [90] Lopez Basida et al. [28] Minier et al. [82] | 2012 2012 2006 | 500 38 80 | NR Societal Societal | Claims data Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | NR 4822 13,769 | NR 1272 4724 | NR 1184 1330 | 3394 2366 7716 | 28.0% 38.3% 109.3% |
IV. Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00–E90) | |||||||||||
Diabetes | BUL POL HUN SVN | Valov et al. [32] Lesniowska et al. [91] Brodszky et al. [78] Nerat et al. [31] | 2011 2009 2003 2011 | 433 NR 480 NR | Payer Societal NR Payer | Retrospective and prospective cohort, follow-up = 6 ms Claims data Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Publicly available sources | 472 659 2514 NR | NR 287 1309 882 | NR 152 1118 NR | 6.6% 5.4% 20.0% 4.2% | |
Hypoglycaemia | HUN BUL HRV CZE POL SVN | Jakubczyk et al. [27] | 2013 2014 2012 2011 NR 2011 | NR | Public payer/societal | Modelling | 9.8 5.4 7.5 10.9 11.3 17.7 | 7.2 4.7 6.7 9.2 9.5 15.2 | 2.6 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.8 2.5 | 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% | |
Other top level ICD items including < 2 disease | |||||||||||
Benign prostatic hyperplasia | HUN | Rencz et al. [84] | 2014 | 246 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 902 | 417 | 275 | 210 | 7.2% |
Endometriosis | AUT | Prast et al. [60] | 2009 | 73 | Healthcare system | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 8945 | 6501 | 2443 | 21.3% | |
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | AUT | Willich et al. [61] | 2000 | 5273 | NR | Prospective cohort, follow-up = 4 yrs | 527 | 471 | 55 | 1.3% | |
Gestational diabetes | BUL | Todorova et al. [22] | 2002-2005 | 195 | Healthcare system | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 32,263 | 32,263 | NR | NR | 454% |
Psoriasis | HUN | Balogh et al. [77] | 2013 | 200 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 9524 | 7816 | 152 | 1292 | 75.6% |
Psoriatic arthritis | HUN | Brodszky et al. [78] | 2007 | 183 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 7395 | 2489 | 1053 | 3853 | 58.7% |
Sarcoidosis | POL | Kawalec et al. [90] | 2012 | 2700 | NR | Claims data | NR | NR | NR | 1114 | 9.2% |
Schizophrenia | HUN | Péntek et al. [26] | 2009 | 78 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 15,187 | 4334 | 819 | 10,034 | 120.5% |
Rare diseases | |||||||||||
Cystic fibrosis | BUL CZE HUN BUL | Iskrov et al. [70] Mlcoch et al. [74] Chevreul et al. [68] Chevreul et al. [68] | 2012 2010 2012 2012 | 33 330 110 33 | Societal NR Societal Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Retrospective registry analysis Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 23,570b 16,118 22,121 21,759 | 18,551b 16,118 20,393 21,176 | 0b NR 3802 1068 | 332.0% 89.0% 175.6% 306.5% | |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy | HUN BUL | Cavazza et al. [67] | 2012 | 57 14 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 15,952 6500 | 15,094 2289 | 712 4211 | 145 0 | 126.6% 91.5% |
Epidermolysis bullosa | BUL HUN | Angelis et al. [96] | 2012 | 8 6 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 17,246 10,262 | 3503 438 | 13,485 9823 | 259 0 | 242.9% 81.4% |
Fragile X syndrome | HUN | Chevreul et al. [79] | 2012 | 12 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 5180 | 116 | 5065 | 0 | 51.6% |
Haemophilia | BUL HUN | Cavazza et al. [66] | 2012 | 20 58 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 6500 15,952 | 2289 15,094 | 2326 158 | 0 145 | 91.5% 126.6% |
Histiocytosis | BUL | Iskrov et al. [69] | 2012 | 7 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 6668 | 1657 | 2865 | 2145 | 93.9% |
Mucopolysaccharidosis | BUL HUN | Péntek et al. [29] | 2012 | 2 10 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 77,414 25,326 | 46,229 699 | 31,185 19,862 | 0 5091 | 1090.3% 201.0% |
Prader–Willi syndrome | BUL HUN | Lopez Basida et al. [28] | 2012 | 8 5 | Societal | Cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire | 3842 12,532 | 2489 325 | 1354 12,207 | 0 0 | 54.1% 99.5% |