Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of proportions

1.

de Wilde AH, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, van Hemert MJ (2018) Host factors in coronavirus replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 419:1–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2017_25CrossRefPubMed

2.

Drexler JF, Corman VM, Drosten C (2014) Ecology, evolution and classification of bat coronaviruses in the aftermath of SARS. Antivir Res 101:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.013CrossRefPubMed

3.

de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ (2016) SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 14(8):523–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

4.

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382(8):727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

5.

Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V (2020) Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol 5(4):562–569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-yCrossRefPubMed

6.

Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579(7798):270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

7.

Novel Coronavirus – China. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/. Published January 12, 2020. Accessed June 19, 2020

8.

Chen X, Yu B (2020) First two months of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model. Glob Health Res Policy 5(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00137-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

9.

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) - events as they happen. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen. Published January 12, 2020. Accessed June 19, 2020

10.

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z (2020) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323(11):1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS, China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382(18):1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032CrossRefPubMed

12.

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J’, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395(10223):507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J’, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, Zhang L, Zhou X, du C, Zhang Y, Song J, Wang S, Chao Y, Yang Z, Xu J, Zhou X, Chen D, Xiong W, Xu L, Zhou F, Jiang J, Bai C, Zheng J, Song Y (2020) Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 180(7):934–943. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994CrossRefPubMed

14.

Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S (2008) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 82(15):7264–7275. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00737-08CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Li K, Wohlford-Lenane C, Perlman S, Zhao J, Jewell AK, Reznikov LR, Gibson-Corley KN, Meyerholz DK, McCray PB Jr (2016) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4. J Infect Dis 213(5):712–722. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv499CrossRefPubMed

16.

Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H (2020) Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host–virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 11(7):995–998. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122CrossRefPubMed

17.

Tsai L, Hsieh S, Chao C et al (2004) Neuromuscular disorders in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Arch Neurol 61(11):1669–1673. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.11.1669CrossRefPubMed

18.

Umapathi T, Kor AC, Venketasubramanian N, Lim CCT, Pang BC, Yeo TT, Lee CC, Lim PL, Ponnudurai K, Chuah KL, Tan PH, Tai DYH, Ang SPB (2004) Large artery ischaemic stroke in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Neurol 251(10):1227–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-004-0519-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Hwang CS (2006) Olfactory neuropathy in severe acute respiratory syndrome: report of a case. Acta Neurol Taiwanica 15(1):26–28

20.

Li Y, Li H, Fan R, Wen B, Zhang J, Cao X, Wang C, Song Z, Li S, Li X, Lv X, Qu X, Huang R, Liu W (2016) Coronavirus infections in the central nervous system and respiratory tract show distinct features in hospitalized children. Intervirology. 59(3):163–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000453066CrossRefPubMed

21.

Morfopoulou S, Brown JR, Davies EG, Anderson G, Virasami A, Qasim W, Chong WK, Hubank M, Plagnol V, Desforges M, Jacques TS, Talbot PJ, Breuer J (2016) Human coronavirus OC43 associated with fatal encephalitis. N Engl J Med 375(5):497–498. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1509458CrossRefPubMed

22.

Arabi YM, Harthi A, Hussein J, Bouchama A, Johani S, Hajeer AH, Saeed BT, Wahbi A, Saedy A, AlDabbagh T, Okaili R, Sadat M, Balkhy H (2015) Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). Infection. 43(4):495–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-015-0720-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Ann Yeh E, Collins A, Cohen ME, Duffner PK, Faden H (2004) Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. PEDIATRICS. 113(1):e73–e76. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.1.e73CrossRefPubMed

24.

Kim J-E, Heo J-H, Kim H, Song SH, Park SS, Park TH, Ahn JY, Kim MK, Choi JP (2017) Neurological complications during treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. J Clin Neurol 13(3):227–233. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.227CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6(7):e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Stang A (2010) Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol 25(9):603–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-zCrossRefPubMed

27.

Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, et al. The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Published October 19, 2009. Accessed June 19, 2020

28.

Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group (2010) CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 340(mar23 1):c332–c332. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c332CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor Package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36(3). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03

30.

Kontopantelis E, Reeves D (2012) Performance of statistical methods for meta-analysis when true study effects are non-normally distributed: a comparison between DerSimonian–Laird and restricted maximum likelihood. Stat Methods Med Res 21(6):657–659. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280211413451CrossRefPubMed

31.

Higgins JPT (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 327(7414):557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B (2020) Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol 77(6):683–690. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127CrossRefPubMed

33.

Li Y, Li M, Wang M, et al. Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study. Stroke Vasc Neurol. Published online July 2, 2020:svn-2020-000431. https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000431

34.

Lu L, Xiong W, Liu D, Liu J, Yang D, Li N, Mu J, Guo J, Li W, Wang G, Gao H, Zhang Y, Lin M, Chen L, Shen S, Zhang H, Sander JW, Luo J, Chen S, Zhou D (2020) New onset acute symptomatic seizure and risk factors in coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective multicenter study. Epilepsia. 61(6):e49–e53. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16524CrossRefPubMed

35.

Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers D, Kant KM, Kaptein FHJ, van Paassen J, Stals MAM, Huisman MV, Endeman H (2020) Confirmation of the high cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: An updated analysis. Thromb Res 191:148–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.041CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Lodigiani C, Iapichino G, Carenzo L, Cecconi M, Ferrazzi P, Sebastian T, Kucher N, Studt JD, Sacco C, Alexia B, Sandri MT, Barco S, Humanitas COVID-19 Task Force (2020) Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb Res 191:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.024CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Fraissé M, Logre E, Pajot O, Mentec H, Plantefève G, Contou D (2020) Thrombotic and hemorrhagic events in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a French monocenter retrospective study. Crit Care 24(1):275. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03025-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Dogra S, Jain R, Cao M, Bilaloglu S, Zagzag D, Hochman S, Lewis A, Melmed K, Hochman K, Horwitz L, Galetta S, Berger J (2020) Hemorrhagic stroke and anticoagulation in COVID-19. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 29(8):104984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104984CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, Collange O, Boulay C, Fafi-Kremer S, Ohana M, Anheim M, Meziani F (2020) Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med 382(23):2268–2270. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2008597CrossRefPubMed

40.

Helms J, Tacquard C, Severac F et al (2020) High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 46(6):1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06062-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Kandemirli SG, Dogan L, Sarikaya ZT, et al. (2020) Brain MRI findings in patients in the intensive care unit with COVID-19 infection [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 8]. Radiology. 201697. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201697

42.

Garazzino S, Montagnani C, Donà D, Meini A, Felici E, Vergine G, Bernardi S, Giacchero R, Lo Vecchio A, Marchisio P, Nicolini G, Pierantoni L, Rabbone I, Banderali G, Denina M, Venturini E, Krzysztofiak A, Badolato R, Bianchini S, Galli L, Villani A, Castelli-Gattinara G, Italian SITIP-SIP Pediatric Infection Study Group, Italian SITIP-SIP SARS-CoV-2 paediatric infection study group* (2020) Multicentre Italian study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents, preliminary data as at 10 April 2020. Euro Surveill 25(18):2000600. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.18.2000600CrossRefPubMedCentral

43.

Jain R, Young M, Dogra S, Kennedy H, Nguyen V, Jones S, Bilaloglu S, Hochman K, Raz E, Galetta S, Horwtiz L (2020) COVID-19 related neuroimaging findings: a signal of thromboembolic complications and a strong prognostic marker of poor patient outcome. J Neurol Sci 414:116923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116923CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Benussi A, Pilotto A, Premi E, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of inpatients with neurologic disease and COVID-19 in Brescia, Lombardy, Italy [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 22]. Neurology. 2020;https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009848

45.

Xiong W, Mu J, Guo J, et al. New onset neurologic events in people with COVID-19 infection in three regions in China [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 17]. Neurology. 2020;https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010034

46.

Scullen T, Keen J, Mathkour M, Dumont AS, Kahn L (2020) Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)-associated encephalopathies and cerebrovascular disease: the New Orleans experience [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 28]. World Neurosurg. S1878–8750(20)31163–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.192

47.

Mahammedi A, Saba L, Vagal A, et al. (2020) Imaging in neurological disease of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: an Italian multicenter retrospective observational study [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 21]. Radiology. 201933. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201933

48.

Radmanesh A, Raz E, Zan E, Derman A, Kaminetzky M (2020) Brain imaging use and findings in COVID-19: a single academic center experience in the epicenter of disease in the United States. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 41(7):1179–1183. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6610CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Romero-Sánchez CM, Díaz-Maroto I, Fernández-Díaz E, et al. (2020) Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: The ALBACOVID registry [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 1]. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009937

50.

Kremer S, Lersy F, de Sèze J, et al. (2020) Brain MRI findings in severe COVID-19: a retrospective observational study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 16]. Radiology ;202222. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020202222

51.

Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, Osteraas ND, Pellack DR, Asthana A, Fegan K, Patel V, Conners JJ, John S, Silva ID (2020) Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: experiences from a tertiary care center at the frontline. J Neurol Sci 415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Beltrán-Corbellini Á, Chico-García JL, Martínez-Poles J, et al. (2020) Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID-19: a pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction based case-control study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 22]. Eur J Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14273

53.

Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, et al. (2020) Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 26]. Clin Infect Dis. ciaa330. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa330

54.

Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR et al (2020) Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 277(8):2251–2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Spinato G, Fabbris C, Polesel J, Cazzador D, Borsetto D, Hopkins C, Boscolo-Rizzo P (2020) Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA 323(20):2089–2090. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6771CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Vaira LA, Deiana G, Fois AG, Pirina P, Madeddu G, de Vito A, Babudieri S, Petrocelli M, Serra A, Bussu F, Ligas E, Salzano G, de Riu G (2020) Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: single-center experience on 72 cases. Head Neck 42(6):1252–1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26204CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Vaira LA, Salzano G, Petrocelli M, Deiana G, Salzano FA, De Riu G (2020) Validation of a self-administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID-19 patients in home quarantine. Head Neck 42(7):1570–1576. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26228CrossRefPubMed

58.

Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Salzano G, Petrocelli M, Melis A, Cucurullo M, Ferrari M, Gagliardini L, Pipolo C, Deiana G, Fiore V, de Vito A, Turra N, Canu S, Maglio A, Serra A, Bussu F, Madeddu G, Babudieri S, Giuseppe Fois A, Pirina P, Salzano FA, de Riu P, Biglioli F, de Riu G (2020) Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study. Head Neck 42(7):1560–1569. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26269CrossRefPubMed

59.

Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim S-W (2020) Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in COVID-19 patients. J Korean Med Sci 35(18):e174. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Speth MM, Singer-Cornelius T, Oberle M, Gengler I, Brockmeier SJ, Sedaghat AR (2020) Olfactory dysfunction and sinonasal symptomatology in COVID-19: prevalence, severity, timing, and associated characteristics. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 163(1):114–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820929185CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Klopfenstein T, Kadiane-Oussou NJ, Toko L, et al. (2020) Features of anosmia in COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 17]. Med Mal Infect. S0399-077X(20)30110–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.04.006

62.

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395(10223):497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J’, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, Zhang L, Zhou X, du C, Zhang Y, Song J, Wang S, Chao Y, Yang Z, Xu J, Zhou X, Chen D, Xiong W, Xu L, Zhou F, Jiang J, Bai C, Zheng J, Song Y (2020) Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 180(7):934–943. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994CrossRefPubMed

64.

Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J', Liu H, Wu Y, Zhang L, Yu Z, Fang M, Yu T, Wang Y, Pan S, Zou X, Yuan S, Shang Y (2020) Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 8(5):475–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, Ma K, Xu D, Yu H, Wang H, Wang T, Guo W, Chen J, Ding C, Zhang X, Huang J, Han M, Li S, Luo X, Zhao J, Ning Q (2020) Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study [published correction appears in BMJ. 2020 Mar 31;368:m1295]. BMJ 368:m1091 Published 2020 Mar 26. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1091CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Du Y, Tu L, Zhu P et al (2020) Clinical features of 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan. A retrospective observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201(11):1372–1379. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0543OCCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Zheng Y, Xu H, Yang M, Zeng Y, Chen H, Liu R, Li Q, Zhang N, Wang D (2020) Epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of 32 critical and 67 noncritical cases of COVID-19 in Chengdu. J Clin Virol 127:104366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104366CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Rodriguez-Morales AG, Méndez CA, Hernández-Botero S. Tracing new clinical manifestations in patients with COVID-19 in Chile and its potential relationship with the SARS-CoV-2 divergence [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 18]. Curr Trop Med Rep 2020;1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00205-2

69.

Wang F, Yang Y, Dong K, Yan Y, Zhang S, Ren H, Yu X, Shi X (2020) Clinical characteristics of 28 patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Endocr Pract 26(6):668–674. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP-2020-0108CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Wan S, Xiang Y, Fang W, Zheng Y, Li B, Hu Y, Lang C, Huang D, Sun Q, Xiong Y, Huang X, Lv J, Luo Y, Shen L, Yang H, Huang G, Yang R (2020) Clinical features and treatment of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing. J Med Virol 92(7):797–806. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25783CrossRefPubMed

71.

Wang Z, Yang B, Li Q, Wen L, Zhang R (2020) Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 16]. Clin Infect Dis. ciaa272. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa272

72.

Sun D, Li H, Lu X-X, Xiao H, Ren J, Zhang FR, Liu ZS (2020) Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World J Pediatr 16(3):251–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4CrossRefPubMed

73.

Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, Chen K, Kang X, Xiang Z, Chen H, Wang D, Liu N, Liu D, Chen G, Zhang Y, Li D, Li J, Lian H, Niu S, Zhang L, Zhang J (2020) Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J Inf Secur 80(4):401–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018CrossRef

74.

Zhou F, Yu T, Du R et al (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395(10229):1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Du N, Chen H, Zhang Q et al (2020) A case series describing the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Jilin Province. Virulence 11(1):482–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2020.1767357CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Liu K, Fang Y-Y, Deng Y et al (2020) Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J 133(9):1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000744CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Tostmann A, Bradley J, Bousema T, et al. (2020) Strong associations and moderate predictive value of early symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among healthcare workers, the Netherlands, March 2020. Eurosurveillance. 25(16). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.2000508

78.

Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Ren H, Zhang S, Shi X, Yu X, Dong K (2020) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 8(1):e001343. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001343CrossRefPubMed

79.

Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, Li SB, Wang HY, Zhang S, Gao HN, Sheng JF, Cai HL, Qiu YQ, Li LJ (2020) Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series [published correction appears in BMJ. 2020 Feb 27;368:m792]. BMJ 368:m606 Published 2020 Feb 19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m606

80.

Lian J, Cai H, Hao S, Jin X, Zhang XL, Zheng L, Jia HY, Hu JH, Zhang SY, Yu GD, Gu JQ, Ye CY, Jin CL, Lu YF, Sheng JF, Yang YD (2020) Comparison of epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with and without Wuhan exposure. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B 21(5):369–377. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B2000112CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Gupta N, Agrawal S, Ish P, et al. (2020) Clinical and epidemiologic profile of the initial COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care centre in India. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 90(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2020.1294

82.

Zhang X, Cai H, Hu J, Lian J, Gu J, Zhang S, Ye C, Lu Y, Jin C, Yu G, Jia H, Zhang Y, Sheng J, Li L, Yang Y (2020) Epidemiological, clinical characteristics of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with abnormal imaging findings. Int J Infect Dis 94:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.040CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Li J, Li S, Cai Y et al (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 17 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus infections outside Wuhan, China. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.11.20022053

84.

Hung IF-N, Lung K-C, Tso EY-K, Liu R, Chung TWH, Chu MY, Ng YY, Lo J, Chan J, Tam AR, Shum HP, Chan V, Wu AKL, Sin KM, Leung WS, Law WL, Lung DC, Sin S, Yeung P, Yip CCY, Zhang RR, Fung AYF, Yan EYW, Leung KH, Ip JD, Chu AWH, Chan WM, Ng ACK, Lee R, Fung K, Yeung A, Wu TC, Chan JWM, Yan WW, Chan WM, Chan JFW, Lie AKW, Tsang OTY, Cheng VCC, Que TL, Lau CS, Chan KH, To KKW, Yuen KY (2020) Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir–ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet 395(10238):1695–1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31042-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Wu H, Zhu H, Yuan C, Yao C, Luo W, Shen X, Wang J, Shao J, Xiang Y (2020) Clinical and immune features of hospitalized pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. JAMA Netw Open 3(6):e2010895. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10895CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Argenziano MG, Bruce SL, Slater CL et al (2020) Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York: retrospective case series. BMJ 369:m1996. Published 2020 May 29. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1996CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Israelsen SB, Kristiansen KT, Hindsberger B et al (2020) Characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at Hvidovre Hospital, March–April 2020. Dan Med J 67(6):A05200313 Published 2020 May 15PubMed

88.

Cummings MJ, Baldwin MR, Abrams D, Jacobson SD, Meyer BJ, Balough EM, Aaron JG, Claassen J, Rabbani LRE, Hastie J, Hochman BR, Salazar-Schicchi J, Yip NH, Brodie D, O’Donnell MR (2020) Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 395(10239):1763–1770. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31189-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

89.

Kluytmans-van den Bergh MFQ, AGM B, Pas SD et al (2020) Prevalence and clinical presentation of health care workers with symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 in 2 Dutch hospitals during an early phase of the pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 3(5):e209673. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9673CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Nowak B, Szymański P, Pańkowski I, et al. Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective, single-center experience of designated hospital in Poland. Pol Arch Intern Med. Published online May 18, 2020. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.15361

91.

Lai X, Wang M, Qin C, Tan L, Ran L, Chen D, Zhang H, Shang K, Xia C, Wang S, Xu S, Wang W (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) infection among health care workers and implications for prevention measures in a tertiary Hospital in Wuhan,China. JAMA Netw Open 3(5):e209666. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9666CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Wang X, Fang J, Zhu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of non-critically ill patients with novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in a Fangcang Hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect. Published online April 2020:S1198743X20301774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.032

93.

Liu Z, Jin C, Wu CC, Liang T, Zhao H, Wang Y, Wang Z, Li F, Zhou J, Cai S, Zeng L, Yang J (2020) Association between initial chest CT or clinical features and clinical course in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia. Korean J Radiol 21(6):736–745. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0171CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

94.

Huang Q, Deng X, Li Y, Sun X, Chen Q, Xie M, Liu S, Qu H, Liu S, Wang L, He G, Gong Z (2020) Clinical characteristics and drug therapies in patients with the common-type coronavirus disease 2019 in Hunan, China. Int J Clin Pharm 42(3):837–845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-020-01031-2CrossRefPubMed

95.

Hong KS, Lee KH, Chung JH, Shin KC, Choi EY, Jin HJ, Jang JG, Lee W, Ahn JH (2020) Clinical features and outcomes of 98 patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Daegu, South Korea: a brief descriptive study. Yonsei Med J 61(5):431–437. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.5.431CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

96.

Huang R, Zhu L, Xue L et al (2020) Clinical findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Jiangsu province, China: a retrospective, multi-center study. Santiago H da C, ed. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(5):e0008280. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008280CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Ji M, Yuan L, Shen W et al (2020) Characteristics of disease progress in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Epidemiol Infect 148:e94. Published 2020 May 6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820000977CrossRefPubMed

98.

Wang D, Yin Y, Hu C, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhou S, Jian M, Xu H, Prowle J, Hu B, Li Y, Peng Z (2020) Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan, China. Crit Care 24(1):188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02895-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

99.

Aggarwal S, Garcia-Telles N, Aggarwal G, Lavie C, Lippi G, Henry BM (2020) Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): early report from the United States. Diagnosis 7(2):91–96. https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2020-0046CrossRefPubMed

100.

Zhao X-Y, Xu X-X, Yin H-S, Hu QM, Xiong T, Tang YY, Yang AY, Yu BP, Huang ZP (2020) Clinical characteristics of patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in a non-Wuhan area of Hubei Province, China: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 20(1):311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05010-wCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

101.

Meng Y, Wu P, Lu W et al (2020) Sex-specific clinical characteristics and prognosis of coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study of 168 severe patients. Perlman S, ed. PLoS Pathog 16(4):e1008520. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008520CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

102.

Yao Q, Wang P, Wang X, et al. Retrospective study of risk factors for severe SARS-Cov-2 infections in hospitalized adult patients. Pol Arch Intern Med. Published online April 24, 2020. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.15312

103.

Zhu L, Wang J, Huang R, Liu L, Zhao H, Wu C, Zhu C (2020) Clinical characteristics of a case series of children with coronavirus disease 2019. Pediatr Pulmonol 55(6):1430–1432. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24767CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Kim ES, Chin BS, Kang CK, Kim NJ, Kang YM, Choi JP, Oh DH, Kim JH, Koh B, Kim SE, Yun NR, Lee JH, Kim JY, Kim Y, Bang JH, Song KH, Kim HB, Chung KH, Oh MD, on behalf of the Korea National Committee for Clinical Management of COVID-19 (2020) Clinical course and outcomes of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a preliminary report of the first 28 patients from the Korean cohort study on COVID-19. J Korean Med Sci 35(13):e142. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e142CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

105.

Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, Kim R, Jerome KR, Nalla AK, Greninger AL, Pipavath S, Wurfel MM, Evans L, Kritek PA, West TE, Luks A, Gerbino A, Dale CR, Goldman JD, O’Mahony S, Mikacenic C (2020) Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region — case series. N Engl J Med 382(21):2012–2022. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2004500CrossRefPubMed

106.

Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D (2020) Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 20(6):689–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

107.

Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen H, Yu H, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu S, Song J, Chen T, Han M, Li S, Luo X, Zhao J, Ning Q (2020) Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest 130(5):2620–2629. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI137244CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

108.

Yang W, Cao Q, Qin L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Pan A, Dai J, Sun Q, Zhao F, Qu J, Yan F (2020) Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19):a multi-center study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, China. J Inf Secur 80(4):388–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.016CrossRef

109.

Xu Y-H, Dong J-H, An W-M, Lv XY, Yin XP, Zhang JZ, Dong L, Ma X, Zhang HJ, Gao BL (2020) Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. J Inf Secur 80(4):394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017CrossRef

110.

Xu X, Yu C, Qu J, Zhang L, Jiang S, Huang D, Chen B, Zhang Z, Guan W, Ling Z, Jiang R, Hu T, Ding Y, Lin L, Gan Q, Luo L, Tang X, Liu J (2020) Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47(5):1275–1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04735-9CrossRefPubMed

111.

Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Place S, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Intern Med. Published online June 17, 2020:joim.13089. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13089

112.

CDC COVID-19 response team. Characteristics of health care personnel with COVID-19 - United States, February 12-April 9, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(15):477–481. Published 2020 Apr 17. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e6

113.

Levinson R, Elbaz M, Ben-Ami R, Shasha D, Levinson T, Choshen G, Petrov K, Gadoth A, Paran Y (2020) Time course of anosmia and dysgeusia in patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 52(8):600–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2020.1772992CrossRef

114.

Zhu X, Yuan W, Huang K, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 114 elderly patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a single-center, retrospective, observational study. SSRN Electron J. Published online 2020. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3548774

115.

Wang D, Li R, Wang J, et al. Correlation analysis between disease severity and clinical and biochemical characteristics of 143 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):519. Published 2020 Jul 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05242-w

116.

Chen C, Cao M, Peng L, et al. Coronavirus disease-19 among children outside Wuhan, China. SSRN Electron J. Published online 2020. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3546071

117.

Mo P, Xing Y, Xiao Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. Published online March 16, 2020:ciaa270. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa270

118.

Zhang G, Hu C, Luo L, Fang F, Chen Y, Li J, Peng Z, Pan H (2020) Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 221 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol 127:104364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104364CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

119.

Tomlins J, Hamilton F, Gunning S, Sheehy C, Moran E, MacGowan A (2020) Clinical features of 95 sequential hospitalised patients with novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), the first UK cohort. J Infect Published online April S0163445320302322:e59–e61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.020CrossRef

120.

Zhao Z, Xie J, Yin M, et al. Clinical and laboratory profiles of 75 hospitalized patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 in Hefei, China. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.01.20029785

121.

Huang Y, Yang R, Xu Y, Gong P. Clinical characteristics of 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.20029009

122.

Yan CH, Faraji F, Prajapati DP, Boone CE, DeConde AS (2020) Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 10(7):806–813. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22579CrossRefPubMed

123.

Deng Y, Liu W, Liu K, Fang YY, Shang J, Zhou L, Wang K, Leng F, Wei S, Chen L, Liu HG (2020) Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J 133(11):1261–1267. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

124.

Chu J, Yang N, Wei Y, Yue H, Zhang F, Zhao J, He L, Sheng G, Chen P, Li G, Wu S, Zhang B, Zhang S, Wang C, Miao X, Li J, Liu W, Zhang H (2020) Clinical characteristics of 54 medical staff with COVID-19: a retrospective study in a single center in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol 92(7):807–813. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25793CrossRefPubMed

125.

Ihle-Hansen H, Berge T, Tveita A, et al. (2020) COVID-19: Symptoms, course of illness and use of clinical scoring systems for the first 42 patients admitted to a Norwegian local hospital. Covid-19: Symptomer, forløp og bruk av kliniske skåringsverktøy hos de 42 første pasientene innlagt på et norsk lokalsykehus. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 140(7):https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.20.0301. Published 2020 Apr 10. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.20.0301

126.

Goyal P, Choi JJ, Pinheiro LC, Schenck EJ, Chen R, Jabri A, Satlin MJ, Campion TR Jr, Nahid M, Ringel JB, Hoffman KL, Alshak MN, Li HA, Wehmeyer GT, Rajan M, Reshetnyak E, Hupert N, Horn EM, Martinez FJ, Gulick RM, Safford MM (2020) Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med 382(24):2372–2374. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2010419CrossRefPubMed

127.

Cao J, Tu W-J, Cheng W, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 102 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. Published online March 13, 2020:ciaa243. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa243

128.

Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, dela Cruz CS, Sharma L (2020) Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China. JAMA 323(11):1092–1093. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1623CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

129.

Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, Li J, Zhao D, Xu D, Gong Q, Liao J, Yang H, Hou W, Zhang Y (2020) Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet 395(10226):809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

130.

Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, Zhou J, Jiang H (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Inf Secur 80(6):639–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019CrossRef

131.

Spiteri G, Fielding J, Diercke M, et al. (2020) First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020. Eurosurveillance. 25(9). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.9.2000178

132.

Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, Huang F, Wang F, Yuan J, Wang Z, Li J, Li J, Feng C, Zhang Z, Wang L, Peng L, Chen L, Qin Y, Zhao D, Tan S, Yin L, Xu J, Zhou C, Jiang C, Liu L (2020) Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci 63(3):364–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

133.

Xu T, Chen C, Zhu Z, Cui M, Chen C, Dai H, Xue Y (2020) Clinical features and dynamics of viral load in imported and non-imported patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis 94:68–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.022CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

134.

Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, Cui J, Xu W, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Jacobi A, Li K, Li S, Shan H (2020) CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology 295(1):202–207. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200230CrossRefPubMed

135.

Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, Fan Y, Zheng C (2020) Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 20(4):425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

136.

Yang L, Liu J, Zhang R, Li M, Li Z, Zhou X, Hu C, Tian F, Zhou F, Lei Y (2020) Epidemiological and clinical features of 200 hospitalized patients with corona virus disease 2019 outside Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. J Clin Virol 129:104475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104475CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

137.

Zhao W, Zhong Z, Xie X, Yu Q, Liu J (2020) Relation between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: a multicenter study. Am J Roentgenol 214(5):1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.22976CrossRef

138.

Han Y, Feng Z, Sun L, et al. A comparative-descriptive analysis of clinical characteristics in 2019-coronavirus-infected children and adults. J Med Virol. Published online April 17, 2020:jmv.25835. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25835

139.

Wang Y, Lu X, Li Y, Chen H, Chen T, Su N, Huang F, Zhou J, Zhang B, Yan F, Wang J (2020) Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care patients with COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201(11):1430–1434. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0736LECrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

140.

Gilani S, Roditi R, Naraghi M (2020) COVID-19 and anosmia in Tehran, Iran. Med Hypotheses 141:109757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109757CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

141.

Kaye R, Chang CWD, Kazahaya K, Brereton J, Denneny JC (2020) COVID-19 anosmia reporting tool: initial findings. Otolaryngol Neck Surg 163(1):132–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820922992CrossRef

142.

Bagheri SHR, Asghari AM, Farhadi M et al (2020) Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak. Otolaryngology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20041889

143.

Hopkins C, Surda P, Kumar N (2020) Presentation of new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rhinol J 58(3):295–298. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.116CrossRef

144.

Morassi M, Bagatto D, Cobelli M, D’Agostini S, Gigli GL, Bnà C, Vogrig A (2020) Stroke in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series. J Neurol 267(8):2185–2192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09885-2CrossRefPubMed

145.

Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh IP, de Leacy RA, Shigematsu T, Ladner TR, Yaeger KA, Skliut M, Weinberger J, Dangayach NS, Bederson JB, Tuhrim S, Fifi JT (2020) Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med 382(20):e60. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009787CrossRefPubMed

146.

Deliwala S, Abdulhamid S, Abusalih MF, Al-Qasmi MM, Bachuwa G. Encephalopathy as the sentinel sign of a cortical stroke in a patient infected with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Cureus. Published online May 14, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8121

147.

Moshayedi P, Ryan TE, Mejia LLP, Nour M, Liebeskind DS (2020) Triage of acute ischemic stroke in confirmed COVID-19: large vessel occlusion associated with coronavirus infection. Front Neurol 11:353. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00353CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

148.

Muhammad S, Petridis A, Cornelius JF, Hänggi D (2020) Letter to editor: severe brain haemorrhage and concomitant COVID-19 infection: a neurovascular complication of COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun 87:150–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

149.

Al Saiegh F, Ghosh R, Leibold A, et al. (2020) Status of SARS-CoV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with COVID-19 and stroke [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 30]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. jnnp-2020-323522. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323522

150.

Klein DE, Libman R, Kirsch C, Arora R (2020) Cerebral venous thrombosis: a typical presentation of COVID-19 in the young. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 29(8):104989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104989CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

151.

Garaci F, Di Giuliano F, Picchi E, Da Ros V, Floris R (2020) Venous cerebral thrombosis in COVID-19 patient. J Neurol Sci 414:116871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116871CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

152.

Chougar L, Mathon B, Weiss N, Degos V, Shor N. Atypical deep cerebral vein thrombosis with hemorrhagic venous infarction in a patient positive for COVID-19. Am J Neuroradiol. Published online June 18, 2020:ajnr;ajnr.A6642v1. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6642

153.

Cavalcanti DD, Raz E, Shapiro M, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with COVID-19. Am J Neuroradiol. Published online June 18, 2020:ajnr;ajnr.A6644v1. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6644

154.

Hemasian H, Ansari B (2020) First case of Covid-19 presented with cerebral venous thrombosis: a rare and dreaded case. Rev Neurol (Paris) 176(6):521–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2020.04.013CrossRef

155.

Sweid A, Hammoud B, Weinberg JH, et al. Letter: thrombotic neurovascular disease in COVID-19 patients. Neurosurgery. Published online June 4, 2020:nyaa254. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyaa254

156.

Hughes C, Nichols T, Pike M, Subbe C, Elghenzai S. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis as a presentation of COVID-19. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. Published online 2020:1–4. https://doi.org/10.12890/2020_001691

157.

Zhou B, She J, Wang Y, Ma X (2020) A case of coronavirus disease 2019 with concomitant acute cerebral infarction and deep vein thrombosis. Front Neurol 11:296. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00296CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

158.

Muhammad S, Petridis A, Cornelius JF, Hänggi D (2020) Letter to editor: severe brain haemorrhage and concomitant COVID-19 infection: a neurovascular complication of COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun 87:150–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

159.

Sharifi-Razavi A, Karimi N, Rouhani N (2020) COVID-19 and intracerebral haemorrhage: causative or coincidental? New Microbes New Infect 35:100669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100669CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

160.

Hanafi R, Roger PA, Perin B, et al. (2020) COVID-19 neurologic complication with CNS vasculitis-like pattern [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 18]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6651. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6651

161.

Fara MG, Stein LK, Skliut M, Morgello S, Fifi JT, Dhamoon MS. Macrothrombosis and stroke in patients with mild Covid-19 infection. J Thromb Haemost. Published online June 25, 2020:jth.14938. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14938

162.

Brüggemann R, Gietema H, Jallah B, ten Cate H, Stehouwer C, Spaetgens B (2020) Arterial and venous thromboembolic disease in a patient with COVID-19: a case report. Thromb Res 191:153–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.046CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

163.

Guillan M, Villacieros-Alvarez J, Bellido S, Perez-Jorge Peremarch C, Suarez-Vega VM, Aragones-Garcia M, Cabrera-Rojo C, Fernandez-Ferro J (2020) Unusual simultaneous cerebral infarcts in multiple arterial territories in a COVID-19 patient. Thromb Res 193:107–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.06.015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

164.

Escalard S, Maïer B, Redjem H, Delvoye F, Hébert S, Smajda S, Ciccio G, Desilles JP, Mazighi M, Blanc R, Piotin M Treatment of acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion with COVID-19: experience from Paris. Stroke Published online May 29, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030574, 2540, 2543

165.

Griffin DO, Jensen A, Khan M, et al. (2020) Arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 in low-risk patients despite prophylaxis. Br J Haematol. 190(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16792

166.

Beyrouti R, Adams ME, Benjamin L, et al. Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Published online April 30, 2020:jnnp-2020-323586. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323586

167.

Nepal P, Batchala PP, Songmen S, Parashar K, Sapire J. An unresponsive COVID-19 patient. Emerg Radiol Published online May 28, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-020-01799-w

168.

Rudilosso S, Esteller D, Urra X, Chamorro Á (2020) Thalamic perforating artery stroke on computed tomography perfusion in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 29(8):104974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104974CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

169.

Viguier A, Delamarre L, Duplantier J, Olivot J-M, Bonneville F. Acute ischemic stroke complicating common carotid artery thrombosis during a severe COVID-19 infection. J Neuroradiol Published online May 2020:S0150986120301590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurad.2020.04.003

170.

Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, Xia P, Cao W, Jiang W, Chen H, Ding X, Zhao H, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao J, Sun X, Tian R, Wu W, Wu D, Ma J, Chen Y, Zhang D, Xie J, Yan X, Zhou X, Liu Z, Wang J, du B, Qin Y, Gao P, Qin X, Xu Y, Zhang W, Li T, Zhang F, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang S (2020) Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382(17):e38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2007575CrossRefPubMed

171.

Valderrama EV, Humbert K, Lord A, Frontera J, Yaghi S (2020) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and ischemic stroke. Stroke. 51(7). https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030153

172.

Goldberg MF, Goldberg MF, Cerejo R, Tayal AH (2020) Cerebrovascular disease in COVID-19. Am J Neuroradiol 41(7):1170–1172. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6588CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

173.

Sharifi-Razavi A, Karimi N, Zarvani A, Cheraghmakani H, Baghbanian SM. Ischemic stroke associated with novel coronavirus 2019: a report of three cases. Int J Neurosci Published online June 17, 2020:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2020.1782902

174.

Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, Ueno M, Sakata H, Kondo K, Myose N, Nakao A, Takeda M, Haro H, Inoue O, Suzuki-Inoue K, Kubokawa K, Ogihara S, Sasaki T, Kinouchi H, Kojin H, Ito M, Onishi H, Shimizu T, Sasaki Y, Enomoto N, Ishihara H, Furuya S, Yamamoto T, Shimada S (2020) A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis 94:55–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

175.

Huang YH, Jiang D, Huang JT (2020) SARS-CoV-2 detected in cerebrospinal fluid by PCR in a case of COVID-19 encephalitis. Brain Behav Immun 87:149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

176.

Domingues RB, Mendes-Correa MC, de Moura Leite FBV, Sabino EC, Salarini DZ, Claro I, Santos DW, de Jesus JG, Ferreira NE, Romano CM, Soares CAS First case of SARS-COV-2 sequencing in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with suspected demyelinating disease. J Neurol Published online June 20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09996-w

177.

Farhadian S, Glick LR, Vogels CBF, Thomas J, Chiarella J, Casanovas-Massana A, Zhou J, Odio C, Vijayakumar P, Geng B, Fournier J, Bermejo S, Fauver JR, Alpert T, Wyllie AL, Turcotte C, Steinle M, Paczkowski P, dela Cruz C, Wilen C, Ko AI, MacKay S, Grubaugh ND, Spudich S, Barakat LA (2020) Acute encephalopathy with elevated CSF inflammatory markers as the initial presentation of COVID-19. BMC Neurol 20(1):248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-020-01812-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

178.

Filatov A, Sharma P, Hindi F, Espinosa PS. Neurological complications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): encephalopathy. Cureus Published online March 21, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7352

179.

Espinosa PS, Rizvi Z, Sharma P, Hindi F, Filatov A. Neurological complications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): encephalopathy, MRI brain and cerebrospinal fluid findings: case 2. Cureus. Published online May 2, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7930

180.

Hepburn M, Mullaguri N, George P, Hantus S, Punia V, Bhimraj A, Newey CR Acute symptomatic seizures in critically ill patients with COVID-19: is there an association? Neurocrit Care Published online May 28, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-020-01006-1

181.

Pilotto A, Odolini S, Masciocchi S, et al. Steroid-responsive encephalitis in coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Neurol. Published online June 9, 2020:ana.25783. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25783

182.

Yin R, Feng W, Wang T, et al. Concomitant neurological symptoms observed in a patient diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. Published online June 29, 2020:jmv.25888. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25888

183.

Afshar H, Yassin Z, Kalantari S, Aloosh O, Lotfi T, Moghaddasi M, Sadeghipour A, Emamikhah M Evolution and resolution of brain involvement associated with SARS- CoV2 infection: a close clinical – paraclinical follow up study of a case. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020;43:102216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102216

184.

Al-olama M, Rashid A, Garozzo D (2020) COVID-19-associated meningoencephalitis complicated with intracranial hemorrhage: a case report. Acta Neurochir 162(7):1495–1499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-020-04402-wCrossRefPubMed

185.

Duong L, Xu P, Liu A (2020) Meningoencephalitis without respiratory failure in a young female patient with COVID-19 infection in Downtown Los Angeles, early April 2020. Brain Behav Immun 87:33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.024CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

186.

Wong PF, Craik S, Newman P, Makan A, Srinivasan K, Crawford E, Dev D, Moudgil H, Ahmad N (2020) Lessons of the month 1: a case of rhombencephalitis as a rare complication of acute COVID-19 infection. Clin Med 20(3):293–294. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0182CrossRef

187.

Zanin L, Saraceno G, Panciani PP, Renisi G, Signorini L, Migliorati K, Fontanella MM (2020) SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir 162(7):1491–1494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-020-04374-xCrossRefPubMed

188.

Vollono C, Rollo E, Romozzi M, Frisullo G, Servidei S, Borghetti A, Calabresi P (2020) Focal status epilepticus as unique clinical feature of COVID-19: a case report. Seizure 78:109–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2020.04.009CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

189.

Kadono Y, Nakamura Y, Ogawa Y, Yamamoto S, Kajikawa R, Nakajima Y, Matsumoto M, Kishima H (2020) A case of COVID-19 infection presenting with a seizure following severe brain edema. Seizure 80:53–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2020.06.015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

190.

Sohal S, Mansur M (2020) COVID-19 presenting with seizures. IDCases 20:e00782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00782CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

191.

Dixon L, Varley J, Gontsarova A, Mallon D, Tona F, Muir D, Luqmani A, Jenkins IH, Nicholas R, Jones B, Everitt A (2020) COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia. Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 7(5):e789. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000789CrossRef

192.

Karimi N, Sharifi Razavi A, Rouhani N (2020) Frequent convulsive seizures in an adult patient with COVID-19: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J 22(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.102828

193.

Somani S, Pati S, Gaston T, Chitlangia A, Agnihotri S (2020) De novo status epilepticus in patients with COVID-19. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 7(7):1240–1244. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51071CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

194.

McAbee GN, Brosgol Y, Pavlakis S, Agha R, Gaffoor M. Encephalitis associated with COVID-19 infection in an 11-year-old child. Pediatr Neurol. Published online April 2020:S0887899420301430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.04.013

195.

Dugue R, Cay-Martínez KC, Thakur KT, Garcia JA, Chauhan LV, Williams SH, Briese T, Jain K, Foca M, McBrian DK, Bain JM, Lipkin WI, Mishra N (2020) Neurologic manifestations in an infant with COVID-19. Neurology 94(24):1100–1102. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009653CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

196.

Kaya Y, Kara S, Akinci C, Kocaman AS (2020) Transient cortical blindness in COVID-19 pneumonia; a PRES-like syndrome: case report. J Neurol Sci 413:116858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116858CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

197.

Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B. COVID-19–associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features. Radiology. Published online March 31, 2020:201187. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201187

198.

Radmanesh A, Derman A, Ishida K (2020) COVID-19-associated delayed posthypoxic necrotizing leukoencephalopathy. J Neurol Sci 415:116945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116945CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

199.

Hayashi M, Sahashi Y, Baba Y, Okura H, Shimohata T (2020) COVID-19-associated mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion. J Neurol Sci 415:116941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116941CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

200.

Parsons T, Banks S, Bae C, Gelber J, Alahmadi H, Tichauer M. COVID-19-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). J Neurol Published online May 30, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09951-9

201.

Novi G, Rossi T, Pedemonte E, Saitta L, Rolla C, Roccatagliata L, Inglese M, Farinini D (2020) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 7(5):e797. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000797CrossRef

202.

Beach SR, Praschan NC, Hogan C, Dotson S, Merideth F, Kontos N, Fricchione GL, Smith FA (2020) Delirium in COVID-19: a case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 65:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

203.

Alkeridy WA, Almaghlouth I, Alrashed R, Alayed K, Binkhamis K, Alsharidi A, Liu-Ambrose T (2020) A unique presentation of delirium in a patient with otherwise asymptomatic COVID -19. J Am Geriatr Soc 68(7):1382–1384. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16536CrossRefPubMed

204.

Neerland BE, Dobloug A, Nore KG, Mikaelsen EE, Halsen A, Ahmed MV. COVID-19 in an elderly woman with acute functional decline. Covid-19 påvist hos eldre kvinne med akutt funksjonssvikt. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2020;140(7):https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.20.0307. Published 2020 Apr 9.

205.

Yin R, Feng W, Wang T, et al. Concomitant neurological symptoms observed in a patient diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. Published online June 29, 2020:jmv.25888. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25888

206.

Zhao H, Shen D, Zhou H, Liu J, Chen S (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurol 19(5):383–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30109-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

207.

Camdessanche J-P, Morel J, Pozzetto B, Paul S, Tholance Y, Botelho-Nevers E (2020) COVID-19 may induce Guillain–Barré syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris) 176(6):516–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2020.04.003CrossRef

208.

Coen M, Jeanson G, Culebras Almeida LA, Hübers A, Stierlin F, Najjar I, Ongaro M, Moulin K, Makrygianni M, Leemann B, Kronig I, Bertrand J, Reny JL, Schibler M, Serratrice J (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain Behav Immun 87:111–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.074CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

209.

El Otmani H, El Moutawakil B, Rafai M-A et al (2020) Covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: more than a coincidence! Rev Neurol (Paris) 176(6):518–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2020.04.007CrossRef

210.

Lascano AM, Epiney J, Coen M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: AIDP variant with favorable outcome. Eur J Neurol. Published online June 2020:ene.14368. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14368

211.

Bigaut K, Mallaret M, Baloglu S, Nemoz B, Morand P, Baicry F, Godon A, Voulleminot P, Kremer L, Chanson JB, de Seze J (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 7(5):e785. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000785CrossRef

212.

Alberti P, Beretta S, Piatti M, Karantzoulis A, Piatti ML, Santoro P, Viganò M, Giovannelli G, Pirro F, Montisano DA, Appollonio I, Ferrarese C (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome related to COVID-19 infection. Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 7(4):e741. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000741CrossRef

213.

Padroni M, Mastrangelo V, Asioli GM, Pavolucci L, Abu-Rumeileh S, Piscaglia MG, Querzani P, Callegarini C, Foschi M (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19: new infection, old complication? J Neurol 267(7):1877–1879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09849-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

214.

Helbok R, Beer R, Löscher W, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome in a patient with antibodies against SARS-COV-2. Eur J Neurol. Published online June 12, 2020:ene.14388. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14388

215.

Scheidl E, Canseco DD, Hadji-Naumov A, Bereznai B (2020) Guillain-Barr é syndrome during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a case report and review of recent literature. J Peripher Nerv Syst 25(2):204–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12382CrossRefPubMed

216.

Kilinc D, van de Pasch S, Doets AY, Jacobs BC, van Vliet J, Garssen MPJ. Guillain-Barré syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Neurol. Published online June 13, 2020:ene.14398. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14398

217.

Sedaghat Z, Karimi N (2020) Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case report. J Clin Neurosci 76:233–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.062CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

218.

Rana S, Lima AA, Chandra R, Valeriano J, Desai T, Freiberg W, Small G (2020) Novel coronavirus (COVID-19)-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome: case report. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 21(4):240–242. https://doi.org/10.1097/CND.0000000000000309CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

219.

Assini A, Benedetti L, Di Maio S, Schirinzi E, Del Sette M (2020) New clinical manifestation of COVID-19 related Guillain-Barrè syndrome highly responsive to intravenous immunoglobulins: two Italian cases. Neurol Sci 41(7):1657–1658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04484-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

220.

Virani A, Rabold E, Hanson T, Haag A, Elrufay R, Cheema T, Balaan M, Bhanot N (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. IDCases 20:e00771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00771CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

221.

Ottaviani D, Boso F, Tranquillini E, Gapeni I, Pedrotti G, Cozzio S, Guarrera GM, Giometto B (2020) Early Guillain-Barré syndrome in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a case report from an Italian COVID-hospital. Neurol Sci 41(6):1351–1354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04449-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

222.

Juliao Caamaño DS, Alonso BR (2020) Facial diplegia, a possible atypical variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome as a rare neurological complication of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Neurosci 77:230–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.016CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

223.

Webb S, Wallace VC, Martin-Lopez D, Yogarajah M (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19: a newly emerging post-infectious complication. BMJ Case Rep 13(6):e236182. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236182CrossRefPubMed

224.

Arnaud S, Budowski C, Wing N, Tin S, Degos B (2020) Post SARS-CoV-2 Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 131(7):1652–1654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.05.003CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

225.

Sancho-Saldaña A, Lambea-Gil Á, Liesa JLC, Caballo MRB, Garay MH, Celada DR, Serrano-Ponz M (2020) Guillain–Barré syndrome associated with leptomeningeal enhancement following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Med 20(4):e93–e94. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0213CrossRef

226.

Reyes-Bueno JA, García-Trujillo L, Urbaneja P, et al. Miller-Fisher syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Neurol. Published online June 5, 2020:ene.14383. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14383

227.

Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S, Ruiz L, Invernizzi P, Cuzzoni MG, Franciotta D, Baldanti F, Daturi R, Postorino P, Cavallini A, Micieli G (2020) Guillain–Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 382(26):2574–2576. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009191CrossRefPubMed

228.

Gutiérrez-Ortiz C, Méndez A, Rodrigo-Rey S, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19. Neurology. Published online April 17, 2020:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009619.

229.

Manganotti P, Pesavento V, Buoite Stella A, Bonzi L, Campagnolo E, Bellavita G, Fabris B, Luzzati R Miller Fisher syndrome diagnosis and treatment in a patient with SARS-CoV-2. J Neurovirol Published online June 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-020-00858-9

230.

Dinkin M, Gao V, Kahan J, et al. COVID-19 presenting with ophthalmoparesis from cranial nerve palsy. Neurology. Published online May 1, 2020:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009700. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009700

231.

Abdelnour L, Eltahir Abdalla M, Babiker S (2020) COVID 19 infection presenting as motor peripheral neuropathy. J Formos Med Assoc 119(6):1119–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.024CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

232.

Zhang Q, Shan KS, Minalyan A, O’Sullivan C, Nace T. A rare presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) induced viral myositis with subsequent rhabdomyolysis. Cureus Published online May 12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8074

233.

Jin M, Tong Q (2020) Rhabdomyolysis as potential late complication associated with COVID-19. Emerg Infect Dis 26(7):1618–1620. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200445CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

234.

Suwanwongse K, Shabarek N. Rhabdomyolysis as a presentation of 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Cureus Published online April 6, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7561

235.

Munz M, Wessendorf S, Koretsis G, Tewald F, Baegi R, Krämer S, Geissler M, Reinhard M (2020) Acute transverse myelitis after COVID-19 pneumonia. J Neurol 267(8):2196–2197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09934-wCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

236.

Rábano-Suárez P, Bermejo-Guerrero L, Méndez-Guerrero A, et al. Generalized myoclonus in COVID-19. Neurology. Published online May 21, 2020:https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009829.

237.

Krajewski PK, Szepietowski JC, Maj J (2020) Cutaneous hyperesthesia: a novel manifestation of COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun 87:188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.064CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

238.

Aoyagi Y, Ohashi M, Funahashi R, Otaka Y, Saitoh E (2020) Oropharyngeal dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia following coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. Dysphagia 35(4):545–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10140-zCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

239.

Acharya S, Diamond M, Anwar S, Glaser A, Tyagi P (2020) Unique case of central retinal artery occlusion secondary to COVID-19 disease. IDCases 21:e00867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00867CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

240.

Selvaraj V, Sacchetti D, Finn A, Dapaah-Afriyie K (2020) Acute vision loss in a patient with COVID-19. R I Med J (2013) 103(6):37–38 Published 2020 Jun 10

241.

Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F (2020) Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. Gallagher T, ed. J Virol 94(7):e00127–e00120, /jvi/94/7/JVI.00127–20.atom. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

242.

Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, Ji R, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhou Y (2020) Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 94:91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

243.

Krauer F, Riesen M, Reveiz L et al (2017) Zika virus infection as a cause of congenital brain abnormalities and Guillain–Barré syndrome: systematic review. von Seidlein L, ed. PLoS Med 14(1):e1002203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002203CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

244.

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181(2):271–280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

245.

Hofmann H, Geier M, Marzi A, Krumbiegel M, Peipp M, Fey GH, Gramberg T, Pöhlmann S (2004) Susceptibility to SARS coronavirus S protein-driven infection correlates with expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and infection can be blocked by soluble receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319(4):1216–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.114CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

246.

McGonagle D, Sharif K, O’Regan A, Bridgewood C (2020) The role of cytokines including interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease. Autoimmun Rev 19(6):102537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102537CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

247.

Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, Xie C, Ma K, Shang K, Wang W, Tian DS (2020) Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis 71(15):762–768. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa248CrossRefPubMed

248.

Kim J-E, Heo J-H, Kim H, Song SH, Park SS, Park TH, Ahn JY, Kim MK, Choi JP (2017) Neurological complications during treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome. J Clin Neurol 13(3):227. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.227CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

249.

Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, Chen X, Ao Y, Fitzpatrick T, Li P, Zhou Y, Lin YF, Duan Q, Luo G, Fan S, Lu Y, Feng A, Zhan Y, Liang B, Cai W, Zhang L, du X, Li L, Shu Y, Zou H (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Inf Secur 80(6):656–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041CrossRef

250.

Zhu J, Zhong Z, Ji P et al (2020) Clinicopathological characteristics of 8697 patients with COVID-19 in China: a meta-analysis [published correction appears in Fam Med Community Health. 2020 May;8(2)]. Fam Med Community Health 8(2):e000406. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000406

251.

Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Peña R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Franco-Paredes C, Henao-Martinez AF, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Lagos-Grisales GJ, Ramírez-Vallejo E, Suárez JA, Zambrano LI, Villamil-Gómez WE, Balbin-Ramon GJ, Rabaan AA, Harapan H, Dhama K, Nishiura H, Kataoka H, Ahmad T, Sah R, Latin American Network of Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID-19). Electronic address: https://www.lancovid.org (2020) Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 34:101623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Springer Medizin

Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of proportions

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Parkinson-Therapie im Wandel – aktuelle Leitlinie im Fokus

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

Hustenstiller lindert Agitation bei Alzheimer

Update Neurologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2020

Base-peak assessment of levodopa response and detection of fluctuating patients in Parkinson’s disease

How does cross-education affects muscles of paretic upper extremity in subacute stroke survivors?

Letter to the Editor: Electroencephalography at the time of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy

Different modalities of invasive neurostimulation for epilepsy

Fibroblast growth factor 21 and grow differentiation factor 15 are sensitive biomarkers of mitochondrial diseases due to mitochondrial transfer-RNA mutations and mitochondrial DNA deletions