Introduction
Gender and mental ill-health
Parents' gender equality and mental health
Objective
Methods
Population
Exposure: gender equality of parental leave
Outcomes: indicators of mental ill-health
Confounders
Statistical analyses
Results
Mental ill-health: Gender (in)equality: | Distribution of parental couples | Outpatient mental care Anxiety | Outpatient mental care Depression | Anxiety drugs | Anti-depressants |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys:
| |||||
Very traditional | 47 506 (87.5%) | 0.9% | 0.7% | 3.6% | 3.1% |
Rather traditional | 4 483 (8.3%) | 0.9% | 0.7% | 3.5% | 3.1% |
Very untraditional | 1 317 (2.4%) | 1.3% | 1.1% | 3.6% | 3.3% |
Equal | 420 (0.8%) | 1.4% | 1.4% | 4.3% | 2.9% |
Rather untraditional | 556 (1.0%) | 0.7% | 1.1% | 3.4% | 2.3% |
Total | 54 282 | 516 (1.0%) | 370 (0.7%) | 1 940 (3.6%) | 1 682 (3.1%) |
p-value chi-square test distributions
|
0.536
|
0.052
|
0.948
|
0.840
| |
Girls:
| |||||
Very traditional | 45 106 (87.6%) | 2.2% | 1.8% | 6.6% | 6.7% |
Rather traditional | 4 212 (8.2%) | 2.2% | 1.9% | 6.4% | 7.0% |
Equal | 1 234 (2.4%) | 1.5% | 2.1% | 8.7% | 7.7% |
Rather untraditional | 415 (0.8%) | 1.9% | 1.0% | 5.1% | 5.8% |
Very untraditional | 537 (1.0%) | 2.4% | 2.2% | 6.1% | 7.3% |
Total | 51 504 | 1 106 (2.1%) | 920 (1.8%) | 3 402 (6.6%) | 3 462 (6.7%) |
p-value chi-square test distributions
|
0.529
|
0.506
|
0.031
|
0.504
| |
Both:
| |||||
Very traditional | 92 612 (87.5%) | 1.5% | 1.2% | 5.0% | 4.8% |
Rather traditional | 8 695 (8.2%) | 1.5% | 1.3% | 4.9% | 5.0% |
Equal | 2 551 (2.4%) | 1.4% | 1.6% | 6.0% | 5.4% |
Rather untraditional | 835 (0.8%) | 1.7% | 1.2% | 4.7% | 4.3% |
Very untraditional | 1 093 (1.0%) | 1.6% | 1.6% | 4.8% | 4.8% |
Total | 105 786 | 1 622 (1.6%) | 1 290 (1.2%) | 5 342 (5.0%) | 5 144 (4.9%) |
p-value chi-square test distributions
|
0.967
|
0.235
|
0.200
|
0.599
|
Gender (in)equality category: Confounder: | Very Traditional | Rather Traditional | Equal | Rather Untraditional | Very Untraditional |
p-value chi-square test
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total parental leave | Both: 412 | Both: 395 | Both: 392 | Both: 369 | Both: 267 | |
1989-90 (mean days) | (411-413) | (392-398) | (387-397) | (360-378) | (258-276) | |
Second child 1990 (%) | F: 18.1 | F: 17.8 | F: 12.6 | F: 13.7 | F: 8.8 |
0.000
|
M: 18.4 | M: 18.1 | M: 12.9 | M: 13.4 | M: 9.0 |
0.000
| |
Year of birth | F: 1959 | F: 1959 | F: 1958 | F: 1958 | F: 1956 | |
M: 1962 | M: 1961 | M: 1961 | M: 1961 | M: 1961 | ||
Married/living together 1990 (%) | F: 86.7 | F: 93.5 | F: 93.2 | F: 89.5 | F: 89.1 |
0.000
|
M: 86.2 | M: 93.5 | M: 93.2 | M: 89.3 | M: 90.1 |
0.000
| |
Born outside Sweden (%) | F: 13.0 | F: 9.5 | F: 12.7 | F: 20.2 | F: 27.9 |
0.000
|
M: 11.5 | M: 10.6 | M:14.1 | M: 25.6 | M:43.9 |
0.000
| |
Income from employment (mean SEK) | F: 102 010 (102 006-102 014) | F: 106 742 (106 731-106 753) | F: 101 801 (101 779-101 823) | F: 94 238 (94 200-94 276) | F: 94 246 (94 226-94 266) | |
M: 74 211 (74 208-74 214) | M: 78 381 (78 371-78 391) | M:68 514 (68 414-68 534) | M: 49 059 (49 024-49 094) | M: 29 789 (29 762-29 816) | ||
Education, highest (%) | F: 21.8 | F: 34.1 | F: 35.9 | F: 29.0 | F: 34.4 |
0.000
|
M: 21.9 | M: 39.2 | M: 40.3 | M: 34.4 | M:32.2 |
0.000
| |
Institutional care 1986-89: | ||||||
Psychosis (%) | F: 0.1 | F: 0.1 | F: 0.1 | F: 0.2 | F: 0.4 |
0.071
|
M: 0.2 | M:0.3 | M: 0.4 | M: 0.6 | M: 1.6 |
0.000
| |
Depression (%) | F: 0.2 | F: 0.1 | F: 0.2 | F: 0.1 | F: 0.1 |
0.735
|
M: 0.3 | M: 0.4 | M: 0.5 | M: 0.6 | M: 1.6 |
0.000
| |
Anxiety (%) | F: 0.5 | F: 0.3 | F: 0.2 | F: 0.5 | F: 0.7 |
0.052
|
M: 0.7 | M: 0.8 | M: 1.0 | M: 1.3 | M: 2.5 |
0.000
| |
Alcohol abuse (%) | F: 0.7 | F: 0.3 | F: 0.3 | F: 0.6 | F: 0.8 |
0.000
|
M:0.2 | M:0.2 | M: 0.2 | M: 0.2 | M: 0.2 |
0.914
| |
Separation 1991-2006 (%) | Both: 47.9 | Both: 41.6 | Both: 45.6 | Both: 49.6 | Both: 50.5 |
0.000
|
Odds ratios Crude Boys n:54 282 | Odds ratios Crude Girls n:51 504 | Odds ratios Crude Both N:105 786 | Odds ratios Adjusted* Boys n:50 859 | Odds ratios Adjusted* Girls n:48 254 | Odds ratios Adjusted* Both N:99 113 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety outpatient mental care
| ||||||
Very traditional | 0.73 | 1.49 | 1.12 | 0.69 | 1.48 | 1.07 |
(0.45-1.19) | (0.93-2.38) | (0.80-1.57) | (0.42-1.13) | (0.90-2.45) | (0.75-1.52) | |
Rather traditional | 0.69 | 1.52 | 1.12 | 0.67 | 1.66 | 1.14 |
(0.39-1.22) | (0.92-2.54) | (0.77-1.62) | (0.37-1.19) | (0.97-2.83) | (0.78-1.68) | |
Equal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Untraditional | 0.79 | 1.52 | 1.18 | 0.62 | 1.27 | 0.95 |
(0.36-1.74) | (0.81-2.88) | (0.72-1.91) | (0.25-1.50) | (0.61-2.63) | (0.55-1.65) | |
Depression outpatient mental care
| ||||||
Very traditional | 0.57 | 0.84 | 0.74 | 0.57 | 0.83 | 0.74 |
(0.34-0.96) | (0.56-1.24) | (0.54-1.02) | (0.33-0.98) | (0.55-1.25) | (0.53-1.03) | |
Rather traditional | 0.62 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.67 | 0.94 | 0.84 |
(0.34-1.16) | (0.58-1.41) | (0.56-1.15) | (0.35-1.26) | (0.59-1.50) | (0.58-1.23) | |
Equal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Untraditional | 1.08 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.89 |
(0.50-2.32) | (0.42-1.49) | (0.56-1.46) | (0.42-2.29) | (0.43-1.63) | (0.53-1.51) |
Odds ratios Crude Boys n:54 282 | Odds ratios Crude Girls n: 51 504 | Odds ratios Crude Both N:105 786 | Odds ratios Adjusted* Boys n:50 859 | Odds ratios Adjusted* Girls n:48 524 | Odds ratios Adjusted* Both N:99 113 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety drugs
| ||||||
Very traditional | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 0.80 |
(0.75-1.35) | (0.61-0.91) | (0.70-0.98) | (0.71-1.32) | (0.58-0.89) | (0.67-0.95) | |
Rather traditional | 0.98 | 0.72 | 0.80 | 1.01 | 0.77 | 0.85 |
(0.70-1.37) | (0.57-0.91) | (0.66-0.97) | (0.72-1.43) | (0.61-0.98) | (0.70-1.03) | |
Equal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Untraditional | 1.06 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.58 | 0.66 |
(0.69-1.65) | (0.45-0.89) | (0.59-1.01) | (0.49-1.35) | (0.40-0.85) | (0.49-0.89) | |
Anti-depressants
| ||||||
Very traditional | 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.87 |
(0.68-1.26) | (0.69-1.06) | (0.74-1.05) | (0.65-1.22) | (0.68-1.06) | (0.73-1.04) | |
Rather traditional | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.94 |
(0.65-1.30) | (0.71-1.14) | (0.74-1.10) | (0.65-1.32) | (0.74-1.22) | (0.77-1.16) | |
Equal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Untraditional | 0.76 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.59 | 0.85 | 0.78 |
(0.46-1.25) | (0.61-1.18) | (0.63-1.09) | (0.33-1.05) | (0.60-1.21) | (0.58-1.05) |