Dear editor,
The role of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the management of severe hypoxia due to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a subject of debate. Despite the lack of clinical data, the surviving sepsis campaign recommended the use of iNO as a rescue therapy in such patients with persistent hypoxemia and, at the same time, reminded that this treatment must be tapered off in the absence of rapid improvement [1].
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The aim of the present study is to record the effect of iNO administration in COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia.
We conducted a single-center prospective study at Amiens Hospital University (France), (ancillary study of a prospective COVID-19 critically patient database registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04354558 and declared to the CNIL number: PI2020_843_0026).
The population study was conducted on adults admitted in our intensive care unit for a COVID-19 severe pneumonia defined according to the WHO case definition [2]. All patients underwent a chest CT scan before iNO administration.
We administered 10 ppm of iNO (Kinox, Air Liquid Healthcare, Canada) through the inspiratory limb of the ventilator tubing when PaO2/FiO2 ratio was under 150 according to our local protocol management. Response to iNO was defined as an increase in PaO2/FiO2 over 20% during over 30 min following its administration. In the absence of response to iNO administration, patients received one session of prone positioning. The following respiratory parameters were collected at baseline and after 15 to 30 min of iNO administration: positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), respiratory lung compliance (RS compliance), driving pressure, fraction in inspired oxygen (FiO2), PaO2, PaCO2 and the echocardiographic presence of an acute cor pulmonale (ACP).
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Data were presented as median [interquartile range] or as number (percentage). Responders group and non-responders group were compared using Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney, chi-2 or Fischer exact test, as appropriate. Statistical tests were performed using SPSS software version 24. A P value under 0.05 was considered as significant.
From 1st of March to 31st of May 2020, 34 of 80 patients with COVID-19 severe pneumonia received iNO. Twenty-two of 34 patients (65%) were responders and twelve were non-responders (35%). After iNO administration, PEEP, RS compliance and driving pressure remained un1
changed both in responders and in non-responders. At baseline, PaO2/FiO2 was significantly lower in the responders group in comparison with the non-responders group (respectively, 70 [63–100] vs 134 [83–173]; P < 0.0001) and was similar between groups after iNO administration (P = 0.068). PaCO2 levels were comparable between groups at baseline and after iNO administration. Prone positioning was not performed in the responders group.
We found a response rate of 65% to iNO administration. Our results differ from two recent reports on iNO use in COVID-19 in which the authors concluded in the absence of effectiveness of iNO [3, 4]. However, Tavazzi et al. found a positive effect in patients with ACP suggesting an effect of iNO on pulmonary circulation. Our results do not confirm this finding regarding the similar rate of ACP in the two groups. Among mechanisms of hypoxemia in COVID-19 patient, the presence of an intra-pulmonary shunt has been suggested [5]. In such hypothesis, the administration of iNO might worsen the shunt related to the pulmonary vasodilatation and might partially explain the decrease in PaO2/FiO2 in non-responders (Table 1). Regarding the CT scan features, we did not find any difference between groups, and thus, the absence of response to iNO could not be attributed to an increase “perfusion” of extensive ground glass opacities in non-responders.
Table 1
Data comparisons for responders and non-responders at baseline and after 15 to 30 min of nitric oxide (iNO) inhalation
Variables | Non-responder (n = 12) | Responder (n = 22) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
PaCO2 (mmHg) | |||
Baseline | 49 [36–56] | 48 [42–60] | 0.363 |
After iNO | 47 [42–60] | 47 [38–52] | 0.444 |
P value before/after iNO | 0.581 | 0.067 | |
PaO2 (mmHg) | |||
Baseline | 134 [80–160] | 65 [58–86] | < 0.0001 |
After iNO | 72 [68–108] | 92 [73–131] | 0.110 |
P value before/after iNO | < 0.009 | < 0.0001 | |
PaO2/FiO2 | |||
Baseline | 134 [83–173] | 70 [63–100] | < 0.0001 |
After iNO | 125 [92–144] | 144 [107–175] | 0.068 |
P value before/after iNO | 0.005 | < 0.0001 | |
FiO2 | |||
Baseline | 0.8 [0.7–0.9] | 0.95 [0.7–1.0] | 0.168 |
After iNO | 0.75 [0.65–0.90] | 0.70 [0.6–0.8] | 0.557 |
P value before/after iNO | 0.399 | 0.002 | |
PEEP (cmH20) | |||
Baseline | 12 [10–12] | 12 [9–15] | 0.790 |
After iNO | 12 [10–13] | 13 [9–15] | 0.486 |
P value before/after iNO | 1.000 | 0.337 | |
Driving pressure (cm H20) | |||
Baseline | 15 [14–17] | 16 [14–17] | 0.209 |
After iNO | 14 [13–16] | 13 [13–16] | 1.000 |
P value before/after iNO | 0.221 | 0.098 | |
RS compliance (ml cmH20−1) | |||
Baseline | 30.0 [21.8–36.7] | 26.6 [20.2–31.8] | 0.534 |
After iNO | 33.9 [24.7–37.0] | 30.0 [22.1–33.4] | 0.407 |
P value before/after iNO | 0.345 | 0.073 | |
ACP, n (%) | 4 (33) | 6 (27) | 0.714 |
Prone positioning after iNO, n (%) | 7 (58) | 0 (0) | < 0.0001 |
CT scan features | |||
GGO | 10 (83) | 20 (91) | 0.602 |
Consolidation | 6 (50) | 14 (64) | 0.487 |
ICU mortality, n (%) | 5 (42) | 8 (36) | 1.000 |
Conclusion
If iNO improves PaO2/FiO2 ventilation/perfusion in the majority of COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia, the causes of unresponsiveness to iNO remain unclear.
Acknowledgements
None.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by Amiens Hospital University and declared at CNIL (registration number: PI2020_843_0026). Oral and written information was delivered to the patients. No written consent was required.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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