Background
Methods
Setting
Study design and population
Data collection
Blood tests and RT-PCR
CT acquisition technique
CT structured reporting and retrospective analysis
Statistical analyses
Results
Parenchymal extension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 20% | 20–39% | 40–59% | ≥60% | Fisher’s exact test p-value | ||
Demographic and clinical variables | ||||||
Age | ≥60 y (n = 432) | 133 (39.2) | 175 (51.5) | 82 (68.3) | 42 (62.7) | < 0.0001 |
< 60 y (n = 434) | 206 (60.8) | 165 (48.5) | 38 (31.7) | 25 (37.3) | ||
Sex | Male (n = 527) | 185 (54.6) | 205 (60.3) | 88 (73.3) | 49 (73.1) | 0.0001 |
Female (n = 339) | 154 (45.4) | 135 (39.7) | 32 (26.7) | 18 (26.9) | ||
Charlson comorbidity index | ≥1 (n = 151) | 50 (15.7) | 48 (15.0) | 28 (24.8) | 25 (37.9) | < 0.0001 |
0 (n = 667) | 268 (84.3) | 273 (85.0) | 85 (75.2) | 41 (62.1) | ||
Hospitalization | N (n = 503) | 255 (75.2) | 197 (57.9) | 37 (30.8) | 14 (20.9) | < 0.0001 |
Y (n = 363) | 84 (24.8) | 143 (42.1) | 83 (69.2) | 53 (79.1) | ||
Death within 30 days | N (n = 773) | 322 (95.0) | 317 (93.2) | 96 (80.0) | 38 (56.7) | < 0.0001 |
Y (n = 93) | 17 (5.0) | 23 (6.8) | 24 (20.0) | 29 (43.3) | ||
CT findings | ||||||
Ground-glass opacities | N (n = 29) | 26 (7.7) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0051 |
Y (n = 837) | 313 (92.3) | 338 (99.4) | 119 (99.2) | 67 (100) | ||
Consolidation | N (n = 319) | 152 (44.8) | 118 (34.7) | 31 (25.8) | 18 (26.9) | 0.0002 |
Y (n = 547) | 187 (55.2) | 222 (65.3) | 89 (74.2) | 49 (73.1) | ||
Crazy-paving pattern | N (n = 126) | 66 (60.6) | 38 (33.3) | 15 (25.0) | 7 (20.6) | 0.0042 |
Y (n = 191) | 43 (39.4) | 76 (66.7) | 45 (75.0) | 27 (79.4) | ||
Enlarged lymph nodes | N (n = 279) | 104 (95.4) | 102 (89.5) | 49 (81.7) | 24 (70.6) | 0.0005 |
Y (n = 38) | 5 (4.6) | 12 (10.5) | 11 (18.3) | 10 (29.4) | ||
Pleural effusion | N (n = 290) | 106 (97.2) | 104 (91.2) | 52 (86.7) | 28 (82.4) | 0.0101 |
Y (n = 27) | 3 (2.8) | 10 (8.8) | 8 (13.3) | 6 (17.6) |
CT lesion extension | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 20% (n = 339) | 20–40% (n = 340) | 40–60% (n = 120) | > 60% (n = 67) | ||||||
N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | P | |
White blood cells (10^9/L) | 304 | 4.79 (3.84–5.91) | 315 | 5.11 (4.02–6.50) | 113 | 5.60 (4.33–7.85) | 66 | 6.22 (4.66–7.97) | 0.0005 |
Neutrophils (10^9/L) | 265 | 3.02 (2.32–4.04) | 291 | 3.64 (2.66–4.76) | 101 | 4.13 (3.05–6.16) | 62 | 4.79 (3.49–6.49) | < 0.0001 |
Lymphocytes (10^9/L) | 264 | 1.14 (0.86–1.57) | 290 | 1.05 (0.77–1.39) | 100 | 0.89 (0.68–1.29) | 62 | 0.85 (0.63–1.05) | 0.0004 |
Platelets (10^9/L) | 301 | 180.00 (146.51–221.25) | 313 | 176.00 (147.29–218.75) | 113 | 180.00 (140.19–218.25) | 65 | 214.00 (159.00–269.25) | 0.0086 |
Prothrombin time (ratio) | 29 | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 55 | 1.10 (1.02–1.15) | 37 | 1.08 (1.02–1.19) | 25 | 1.10 (1.05–1.14) | 0.1367 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 299 | 15.00 (7.02–29.73) | 315 | 43.02 (24.03–85.38) | 112 | 84.60 (46.68–135.66) | 64 | 122.50 (49.55–206.40) | < 0.0001 |
Procalcitonin (μg/L) | 59 | 0.090 (0.05–0.12) | 75 | 0.13 (0.09–0.20) | 46 | 0.18 (0.11–0.41) | 27 | 0.26 (0.11–0.60) | 0.6363 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 90 | 75.60 (67.20–91.96) | 109 | 84.88 (67.91–95.67) | 59 | 88.42 (74.36–114.95) | 33 | 92.84 (79.14–128.21) | 0.0162 |
AST (U/L) | 68 | 28.50 (23.20–36.00) | 90 | 38.50 (29.00–49.00) | 58 | 43.00 (34.00–62.28) | 29 | 45.00 (40.00–52.95) | < 0.0001 |
ALT (U/L) | 71 | 25.00 (19.25–39.50) | 93 | 30.73 (19.00–43.50) | 57 | 32.00 (23.54–41.11) | 29 | 30.00 (23.22–39.50) | 0.0091 |
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 63 | 8.55 (6.84–11.97) | 86 | 10.26 (8.48–13.68) | 51 | 10.26 (6.84–13.68) | 30 | 11.12 (8.55–17.10) | 0.9055 |
Albumin (g/L) | 14 | 40.90 (38.30–42.20) | 30 | 38.60 (36.30–41.20) | 25 | 37.50 (35.55–39.52) | 13 | 38.30 (32.63–40.10) | 0.0077 |
LDH (U/L) | 249 | 408.50 (358.15–487.00) | 273 | 510.53 (422.77–599.75) | 88 | 639.50 (474.85–783.50) | 49 | 707.00 (496.81–896.50) | < 0.0001 |
PCO2 (mmHg) | 73 | 35.70 (32.58–38.35) | 86 | 34.40 (31.00–37.20) | 53 | 33.30 (30.88–36.45) | 31 | 36.30 (32.15–42.08) | 0.6574 |
PO2 (mmHg) | 73 | 79.50 (69.33–87.05) | 85 | 71.00 (64.20–78.40) | 53 | 65.50 (61.68–74.42) | 31 | 60.80 (54.63–72.65) | 0.0014 |
SO2 (%) | 284 | 96.50 (95.00–97.80) | 286 | 95.20 (93.80–96.50) | 103 | 93.70 (91.80–95.78) | 62 | 91.80 (88.30–94.40) | < 0.0001 |
Ground-glass opacities | Consolidation | Crazy paving | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (n = 29) | Y (=837) | P*/P** | N (n = 319) | Y (n = 547) | P*/P** | N (n = 126) | Y (n = 191) | P*/P** | |
White blood cells (10^9/L) | 5.77 (3.84–7.10) (n = 26) | 5.10 (4.02–6.51) (n = 772) | 0.5890/0.1833 | 5.00 (3.98–6.34) (n = 285) | 5.15 (4.02–6.60) (n = 513) | 0.1979/0.5441 | 5.11 (3.99–6.57) (n = 110) | 5.29 (4.16–6.63) (n = 173) | 0.5099/0.7682 |
Neutrophils (10^9/L) | 3.52 (2.71–4.67) (n = 24) | 3.56 (2.58–4.72) (n = 695) | 0.7394/0.4439 | 3.42 (2.60–4.63) (n = 252) | 3.61 (2.56–4.80) (n = 467) | 0.1437/0.5918 | 3.57 (2.66–4.71) (n = 89) | 4.06 (2.71–5.33) (n = 154) | 0.4268/0.8354 |
Lymphocytes (10^9/L) | 1.47 (0.81–1.93) (n = 24) | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) (n = 692) | 0.0887/0.3354 | 1.08 (0.82–1.46) (n = 252) | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) (n = 464) | 0.2403/0.5464 | 1.00 (0.72–1.31) (n = 89) | 0.94 (0.69–1.34) (n = 152) | 0.7478/0.2758 |
Platelets (10^9/L) | 205.00 (159.50–267.75) (n = 25) | 180.00 (145.12–222.19) (n = 767) | 0.0422/0.0201 | 174.72 (149.00–221.75) (n = 283) | 184.00 (144.00–223.61) (n = 509) | 0.7304/0.9761 | 178.00 (142.75–212.25) (n = 109) | 174.00 (139.50–222.19) (n = 175) | 0.1109/0.3102 |
Prothrombin time (ratio) | 0.95 (0.95–0.95) (n = 1) | 1.08 (1.00–1.14) (n = 145) | 0.3795/0.4951 | 1.09 (1.03–1.12) (n = 32) | 1.07 (1.00–1.16) (n = 114) | 0.5081/0.4801 | 1.04 (0.98–1.12) (n = 49) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) (n = 96) | 0.8513/0.5647 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 7.05 (1.30–29.90) (n = 26) | 34.45 (14.90–82.80) (n = 764) | 0.0197/0.7841 | 23.80 (9.92–53.42) (n = 281) | 43.60 (17.25–96.04) (n = 509) | < 0.0001/< 0.0001 | 37.50 (14.10–80.96) (n = 107) | 74.70 (29.23–126.95) (n = 171) | 0.0065/0.6653 |
Procalcitonin (μg/L) | 0.09 (0.05–0.15) (n = 12) | 0.12 (0.08–0.25) (n = 195) | 0.0416/0.0245 | 0.10 (0.05–0.19) (n = 56) | 0.13 (0.09–0.28) (n = 151) | 0.7360/0.6694 | 0.11 (0.07–0.25) (n = 66) | 0.14 (0.09–0.25) (n = 125) | 0.8514/0.9498 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 75.16 (60.39–92.40) (n = 13) | 83.82 (69.41–98.94) (n = 278) | 0.6436/0.8846 | 84.88 (65.61–95.76) (n = 79) | 84.88 (71.53–99.03) (n = 212) | 0.3396/0.4231 | 82.23 (68.08–96.82) (n = 104) | 84.00 (71.09–102.57) (n = 172) | 0.1572/0.0468 |
AST (U/L) | 28.00 (21.50–35.25) (n = 11) | 38.76 (28.00–50.00) (n = 234) | 0.0709/0.5098 | 38.00 (27.00–49.00) (n = 73) | 38.00 (28.40–50.00) (n = 172) | 0.6819/0.9841 | 31.00 (24.00–44.25) (n = 85) | 40.34 (30.96–52.00) (n = 146) | 0.0061/0.0698 |
ALT (U/L) | 25.00 (19.00–36.50) (n = 11) | 29.00 (20.00–41.34) (n = 239) | 0.2297/0.5579 | 29.83 (22.00–44.00) (n = 74) | 28.00 (19.00–40.00) (n = 176) | 0.4871/0.3426 | 27.00 (19.00–38.00) (n = 87) | 29.00 (21.07–43.00) (n = 148) | 0.0422/0.1239 |
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 9.41 (8.55–13.68) (n = 10) | 10.26 (7.39–13.68) (n = 220) | 0.9687/0.8017 | 8.55 (6.84–11.97) (n = 69) | 10.26 (8.55–13.77) (n = 161) | 0.1239/0.1136 | 9.41 (7.46–11.97) (n = 81) | 10.26 (8.11–13.68) (n = 135) | 0.2978/0.2033 |
Albumin (g/L) | (n = 0) | 38.35 (35.90–40.70) (n = 82) | ND | 38.15 (36.75–41.45) (n = 16) | 38.50 (35.70–40.40) (n = 66) | 0.3277/0.3778 | 38.90 (36.20–40.55) (n = 32) | 38.00 (35.55–40.55) (n = 49) | 0.7033/0.3991 |
LDH (U/L) | 376.00 (354.25–471.50) (n = 23) | 490.00 (390.65–619.75) (n = 635) | 0.0413/0.4449 | 459.00 (379.00–565.00) (n = 245) | 502.00 (394.78–644.00) (n = 413) | 0.0039/0.0821 | 469.00 (379.50–596.00) (n = 68) | 572.00 (449.71–724.00) (n = 116) | 0.0063/0.6203 |
PCO2 (mmHg) | 40.05 (30.90–45.95) (n = 8) | 34.60 (31.50–37.58) (n = 235) | 0.0580/0.0781 | 35.80 (31.70–38.65) (n = 72) | 34.30 (31.10–37.50) (n = 171) | 0.6043/0.6623 | 34.25 (30.90–37.70) (n = 82) | 34.90 (31.50–37.58) (n = 147) | 0.7452/0.8746 |
PO2 (mmHg) | 76.70 (72.35–87.15) (n = 8) | 70.65 (63.50–80.60) (n = 234) | 0.6333/0.8540 | 73.15 (65.60–83.70) (n = 72) | 69.50 (62.40–80.00) (n = 170) | 0.3262/0.5264 | 74.35 (65.30–84.80) (n = 82) | 68.05 (62.20–77.30) (n = 146) | 0.0034/0.0396 |
sO2 (%) | 96.90 (94.55–98.30) (n = 23) | 95.40 (93.50–96.80) (n = 712) | 0.1516/0.6693 | 95.80 (94.03–97.10) (n = 275) | 95.20 (93.15–96.70) (n = 460) | 0.0005/0.0154 | 95.55 (93.40–96.90) (n = 90) | 93.85 (91.70–95.70) (n = 150) | 0.0203/0.3603 |