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12.11.2020 | Sociocultural Issues and Epidemiology (J Abdulcadir & D Bader, Section Editors)

Critical Discussion on Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation and Other Genital Alterations

Perspectives From a Women’s Rights NGO

verfasst von: Stéphanie Florquin, Fabienne Richard

Erschienen in: Current Sexual Health Reports | Ausgabe 4/2020

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

The goal of this paper is to discuss the juxtapositions between FGM/C and other medically unjustified genital alterations performed on adult women (aesthetical genital surgeries) and on children (male circumcision and intersex genital surgeries). The authors join the debate from their position as professionals working in Belgium’s main “anti-FGM organization” as well as researchers.

Recent Findings

Recent research and contributions from scholars have raised critique of policies around FGM/C, particularly in the global North. Some of the concerns include critiques of laws that infantilize adult women, problematic use of genital examination, discourses that stigmatize migrant persons from FGM/C practicing communities, and professionals who are insufficiently trained to support women with FGM/C in a respectful and empowering way. Scholars have also argued that there is a lack of medical distinction between different types of genital cutting such as FGM/C type I and type IV, male circumcision, and aesthetical genital cutting. Authors have stressed the discrepancy in terms of both discourse on genital cutting, and called for equal protection of girl, boy, and intersex children from medically unnecessary genital cutting, without discrimination in regard to ethnicity, religion, or immigration status of their parents.

Summary

The paper argues that the discussion on FGM/C and other genital alterations must consider existing socially constructed inequalities, particularly gender and “race”, and how they affect those submitted to genital alterations. The authors highlight practical challenges raised in their daily work in a women’s rights NGO and conclude with recommendations.

While these practices are not integrated in the description or the specific examples, the WHO (2008) states that labia elongation « might be defined as a form of female genital mutilation » because of the social pressure on young girls to undergo it and because it created permanent physical changes. [12 , p.27]

For information on care of women living with FGM/C in Belgium, see Caillet, M. et al. “Addressing FGM with Multidisciplinary Care. The Experience of the Belgian Reference Center CeMAViE”, Current Sexual Health Reports, vol. 10, p.44–49

We chose to use the term “survivor” as “this term to emphasize the woman or girl’s resilience and as an empowering element of language, but without prejudice to the fact that the woman or girl may prefer to use the term victim.” [1]

Even clitoridectomies were historically used in “the West” to treat female “conditions” such as hysteria, nymphomania, lesbianism, and other “deviant” behaviour.

For example, in Senegal, the Fulani use the term kaddungal, while the Wolof use the term xarafal

See for example the French organization « Droit au corps »

https://www.secularism.org.uk/news/2015/10/council-of-europe-retreat-on-circumcision-of-young-boys

“Cisgender” refers to a person whose gender identity fits the gender they were assigned at birth. A baby born with male sex attributes and therefore assigned male, who perceives himself to be a boy/man, is cisgendered. The opposite of cisgender is trans-gender.

While national studies on SGBV are lacking in Belgium, in the neighbour country France, the extensive VIRAGE study found that 14.5% of women and 3.9% of men reported experience of at least one form of sexual assault (excluding harassment and exhibitionism) in their lifetime. The authors stress that « [s]exual violence against women is not only much more frequent, but occurs in all life spaces throughout life. ». The study further shows that « [w]hatever the life space, sexual violence reported by women is practically always committed by one or more men (between 94% and 98%) » while the majority of cases of violence reported by men is also committed by other men. [8]

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. See OII Intersex Network http://oiiinternational.com/

The exception is Malta who banned unnecessary genital surgeries on minors in 2015.

Contrary to common beliefs about the rarity of intersex persons, people who are intersex in Belgium probably represent several 100,000 if you go with the available data, a much larger group than women having undergone FGM/C.

END FGM EU Network (2016) How to talk about FGM – Position paper. Retrieved: https://www.endfgm.eu/editor/files/2017/05/How_to_Talk_about_FGM_FINAL__position_paper_v4_2.pdf (25/5/2020).

WHO (2018). Female genital mutilation. Accessed: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation. Accessed 1 Oct 2020.

Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y. Female “circumcision” in Africa: dimensions of the practice and debates. In: Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y, editors. Female circumcision in Africa: culture, controversy, and change. Boulder: Lynne Rienners Publishers; 2001. p. 1–40.

UN WOMEN (2017) Female genital mutilation/cutting and violence against women and girls strengthening the policy linkages between different forms of violence: www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2017/policy-note-female-genital-mutilation- cutting-and-violence-against-women-and-girls-en.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2020.

UNFPA, UNICEF, UN Women (2017). POLICY NOTE: Female genital mutilation/cutting and violence against women and girls - strengthening the policy linkages between different forms of violence. Retrieved: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2017/policy-note-female-genital-mutilation-cutting-and-violence-against-women-and-girls-en.pdf?la=en&vs=905 (2/06/2020).

Abdulcadir J, Ahmadu FS, Lucrezia C, (The Public Policy Advisory Network on Female Genital Surgeries in Africa), et al. Seven things to know about female genital surgeries in Africa. Hast Cent Rep. 2012;42(6):19–27.CrossRef

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Titel: Critical Discussion on Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation and Other Genital Alterations
Perspectives From a Women’s Rights NGO
verfasst von: Stéphanie Florquin
Fabienne Richard
Publikationsdatum: 12.11.2020
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Current Sexual Health Reports / Ausgabe 4/2020
Print ISSN: 1548-3584
Elektronische ISSN: 1548-3592
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-020-00277-1

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Critical Discussion on Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation and Other Genital Alterations

Perspectives From a Women’s Rights NGO

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

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