Background
Methods
The study sample’s characteristics have been previously published [5] and are summarized in Table 1. We selected the following measures for secondary analysis
Characteristic | |
---|---|
Age (mean, S.D.) | 51 (13) |
Female Sex (n, %) | 253 (82) |
Race (n, %) | |
White | 262 (85) |
Black | 7 (2) |
Asian | 15 (5) |
Some other race or missing | 25 (8) |
Hispanic, Latino or Spanish in origin (n, %) | 15 (5) |
Annual income (U.S. dollars) (n, %) | |
Less than $24,999 | 34 (12) |
$25,000-$44,999 | 50 (16) |
$50,000-$74,999 | 48 (16) |
$75,000-$99,999 | 46 (15) |
$100,000 or more | 78 (25) |
Decline to answer | 35 (11) |
Education (n, %) | |
High school graduate/GED/ or less | 6 (2) |
Vocational/technical school | 8 (3) |
Associate degree/some college | 31 (10) |
Bachelor’s degree | 88 (29) |
Advanced degree | 158 (51) |
Most frequent yoga style practiced (n, %) | |
Krishnamacharya or Viniyoga | 159 (52) |
Hatha | 53 (17) |
Anusara | 8 (3) |
Ashtanga | 9 (3) |
Kripalu | 4 (1) |
Bikram | 1 (<1) |
Kundalini | 1 (<1) |
Other | 31 (10) |
Certified yoga teacher (n, %) | 174 (56) |
On average, how many times a week do you practice yoga? (mean, S.D.) | 5 (2) |
When you practice yoga, on average how many minutes? (mean, S.D.) | 54 (20) |
How long have you been practicing yoga? (n, %) | |
More than 3 years | 246 (80) |
3 years or less | 53 (17) |
Health Related Quality of Life Sub-scores (mean, SD) | |
Global Mental Health | 15.01 (2.75) |
Global Physical Health | 16.51 (2.23) |
Health-related quality of life
Yoga practice characteristics and sociodemographics
Analyses
Results
Sample characteristics by global PROMIS subscale scores
PROMIS Scoresa
N = 291 | ||
---|---|---|
Global Physical | Global Mental | |
Age | ||
25-35 (n = 49) | 16.34 SD = 2.35 | 14.12 SD = 3.30 |
36-45 (n = 57) | 16.21 SD = 2.22 | 14.21 SD = 2.34 |
46-55 (n = 61) | 16.52 SD = 2.63 | 14.97 SD = 2.74 |
56-65 (n = 84) | 16.93 SD = 1.97 | 15.56 SD = 2.51 |
66-75 (n = 36) | 16.19 SD = 2.41 | 16.17 SD = 2.42 |
> 75 (n = 4) | 16.63 SD = 3.90 | 15.75 SD = 3.40 |
Gender | ||
Male (n = 11) | 16.74 SD = 2.16 | 14.74 SD = 3.16 |
Female (n = 253) | 16.48 SD = 2.24 | 15.05 SD = 2.69 |
Race | ||
White (n = 258) | 16.54 SD = 2.26 | 15.04 SD = 2.74 |
Other (n = 33) | 16.30 SD = 2.05 | 14.70 SD = 2.89 |
Yoga Style | ||
Viniyoga Yoga (n = 158) | 16.80 SD = 2.03 | 15.27 SD = 2.55 |
Other Yoga (n = 133) | 16.17 SD = 2.41 | 14.69 SD = 2.95 |
Teacher Status | ||
Certified Teacher (n = 170) | 16.89 SD = 2.08 | 15.05 SD = 2.50 |
Not Certified Teacher (n = 121) | 15.98 SD = 2.33 | 14.95 D = 3.08 |
Correlations of yoga tools and global PROMIS subscale scores
HRQOL Subscale scores N=291 | ||
---|---|---|
Tools | Global Mental | Global Physical |
Regular Yoga Practice Includes Meditation | .16**
| .09 |
Regular Yoga Practice Includes Movement | .09 | .02 |
Regular Yoga Practice Includes Breathing Technique | .20**
| .14*
|
Regression models predicting global PROMIS subscale scores
Correlations | Regression model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable |
r
a
| B | SE B | β |
Age | 0.29** | 0.056 | 0.013 | 0.265** |
Race | 0.04 | 0.201 | 0.541 | 0.022 |
Gender | 0.04 | 0.293 | 0.510 | 0.034 |
Income | 0.21** | 0.125 | 0.098 | 0.083 |
Education | 0.09 | 0.618 | 0.472 | 0.080 |
Regular practice includes meditation (yoga tool) | 0.18** | 0.231 | 0.087 | 0.159** |
Method of Practice- community group class | 0.12* | 0.797 | 0.376 | 0.128* |
R
| 0.386 | |||
R
2
| 0.149 | |||
R
2
adjusted
| 0.125 | |||
ANOVA F(7,248)
| 6.211** |
Correlations | Regression model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable |
r
a
| B | SE B | β |
Age | 0.07 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.012 |
Race | 0.04 | 0.171 | 0.442 | 0.023 |
Gender | 0.03 | -0.518 | 0.420 | -0.074 |
Income | 0.07 | 0.081 | 0.080 | 0.066 |
Education | 0.11 | 0.480 | 0.385 | 0.077 |
Length of Yoga Practice | 0.22** | 0.576 | 0.214 | 0.183* |
Teacher Status | 0.20** | 0.832 | 0.334 | 0.180* |
Viniyoga | 0.14** | 0.694 | 0.283 | 0.153* |
Location of Practice- yoga studio/school | 0.07 | 0.910 | 0.331 | 0.178** |
R
| 0.372 | |||
R
2
| 0.138 | |||
R
2
adjusted
| 0.107 | |||
ANOVA F(9,246)
| 4.394** |