Background
Materials and methods
Patient selection
Classification
Lung imaging acquisition and CT quantitative evaluation
6 min walk test
Pulmonary function test and respiratory muscle strength measurement
Statistics
Results
Characteristics of the enrolled COVID-19 patients
Characteristic | Total (n=57) | Severe (n=17) | Non-severe (n=40) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 46.72 (13.78) | 52.53 (13.30) | 44.25 (13.3) | 0.031 |
Male gender, No | 26 (45.6%) | 12 (70.6%) | 14 (35.0%) | 0.014 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.99 (3.55) | 25.54 (3.43) | 23.33 (3.42) | 0.103 |
Pre-existing medical illness | 21 (36.8%) | 7 (41.2%) | 14 (35%) | 0.658 |
LOS, days | 20.89 (7.22) | 20 (16-24) | 19 (15-24) | 0.834 |
WBC, ×10^9/L | 5.01 (1.50) | 4.47 (1.35) | 5.24 (1.52) | 0.076 |
lymphocyte count, ×10^9/L | 1.60 (0.55) | 1.30 (0.35) | 1.72 (0.58) | 0.008* |
CRP, mg/dL | 9.69 (13.77) | 22.65 (18.19) | 4.18 (5.66) | <0.001* |
LDH, U/L | 175.47 (43.60) | 201.94 (43.96) | 164.22 (38.76) | 0.002* |
CK, U/L | 91.95 (118.16) | 133.18 (209.4) | 74.42 (31.69) | 0.235 |
Lactic acid, mmol/L | 1.59 (0.61) | 1.51 (0.65) | 1.62 (0.59) | 0.511 |
PaO2 to FiO2 ratio, mmHg | 308.67 (94.40) | 198.47 (97.04) | 355.51 (37.23) | <0.001* |
TSS on the worst chest CT scan | 4.28 (4.26) | 8.59 (4.15) | 2.45 (2.73) | <0.001* |
TSS on chest CT on the 14th day after discharge | 1.75 (2.23) | 3.94 (2.33) | 0.83 (1.39) | <0.001* |
glucocorticoids use | 16 (28.1%) | 11 (64.7%) | 5 (12.5%) | <0.001* |
Total methyprednisolone dosage, mg | 213.75 (323.87) | 289.09 (370.4) | 48.0 (17.89) | 0.019* |
Lung function tests and respiratory muscle strength
Parameter | Total (n=57) | Severe (n=17) | Non-severe (n=40) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
FVC (% of predicted) | 100.96 (15.93) | 95.92 (19.59) | 103.10 (13.83) | 0.12 |
FEV1 (% of predicted) | 97.89 (14.91) | 93.93 (16.79) | 99.57 (13.92) | 0.194 |
FEV1/FVC(%) | 81.22 (6.13) | 80.58 (4.88) | 81.49 (6.62) | 0.614 |
TLC (% of predicted) | 93.94 (12.75) | 88.72 (16.20) | 96.22 (10.35) | 0.048* |
RV (% of predicted) | 90.68 (28.08) | 86.57 (23.96) | 92.47 (29.82) | 0.327 |
DLCO (% of predicted) | 78.38 (13.59) | 74.14 (18.85) | 80.12 (10.56) | 0.139 |
Raw(% of predicted) | 105.38 (31.38) | 99.46 (26.32) | 108.03 (33.38) | 0.524 |
R5(% of predicted) | 126.64 (29.45) | 118.75 (29.98) | 130.00 (28.96) | 0.072 |
R20(% of predicted) | 132.76 (30.95) | 120.15 (31.46) | 138.12 (29.50) | 0.024* |
Pi max (% of predicted) | 76.16 (24.28) | 80.49 (29.24) | 74.26 (21.93) | 0.382 |
Pe max (% of predicted) | 102.73 (32.68) | 98.00 (27.11) | 104.80 (34.96) | 0.637 |
6MWD, m | 561.97 (45.29) | 517.43 (44.55) | 573.52 (38.38) | 0.012* |
6MWD (% predicted) | 94.61 (6.55) | 88.46 (7.61) | 96.20 (5.31) | 0.011* |
Characteristic | Total (n=57) | Severe (n=17) | Non-severe (n=40) | chisq | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FEV1 < 80% of pred | 5 (8.8) | 3 (17.6) | 2 (5.0) | 1.066 | 0.302 |
FEV1 ≥ 80% of pred | 52 (91.2) | 14 (82.4) | 38 (95.0) | ||
FVC < 80% of pred | 6 (10.5) | 4 (23.5) | 2 (5.0) | 2.604 | 0.107 |
FVC ≥ 80% of pred | 51 (89.5) | 13 (76.5) | 38 (95.0) | ||
FEV1 / FVC < 80% | 25 (43.9) | 9 (52.9) | 16 (40.0) | 0.811 | 0.368 |
FEV1 / FVC ≥ 80% | 32 (56.1) | 8 (47.1) | 24 (60.0) | ||
TLC < 80% of pred | 7 (12.3) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (7.5) | 1.552 | 0.213 |
TLC ≥ 80% of pred | 50 (87.7) | 13 (76.5) | 37 (92.5) | ||
DLCO < 80% of pred | 30 (52.6) | 13 (76.5) | 17 (42.5) | 5.522 | 0.019* |
DLCO ≥ 80% of pred | 27 (43.4) | 4 (23.5) | 23 (57.5) | ||
R5 ≥ 150 of pred | 8 (14.0) | 2 (11.8) | 6 (15.0) | 0.103 | 0.554 |
R5 < 150 of pred | 49 (86.0) | 15 (88.2) | 34 (85.0) | ||
R20 ≥ 150 of pred | 10 (17.5) | 3 (17.6) | 7 (17.5) | 0.000 | 0.631 |
R20 < 150 of pred | 47 (82.4) | 14 (82.4) | 33 (82.5) | ||
PImax < 80% of pred | 28 (49.1) | 9 (52.9) | 21 (52.5) | 0.001 | 0.976 |
PImax ≥ 80% of pred | 29 (50.9) | 8 (47.1) | 19 (47.5) | ||
PEmax < 80% of pred | 13 (22.8) | 4 (23.5) | 9 (22.5) | 0.007 | 0.592 |
PEmax ≥ 80% of pred | 44 (77.2) | 13 (76.5) | 31 (77.5) |
Patient No | Age, yr | Clinical type | FVC | FEV 1 | FEV 1 % FVC | DLCO SB | TLC | R 5 | R20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 41 | 2 | 85.80 | 90.40 | 90.57 | 77.90 | 92.60 | 99.10 | 103.40 |
2 | 36 | 2 | 114.20 | 114.50 | 86.71 | 79.40 | 110.90 | 113.60 | 153.50 |
3 | 29 | 2 | 103.80 | 105.00 | 87.81 | 72.20 | 100.00 | 112.50 | 102.30 |
4 | 65 | 1 | 90.60 | 88.50 | 77.09 | 71.50 | 81.00 | 122.70 | 117.60 |
5 | 52 | 1 | 75.90 | 75.90 | 80.77 | 82.00 | 69.90 | 197.70 | 195.70 |
6 | 36 | 1 | 75.70 | 80.40 | 89.21 | 68.00 | 81.80 | 117.10 | 117.20 |
7 | 56 | 2 | 72.00 | 74.60 | 87.38 | 64.20 | 70.70 | 144.20 | 167.10 |
8 | 33 | 2 | 114.50 | 114.10 | 83.82 | 71.70 | 98.40 | 91.20 | 112.50 |
9 | 54 | 1 | 94.30 | 89.30 | 79.95 | 60.60 | 83.50 | 108.60 | 101.30 |
10 | 42 | 1 | 84.60 | 83.60 | 81.67 | 92.50 | 78.70 | 172.50 | 171.00 |
11 | 38 | 2 | 102.70 | 94.90 | 79.88 | 77.20 | 93.70 | 97.50 | 99.60 |
12 | 33 | 2 | 86.80 | 90.00 | 89.78 | 67.50 | 94.60 | 125.10 | 137.60 |
13 | 69 | 1 | 88.00 | 86.00 | 75.27 | 48.60 | 77.40 | 113.00 | 112.70 |
14 | 37 | 2 | 74.40 | 62.00 | 71.88 | 71.80 | 77.30 | 146.50 | 167.40 |
15 | 20 | 2 | 85.70 | 73.70 | 79.04 | 78.60 | 82.00 | 121.60 | 159.60 |
16 | 71 | 1 | 91.90 | 88.00 | 79.50 | 49.20 | 89.30 | 109.60 | 90.60 |
17 | 36 | 1 | 83.00 | 83.20 | 82.98 | 72.80 | 79.40 | 76.10 | 85.90 |
18 | 33 | 2 | 95.00 | 98.10 | 89.22 | 72.80 | 100.30 | 225.20 | 202.70 |
19 | 37 | 2 | 96.60 | 108.00 | 96.25 | 70.00 | 108.20 | 178.30 | 189.60 |
20 | 63 | 2 | 93.30 | 84.90 | 76.31 | 72.40 | 91.00 | 115.30 | 93.90 |
21 | 37 | 2 | 118.20 | 93.70 | 68.55 | 80.10 | 103.80 | 134.20 | 107.80 |
22 | 60 | 1 | 59.70 | 64.30 | 84.89 | 50.10 | 53.20 | 111.50 | 117.90 |
23 | 56 | 2 | 103.40 | 102.00 | 79.22 | 70.90 | 90.60 | 114.40 | 138.70 |
24 | 32 | 1 | 86.80 | 85.30 | 85.33 | 53.30 | 106.40 | 86.90 | 86.50 |
25 | 36 | 2 | 101.00 | 100.40 | 85.89 | 64.00 | 91.70 | 161.50 | 148.70 |
26 | 62 | 1 | 100.90 | 92.90 | 77.07 | 72.90 | 97.70 | 168.50 | 128.40 |
27 | 39 | 2 | 106.90 | 93.30 | 72.55 | 66.80 | 92.90 | 78.20 | 86.40 |
28 | 29 | 2 | 113.30 | 100.50 | 74.41 | 74.70 | 108.10 | 110.10 | 135.70 |
29 | 22 | 2 | 75.60 | 85.70 | 98.91 | 65.40 | 122.90 | 107.60 | 103.80 |
30 | 25 | 2 | 98.60 | 99.20 | 85.31 | 79.00 | 92.40 | 139.60 | 158.70 |
31 | 64 | 2 | 111.60 | 106.40 | 79.28 | 73.80 | 100.40 | 127.00 | 131.80 |
32 | 32 | 2 | 116.30 | 106.00 | 78.92 | 68.60 | 106.60 | 240.10 | 183.70 |
33 | 56 | 2 | 111.60 | 105.30 | 80.22 | 79.10 | 98.80 | 147.20 | 134.90 |
34 | 62 | 1 | 134.90 | 128.60 | 75.45 | 119.60 | 117.00 | 114.30 | 88.60 |
35 | 39 | 2 | 109.10 | 92.10 | 73.04 | 89.20 | 106.20 | 126.90 | 125.50 |
36 | 53 | 1 | 104.00 | 99.90 | 78.96 | 87.00 | 96.30 | 142.70 | 70.20 |
37 | 29 | 2 | 96.90 | 84.10 | 75.20 | 92.50 | 96.70 | 126.50 | 100.90 |
38 | 22 | 1 | 111.70 | 111.40 | 77.85 | 81.50 | 91.70 | 150.50 | 73.10 |
39 | 25 | 2 | 106.50 | 98.20 | 78.22 | 84.40 | 91.90 | 87.90 | 80.10 |
40 | 66 | 2 | 89.20 | 88.60 | 77.03 | 96.10 | 80.30 | 119.80 | 98.30 |
41 | 56 | 2 | 133.60 | 125.60 | 78.00 | 98.10 | 103.40 | 131.30 | 111.60 |
42 | 64 | 1 | 127.90 | 117.30 | 75.16 | 81.20 | 114.80 | 139.30 | 110.40 |
43 | 56 | 1 | 121.20 | 112.10 | 76.98 | 81.30 | 102.50 | 127.10 | 103.30 |
44 | 36 | 2 | 106.90 | 114.20 | 88.53 | 80.00 | 91.80 | 121.90 | 120.70 |
45 | 49 | 2 | 111.10 | 108.30 | 82.66 | 82.90 | 108.80 | 129.50 | 144.80 |
46 | 38 | 1 | 99.50 | 110.10 | 91.75 | 82.10 | 87.50 | 94.90 | 115.30 |
47 | 39 | 2 | 90.80 | 87.20 | 79.87 | 107.50 | 81.20 | 151.30 | 159.50 |
48 | 44 | 2 | 106.60 | 105.20 | 80.86 | 96.50 | 96.80 | 142.90 | 153.00 |
49 | 29 | 2 | 96.00 | 91.20 | 79.98 | 92.30 | 91.60 | 118.70 | 139.70 |
50 | 59 | 2 | 109.50 | 103.60 | 79.77 | 92.70 | 93.80 | 127.20 | 152.50 |
51 | 55 | 2 | 114.00 | 124.00 | 86.51 | 91.50 | 96.00 | 117.20 | 121.00 |
52 | 63 | 2 | 109.50 | 104.10 | 79.15 | 80.30 | 92.00 | 128.70 | 135.70 |
53 | 57 | 2 | 116.80 | 114.60 | 82.91 | 89.80 | 99.10 | 90.60 | 115.00 |
54 | 59 | 2 | 96.20 | 91.30 | 79.66 | 86.00 | 96.30 | 137.20 | 143.70 |
55 | 55 | 2 | 129.30 | 124.60 | 81.32 | 82.80 | 113.80 | 116.40 | 142.10 |
56 | 65 | 2 | 101.20 | 107.90 | 83.10 | 84.80 | 86.00 | 103.80 | 99.50 |
57 | 63 | 2 | 119.50 | 115.20 | 81.19 | 85.30 | 95.10 | 137.50 | 145.70 |
Parameter | All patients (n=57) | GC group (n=16) | Regular group (n=41) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
FVC (% of predicted) | 100.96 (15.93) | 97.25 (18.69) | 102.40 (14.72) | 0.414 |
FEV1 (% of predicted) | 97.89 (14.91) | 94.35 (15.40) | 99.27 (14.68) | 0.279 |
FEV1 / FVC (%) | 81.22 (6.13) | 80.74 (4.68) | 81.40 (6.65) | 0.804 |
TLC (% of predicted) | 93.94 (12.75) | 90.15 (16.01) | 95.45 (11.06) | 0.323 |
RV (% of predicted) | 90.68 (28.08) | 85.49 (19.01) | 92.76 (30.95) | 0.593 |
DLCO (% of predicted | 78.38 (13.59) | 74.67 (14.37) | 79.78 (13.20) | 0.657 |
Raw (% of predicted) | 105.38 (31.38) | 96.02 (25.81) | 109.22 (32.93) | 0.214 |
R5 (% of predicted) | 126.64 (29.45) | 119.66 (30.62) | 129.37 (28.91) | 0.127 |
R20 (% of predicted) | 132.76 (30.95) | 123.51 (31.99) | 136.37 (30.15) | 0.106 |
Pimax (% of predicted) | 76.16 (24.28) | 85.21 (26.54) | 72.53 (22.65) | 0.059 |
Pemax (% of predicted) | 102.73 (32.68) | 104.22 (28.03) | 102.14 (34.68) | 0.479 |