Background
Methods
Study design
Case definitions
Data sources and collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical features of confirmed patients
Diagnosis | Disease severity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suspected (n = 22) | Laboratory-confirmed (n = 147) | Non-severe (n = 122) | Severe (n = 25) | P value# | |
Age, median (IQR), yrs | 51 (34–56) | 44 (33–50) | 43 (31–49) | 50 (43–64) | 0.005 |
Age groups, No./total (%) | |||||
< 15 yrs | 1/22 (4.6) | 1/147 (0.7) | 1/122 (0.8) | 0/25 (0.0) | 0.29* |
15–44 yrs | 8/22 (36.4) | 76/147 (51.7) | 67/122 (54.9) | 9/25 (36.0) | ·· |
45–64 yrs | 10/22 (45.4) | 54/147 (36·7) | 42/122 (34·4) | 12/25 (48·0) | ·· |
≥ 65 yrs | 3/22 (13·6) | 16/147 (10·9) | 12/122 (9·8) | 4/25 (16·0) | ·· |
Female sex, No./total (%) | 7/22 (31·8) | 57/147 (38·8) | 51/122 (41·8) | 6/25 (24·0) | 0·096 |
Ethnic, No./total (%) | ·· | ·· | ·· | ·· | 0·79 |
Tibetan | 0/22 (0·0) | 10/147 (6·8) | 8/122 (6·6) | 2/25 (8·0) | ·· |
Non-Tibetan | 22/22 (100·0) | 137/147 (93·2) | 114/122 (93·4) | 23/25 (92·0) | ·· |
Exposure history within 14 days, No./total (%) | |||||
Local residents of Wuhan or recently been to Wuhan | 4/13 (30·8) | 82/134 (61·2) | 66/110 (60·0) | 16/24 (66·7) | 0·54 |
Non local: contacted with people from Wuhan | 4/12 (33·3) | 23/119 (19·3) | 21/99 (21·2) | 2/20 (10·0) | 0·42 |
Health-care workers | 0/14 (0·0) | 2/132 (1·5) | 2/111 (1·8) | 0/21 (0·0) | > 0·99* |
Comorbidities, No./total (%) | 6/21 (28·6) | 47/146 (32·2) | 32/122 (26·2) | 15/24 (62·5) | 0·0010 |
Pulmonary diseases | 2/21 (9·5) | 11/146 (7·5) | 5/122 (4·1) | 6/24 (25) | 0·0020 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases | 2/21 (9·5) | 6/146 (4·1) | 3/122 (2·5) | 3/24 (12·5) | 0·056* |
Asthma | 1/21 (4·8) | 1/146 (0·7) | 0/122 (0·0) | 1/24 (4·2) | 0·16* |
Lung tumor | 0/21 (0·0) | 1/146 (0·7) | 1/122 (0·8) | 0/24 (0·0) | > 0·99* |
Tuberculosis | 0/21 (0·0) | 3/146 (2·1) | 1/122 (0·8) | 2/24 (8·3) | 0·070* |
Other comorbidities | 6/21 (28·6) | 43/146 (29·5) | 31/122 (25·4) | 12/24 (50·0) | 0·030 |
Hypertension | 3/21 (14·3) | 19/146 (13·0) | 11/122 (9·0) | 8/24 (33·3) | 0·0040 |
Diabetes | 2/21 (9·5) | 10/146 (6·8) | 6/122 (4·9) | 4/24 (16·7) | 0·10 |
Heart and cardiovascular diseases | 2/21 (9·5) | 9/146 (6·2) | 5/122 (4·1) | 4/24 (16·7) | 0·061 |
Chronic kidney diseases | 1/21 (4·8) | 4/146 (2·7) | 2/122 (1·6) | 2/24 (8·3) | 0·13* |
Chronic liver diseases | 1/21 (4·8) | 5/146 (3·4) | 4/122 (3·3) | 1/24 (4·2) | > 0·99* |
Diagnosis | Disease severity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suspected (n = 22) | Laboratory-confirmed (n = 147) | Non-severe (n = 122) | Severe (n = 25) | P value# | |
Symptoms | |||||
Fever from onset to admission, No./total (%) | 16/21 (76·2) | 98/139 (70·5) | 78/116 (67·2) | 20/23 (87·0) | 0·10 |
Highest temperature from onset to admission, median (IQR), °C | 38·1 (37·8–38·5) | 38·0 (37·4–38·5) | 37·8 (37·2–38·5) | 38·5 (38–38·8) | 0·0040 |
< 37·5 | 6/19 (31·6) | 32/101 (31·7) | 30/83 (36·1) | 2/18 (11·1) | 0·076* |
37·5–38·0 | 4/19 (21·1) | 32/101 (31·7) | 25/83 (30·1) | 7/18 (38·9) | ·· |
38·1–39·0 | 8/19 (42·1) | 33/101 (32·7) | 26/83 (31·3) | 7/18 (38·9) | ·· |
> 39·0 | 1/19 (5·3) | 4/101 (4·0) | 2/83 (2·4) | 2/18 (11·1) | ·· |
Fever throughout the course of disease, No./total (%) | 18/22 (81·8) | 119/147 (81·0) | 96/122 (78·7) | 23/25 (92·0) | 0·21 |
Highest temperature throughout the course of disease, median IQR), °C | 38·3 (37·7–38·5) | 38·0 (37·4–38·7) | 38·0 (37·3–38·5) | 38·5 (38–38·8) | 0·0080 |
< 37·5 | 5/20 (25·0) | 34/131 (26·0) | 32/108 (29·6) | 2/23 (8·7) | 0·025* |
37·5–38·0 | 2/20 (20·0) | 32/131 (24·4) | 27/108 (25·0) | 5/23 (21·7) | ·· |
38·1–39·0 | 11/20 (55·0) | 57/131 (43·5) | 45/108 (41·7) | 12/23 (52·2) | ·· |
> 39·0 | 2/20 (20·0) | 8/131 (6·1) | 4/108 (3·7) | 4/23 (17·4) | ·· |
Respiratory symptoms from onset to admission, No./total (%) | 20/22 (90·9) | 118/147 (80·3) | 95/122 (77·9) | 23/25 (92·0) | 0·18 |
Cough | 19/22 (86·4) | 104/147 (70·7) | 81/122 (66·4) | 23/25 (92·0) | 0·020 |
Sputum | 10/22 (45·5) | 49/147 (33·3) | 34/122 (27·9) | 15/25 (60·0) | 0·0040 |
Shortness of breath | 5/22 (22·7) | 20/147 (13·6) | 10/122 (8·2) | 10/25 (40·0) | < 0·0001 |
Respiratory symptoms throughout the course of disease, No./total (%) | 21/22 (95·5) | 129/147 (87·8) | 105/122 (86·1) | 24/25 (96·0) | 0·30 |
Cough | 20/22 (90·9) | 118/147 (80·3) | 95/122 (77·9) | 23/25 (92·0) | 0·18 |
Sputum production | 12/22 (54·5) | 76/147 (51·7) | 59/122 (48·4) | 17/25 (68·0) | 0·12 |
Shortness of breath | 7/22 (31·8) | 33/147 (22·4) | 19/122 (15·6) | 14/25 (56·0) | < 0·0001 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms from onset to admission, No./total (%) | 1/22 (4·5) | 17/147 (11·6) | 15/122 (12·3) | 2/25 (8·0) | 0·79 |
Diarrhea | 1/22 (4·5) | 15/147 (10·2) | 14/122 (11·5) | 1/25 (4·0) | 0·45 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms throughout the course of disease, No./total (%) | 2/22 (9·1) | 54/147 (36·7) | 49/122 (40·2) | 5/25 (20·0) | 0·093 |
Diarrhea | 2/22 (9·1) | 43/147 (29·3) | 40/122 (32·8) | 3/25 (12·0) | 0·066 |
Other symptoms from onset to admission, No./total (%) | 6/22 (27·3) | 59/147 (40·1) | 48/122 (39·3) | 11/25 (44·0) | 0·84 |
Fatigue | 4/22 (18·2) | 32/147 (21·8) | 27/122 (22·1) | 5/25 (20·0) | > 0·99* |
Chill | 1/22 (4·5) | 17/147 (11·6) | 12/122 (9·8) | 5/25 (20·0) | 0·27 |
Other symptoms throughout the course of disease, No./total (%) | 6/22 (27·3) | 74/147 (50·3) | 57/122 (46·7) | 17/25 (68·0) | 0·086 |
Fatigue | 4/22 (18·2) | 42/147 (28·6) | 34/122 (27·9) | 8/25 (32·0) | 0·86 |
Chill | 1/22 (4·5) | 22/147 (15) | 15/122 (12·3) | 7/25 (28·0) | 0·090 |
Signs | |||||
Respiratory rate at admission, median (IQR) | 20 (19–21) | 20 (20–21) | 20 (20–20) | 21 (20–22) | 0·0020 |
SBP at admission, median (IQR), mmHg | 127 (117–135) | 126 (116–139) | 126 (116–138) | 128 (119–139) | 0·38 |
> 140 mmHg, No·/total (%) | 4/17 (23·5) | 26/129 (20·2) | 21/108 (29·4) | 5/21 (23·8) | 0·87 |
DBP at admission, median (IQR), mmHg | 80 (74–86) | 79 (72–88) | 79 (71–88) | 80 (75–86) | 0·94 |
> 90 mmHg, No·/total (%) | 3/17 (17·6) | 28/129 (21·7) | 24/108 (22·2) | 4/21 (19·0) | 0·97 |
Heart rate at admission, median (IQR) | 90 (80–106) | 90 (80–103) | 90 (80–99) | 104 (91–109) | 0·0050 |
Diagnosis | Disease severity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suspected (n = 22) | Laboratory-confirmed (n = 147) | Non-severe (n = 122) | Severe (n = 25) | P value# | |
Laboratory findings at first test | |||||
White blood cell count, median (IQR), × 109/L | 6·7 (5·0–9·6) | 5·0 (4·0–6·1) | 4·9 (4·0–6·0) | 5·3 (4·5–7·4) | 0·054 |
> 10× 109/L, No·/total (%) | 3/13 (23·1) | 9/145 (6·2) | 4/120 (3·3) | 5/25 (20·0) | 0·0070 |
< 4× 109/L, No·/total (%) | 2/13 (15·4) | 18/145 (12·4) | 15/120 (12·5) | 3/25 (12·0) | > 0·99 |
Lymphocyte count, median (IQR), × 109/L | 1·00 (0·80–1·20) | 1·14 (0·90–1·60) | 1·20 (1·00–1·70) | 0·80 (0·50–1·00) | < 0·0001 |
< 1·1× 109/L, No·/total (%) | 6/11 (54·5) | 71/143 (49·7) | 52/119 (43·7) | 19/24 (79·2) | 0·0030 |
Eosinophils count, median (IQR), × 109/L | 0·02 (0·00–0·05) | 0·01 (0·00–0·05) | 0·02 (0–0·05) | 0·00 (0·00–0·01) | 0·0030 |
< 0·02× 109/L, No·/total (%) | 6/11 (54·5) | 81/133 (60·9) | 65/114 (57·0) | 16/19 (84·2) | 0·046 |
Haemoglobin, median (IQR), g/L | 133 (125–151) | 142 (127–156) | 144 (128–155) | 142 (124–157) | 0·87 |
< 130 g/L, No·/total (%) | 6/13 (46·2) | 42/143 (29·4) | 34/118 (28·8) | 8/25 (32·0) | 0·94 |
International normalised ratio, median (IQR) | 1·05 (0·97–1·08) | 1·04 (0·97–1·13) | 1·03 (0·97–1·13) | 1·04 (1·00–1·11) | 0·58 |
> 1·26, No·/total (%) | 0/7 (0·0) | 6/125 (4·8) | 6/108 (5·6) | 0/17 (0·0) | > 0·99* |
D-dimer, median (IQR), μg/L | 390 (280–430) | 195 (93–403) | 175 (90–368) | 414 (163–930) | 0·025 |
> 550 μg/L, No·/total (%) | 1/5 (20·0) | 22/122 (18·0) | 16/104 (15·4) | 6/18 (33·3) | 0·13 |
Albumin, median (IQR), g/L | 41·2 (34·7–45·1) | 43·7 (40·9–46·1) | 44·2 (42·1–46·9) | 38·2 (35·3–43·8) | < 0·0001 |
< 35 g/L, No·/total (%) | 3/12 (25·0) | 7/136 (5·2) | 2/114 (1·6) | 5/22 (22·7) | < 0·0001 |
Alanine aminotransferase, median (IQR), U/L | 22 (15–25) | 26 (17–46) | 26 (17–46) | 29 (21–41) | 0·46 |
> 50 U/L, No·/total (%) | 0/10 (0·0) | 26/136 (19·1) | 21/116 (18·1) | 5/20 (25·0) | 0·68 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, median (IQR), U/L | 24 (22–30) | 26 (20–35) | 26 (20–36) | 25 (21–34) | 0·64 |
> 40 U/L, No·/total (%) | 0/8 (0·0) | 18/108 (16·7) | 15/91 (16·5) | 3/17 (17·6) | > 0·99* |
Total bilirubin, median (IQR), μmol/L | 9·7 (6·0–18·0) | 10·5 (7·0–16·9) | 10·8 (7·0–16·5) | 8·7 (7·0–18·3) | 0·94 |
> 28 μmol/L, No·/total (%) | 1/12 (8·3) | 9/135 (6·7) | 7/116 (6·3) | 2/19 (10·5) | 0·81 |
Direct bilirubin, median (IQR), μmol/L | 3·9 (2·8–7·3) | 4·0 (2·7–5·8) | 3·9 (2·6–5·4) | 4·0 (3·0–6·7) | 0·30 |
> 10 μmol/L, No·/total (%) | 2/12 (16·7) | 9/135 (6·7) | 7/116 (6·0) | 2/19 (10·5) | 0·82 |
Serum creatinine, median (IQR), μmol/L | 80·5 (69·3–89·3) | 74·3 (59·7–83·5) | 72·5 (59·0–83·5) | 76·2 (63·8–83·5) | 0·57 |
> 106 μmol/L, No·/total (%) | 1/12 (8·3) | 5/132 (3·8) | 4/112 (3·8) | 1/20 (5·0) | 0·57* |
Troponin T, median (IQR), pg/mL | 3·00 (1·10–47·12) | 3·00 (0·03–9·7) | 3·00 (0·03–9·15) | 6·13 (0·23–13·40) | 0·23 |
> 14 pg/mL, No·/total (%) | 3/7 (42·9) | 8/80 (10·0) | 5/67 (7·5) | 3/13 (23·1) | 0·23 |
Procalcitonin, median (IQR), ng/mL | 0·04 (0·03–0·21) | 0·05 (0·03–0·06) | 0·05 (0·03–0·06) | 0·05 (0·02–0·08) | 0·56 |
> 0·05 ng/mL, No·/total (%) | 4/13 (30·8) | 45/128 (35·2) | 36/107 (33·6) | 9/21 (42·9) | 0·58 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, median (IQR), mm/h | 27 (21–51) | 22 (10–36) | 21 (10–33) | 23 (7–44) | 0·77 |
> 15 mm/h, No·/total (%) | 9/11 (81·8) | 64/102 (62·7) | 54/88 (61·4) | 10/14 (71·4) | 0·67 |
C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L | 7·6 (0·9–31·8) | 7·2 (2·0–24·2) | 5·7 (1·9–15·6) | 31·7 (14·2–54·2) | < 0·0001 |
Procalcitonin, median (IQR), ng/mL | 0·04 (0·03–0·21) | 0·05 (0·03–0·06) | 0·05 (0·03–0·06) | 0·05 (0·02–0·08) | 0·56 |
> 0·05 ng/mL, No·/total (%) | 4/13 (30·8) | 45/128 (35·2) | 36/107 (33·6) | 9/21 (42·9) | 0·58 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, median (IQR), mm/h | 27 (21–51) | 22 (10–36) | 21 (10–33) | 23 (7–44) | 0·77 |
> 15 mm/h, No·/total (%) | 9/11 (81·8) | 64/102 (62·7) | 54/88 (61·4) | 10/14 (71·4) | 0·67 |
C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L | 7·6 (0·9–31·8) | 7·2 (2·0–24·2) | 5·7 (1·9–15·6) | 31·7 (14·2–54·2) | < 0·0001 |
> 5 mg/L, No·/total (%) | 6/12 (50·0) | 62/122 (50·8) | 44/102 (43·1) | 18/20 (90·0) | < 0·0001 |
CKMBa | |||||
Increased, No·/total (%) | 2/11 (18·2) | 7/91 (7·7) | 6/79 (7·6) | 1/12 (8·3) | > 0·99* |
Gamma-glutamyltran sferase, median (IQR), U/L | 20 (18–34) | 30 (17–57) | 29 (16–46) | 33 (17–73) | 0·350 |
Lactate dehydrogenase, median (IQR), U/L | 245 (179–276) | 187 (167–233) | 184 (163–227) | 229 (190–400) | 0·015 |
Potassium, median (IQR), mmol/L | 4·2 (3·8–4·3) | 3·8 (3·6–4·1) | 3·8 (3·6–4·1) | 3·8 (3·4–4·1) | 0·86 |
Sodium, median (IQR), mmol/L | 140 (136–142) | 139 (136–141) | 139 (137–141) | 137 (135–139) | 0·011 |
Radiologic findings | |||||
Abnormalities at first examination, No./total (%) | 13/14 (92·9) | 113/129 (87·6) | 94/109 (86·2) | 19/20 (95·0) | 0·47 |
Bilateral pneumonia | 10/14 (71·4) | 87/129 (67·4) | 68/109 (62·4) | 19/20 (95·0) | 0·0090 |
Unilateral pneumonia | 3/14 (21·4) | 26/129 (20·2) | 26/109 (23·9) | 0/20 (0·0) | 0·032 |
Ground-glass opacity | 6/14 (42·9) | 89/129 (69·0) | 73/109 (67·0) | 16/20 (80·0) | 0·37 |
Patchy or stripes shadowing | 10/14 (71·4) | 89/129 (69·0) | 75/109 (68·8) | 14/20 (70·0) | > 0·99* |
Parenchymal abnormalities | 2/14 (14·3) | 21/129 (16·3) | 16/109 (14·7) | 5/20 (25·0) | 0·41 |
Pleural effusion | 0/14 (0·0) | 5/129 (3·9) | 2/109 (1·8) | 3/20 (15·0) | 0·026* |
Abnormalities during hospitalization, No./total (%) | 13/14 (92·9) | 118/132 (89·4) | 98/112 (87·5) | 20/20 (100·0) | 0·20 |
Bilateral pneumonia | 11/14 (78·6) | 101/132 (76·5) | 81/112 (72·3) | 20/20 (100·0) | 0·016 |
Unilateral pneumonia | 2/14 (14·3) | 17/132 (12·9) | 17/112 (15·2) | 0/20 (0·0) | 0·13 |
Ground-glass opacity | 7/14 (50·0) | 98/132 (74·2) | 80/112 (71·4) | 18/20 (90·0) | 0·14 |
Patchy or stripes shadowing | 12/14 (85·7) | 103/132 (78·0) | 87/112 (77·7) | 16/20 (80·0) | > 0·99* |
Parenchymal abnormalities | 2/14 (14·3) | 31/132 (23·5) | 25/112 (22·3) | 6/20 (30·0) | 0·65 |
Pleural effusion | 0/14 (0·0) | 6/132 (4·5) | 3/112 (2·7) | 3/20 (15·0) | 0·045* |
Diagnosis | Disease severity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suspected (n = 22) | Laboratory-confirmed (n = 147) | Non-severe (n = 122) | Severe (n = 25) | P value# | |
Complications | |||||
Any Complications | 2/19 (10·5) | 15/146 (10·3) | 3/122 (2·5) | 12/24 (50·0) | < 0·0001 |
Respiratory failure | 1/19 (5·3) | 9/146 (6·2) | 2/122 (1·6) | 7/24 (29·2) | < 0·0001 |
Secondary bacterial pneumonia | 0/19 (0·0) | 4/146 (2·7) | 0/122 (0·0) | 4/24 (16·7) | > 0·99* |
Coagulation disorders | 0/19 (0·0) | 2/146 (1·4) | 0/122 (0·0) | 2/24 (8·3) | 0·03* |
Metabolic acidosis | 0/19 (0·0) | 1/146 (0·7) | 0/122 (0·0) | 1/24 (4·2) | 0·16* |
Shock | 0/19 (0·0) | 1/146 (0·7) | 0/122 (0·0) | 1/24 (4·2) | 0·16* |
Bacteremia or Sepsis | 1/19 (5·3) | 2/146 (1·4) | 0/122 (0·0) | 2/24 (8·3) | 0·026* |
Acute lung injury or ARDS | 0/19 (0·0) | 1/146 (0·7) | 0/122 (0·0) | 1/24 (4·2) | 0·16* |
Acute renal injury | 0/19 (0·0) | 0/146 (0·0) | 0/122 (0·0) | 0/24 (0·0) | ·· |
Treatment | |||||
Antiviral treatment | 11/14 (78·6) | 144/146 (98·6) | 119/121 (98·3) | 25/25 (100·0) | > 0·99* |
Ribavirin | 3/14 (21·4) | 14/146 (9·6) | 10/121 (8·3) | 4/25 (16·0) | 0·23 |
Interferon | 8/14 (57·1) | 95/146 (65·1) | 77/121 (63·6) | 18/25 (72·0) | 0·43 |
Lopinavir/Litonavir | 4/14 (28·6) | 133/146 (91·1) | 114/121 (94·2) | 19/25 (76·0) | 0·0040 |
Oseltamivir | 4/14 (28·6) | 22/146 (15·1) | 17/121 (14·1) | 5/25 (20·0) | 0·45 |
Antibiotic treatment | 9/16 (56·3) | 81/144 (56·3) | 59/120 (49·2) | 22/24 (91·7) | < 0·0001 |
Glucocorticoids | 1/15 (6·7) | 34/126 (27·0) | 16/101 (15·8) | 18/25 (72·0) | < 0·0001 |
Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy | 1/22 (4·5) | 8/147 (5·4) | 4/122 (3·3) | 4/25 (16·0) | 0·010 |
Oxygen therapy | 7/22 (31·8) | 59/147 (40·1) | 41/122 (33·6) | 18/25 (72·0) | < 0·0001 |
Mechanical ventilation (MV) | 2/22 (9·1) | 12/147 (8·2) | 0/122 (0·0) | 12/25 (48·0) | < 0·0001 |
Non-invasive MV | 2/22 (9·1) | 11/147 (7·5) | 0/122 (0·0) | 11/25 (44·0) | < 0·0001 |
Invasive MV | 1/22 (4·5) | 2/147 (1·4) | 0/122 (0·0) | 2/25 (8·0) | 0·029* |
ECMO | 0/22 (0·0) | 0/147 (0·0) | 0/122 (0·0) | 0/25 (0·0) | ·· |
CRRT | 0/22 (0·0) | 1/147 (0·7) | 0/122 (0·0) | 1/25 (4·0) | 0·17* |
Clinical outcomes | |||||
ICU admission | 0/22 (0·0) | 4/147 (2·7) | 0/122 (0·0) | 4/25 (16·0) | 0.00068 |
Death | 0/22 (0·0) | 0/147 (0·0) | 0/122 (0·0) | 0/25 (0·0) | ·· |
Clinical features of suspected patients
Comparisons between severe and non-severe infected patients
Factors associated with severe cases
N (%) | Crude OR (95%CI) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age > 65 yrs | 15 (10·2) | 1·92 (0·50, 6·24) | 0·3 |
Female sex | 57 (38·8) | 0·44 (0·15, 1·12) | 0·102 |
Comorbidities | |||
Pulmonary diseases | 11 (7·5) | 7·80 (2·14, 29·72) | 0·002 |
Hypertension | 19 (13·0) | 5·05 (1·73, 14·48) | 0·003 |
Symptoms and Signs | |||
Highest temperature throughout the course the disease | 38 (37·4–38·7) | 2·52 (1·37, 5·08) | 0·005 |
Cough throughout the course the disease | 118 (80·3) | 3·27 (0·89, 21·17) | 0·123 |
Respiratory rate at admission | 20 (20–21) | 1·07 (0·97, 1·20) | 0·165 |
Heart rate at admission | 90 (80–103) | 1·04 (1·01, 1·07) | 0·013 |
Laboratory and radiologic findings at admission | |||
White blood cell count > 10× 109/L | 9 (6·2) | 7·38 (1·81, 32·10) | 0·005 |
Lymphocyte count< 1·1× 109/L | 71 (49·7) | 4·26 (1·67, 12·39) | 0·003 |
Eosinophils count< 0·02× 109/L | 81 (60·9) | 1·56 (0·65, 3·94) | 0·329 |
C-reactive protein | 7·2 (2·0–24·2) | 1·00 (1·00, 1·02) | 0·147 |
Bilateral pneumonia | 87 (67·4) | 11·46 (2·24, 209·65) | 0·020 |
Pleural effusion | 5 (3·9) | 9·44 (1·47, 75·78) | 0·018 |