Background
Methods
Quantitative validation
Questionnaires
Participants and data collection
Psychometric analyses
Sample size calculation
Qualitative evaluation
Participants and data collection
Analysis
Comparison of qualitative and quantitative findings
Ethics approval
Results
Quantitative evaluation
Response rate
Participant characteristics
Missing and popular responses
Normality and floor and ceiling effects
Internal consistency
Item total correlations
Chinese sample | Pakistani sample | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Correlation | *Lower limit | *Upper limit | p-value | Correlation | *Lower limit | *Upper limit | p-value |
wemwbs_1 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.72 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.49 | 0.003 |
wemwbs_2 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.78 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.79 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_3 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.68 | <0.001 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.74 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_4 | 0.51 | 0.36 | 0.64 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 0.65 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_5 | 0.54 | 0.41 | 0.66 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.38 | 0.68 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_6 | 0.64 | 0.51 | 0.74 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.59 | 0.81 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_7 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.77 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_8 | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.83 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.83 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_9 | 0.60 | 0.48 | 0.70 | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.48 | 0.77 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_10 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.84 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_11 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 0.61 | 0.46 | 0.73 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_12 | 0.68 | 0.57 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.80 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_13 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.68 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.55 | 0.81 | <0.001 |
wemwbs_14 | 0.71 | 0.61 | 0.80 | <0.001 | 0.73 | 0.58 | 0.84 | <0.001 |
Dimensionality – Factor analysis
Chinese | Factor1 | Pakistani | Factor1 | Factor2 | Factor3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WEMWBS_1
| I’ve been feeling optimistic about the future |
0.66930
| I’ve been feeling optimistic about the future |
0.50982
|
0.61756
| −0.19523 |
WEMWBS_2
| I’ve been feeling useful |
0.75723
| I’ve been feeling useful |
0.63094
| 0.37766 | −0.08334 |
WEMWBS_3
| I’ve been feeling relaxed |
0.63469
| I’ve been feeling relaxed |
0.65596
| −0.37348 | −0.12848 |
WEMWBS_4
| I’ve been feeling interested in other people |
0.59770
| I’ve been feeling interested in other people |
0.52642
| 0.27406 |
0.45692
|
WEMWBS_5
| I’ve had energy to spare |
0.61365
| I’ve had energy to spare |
0.56372
|
−0.47860
| −0.06849 |
WEMWBS_6
| I’ve been dealing with problems well |
0.71795
| I’ve been dealing with problems well |
0.74168
| 0.09701 | −0.16827 |
WEMWBS_7
| I’ve been thinking clearly |
0.78009
| I’ve been thinking clearly |
0.80254
| −0.02221 | −0.29462 |
WEMWBS_8
| I’ve been feeling good about myself |
0.82139
| I’ve been feeling good about myself |
0.83030
| −0.12068 | −0.06225 |
WEMWBS_9
| I’ve been feeling close to other people |
0.67591
| I’ve been feeling close to other people |
0.66770
| 0.17214 | 0.41795 |
WEMWBS_10
| I’ve been feeling confident |
0.80932
| I’ve been feeling confident |
0.79350
| −0.00647 | −0.21192 |
WEMWBS_11
| I’ve been able to make up my own mind about things |
0.75827
| I’ve been able to make up my own mind about things |
0.70610
| 0.10874 | −0.32483 |
WEMWBS_12
| I’ve been feeling loved |
0.74342
| I’ve been feeling loved |
0.71652
| −0.00825 | 0.41039 |
WEMWBS_13
| I’ve been interested in new things |
0.66411
| I’ve been interested in new things |
0.70674
| −0.22895 | 0.35526 |
WEMWBS_14
| I’ve been feeling cheerful |
0.79649
| I’ve been feeling cheerful |
0.80703
| −0.19257 | 0.02569 |