Background
Methods
Study setting
The study design and population
Stool collection and processing
Ethical consideration
Data analysis
Result
Characteristics of study participants
Variables | Cryptosporidium spp | Isospora belli | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | |
Age (mean, ±1SD) (n = 268)
| 33.5, ±8.1 | 34.3, ±8.5 | 35.5, ±5.5 | 34.0, ±8.3 |
CD4 count (n = 268)
| ||||
≤
250
| 67 (35.8) | 120 (64.2) | 3 (1.6) | 184 (98.4) |
251-350
| 14 (29.8) | 33 (70.2) | 1 (2.1) | 46 (97.9) |
≥
351
| 11 (32.4) | 23 (67.6) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (100.0) |
Sex (male: female) (n = 268)
| 0.74:1 | 0.96:1 | 1:01 | 0.870;1 |
Treatment status (n = 268)
| ||||
On HAART
| 38 (28.4) | 96 (71.6) | 1 (0.8) | 133 (99.2) |
Not on HAART
| 54 (40.3) | 80 (59.7) | 3 (2.2) | 131 (97.8) |
HAART regimen (n = 134)
| ||||
D4T/3TC/NVP
| 20 (23.5) | 65 (76.5) | 1 (1.2) | 84 (98.8) |
D4T/3TC/EFV
| 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100.0) |
AZT/3TC/NVP
| 15 (41.7) | 21 (58.3) | 0 (0.0) | 36 (100.0) |
AZT/3TC/EFV
| 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (100.0) |
Duration on HAART (in months) (n = 134)
| ||||
(n = 134, mean, ± 1SD)
|
8.9, ± 4.0
|
10.1 ± 5.9
|
9.4 ± 5.4
|
4.0*
|
2-7 months
| 14 (28.6) | 35 (71.4) | ||
> = 8 months
| 24 (28.2) | 61 (71.8) |
Clinical characteristics
Variables | Cryptosporidium spp | Isospora belli | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | ||
Abdominal pain
| Yes | 67 (35.6) | 121 (64.4) | 4 (2.1) | 184 (97.9) |
No | 25 (31.3) | 55 (68.7) | 0 (0.0) | 184 (100.0) | |
Vomiting
| Yes | 31 (54.4) | 26 (45.6) | 1 (1.8) | 56 (98.2) |
No | 61 (28.9) | 150 (71.1) | 3 (1.4) | 208 (98.6) | |
Nausea
| Yes | 36 (38.3) | 58 (61.7) | 1 (1.1) | 93 (98.9) |
No | 56 (32.2) | 118 (67.8) | 3 (1.7) | 171 (98.3) | |
Reported weight loss
| Yes | 43 (50.6) | 42 (49.4) | 2 (2.4) | 83 (97.6) |
No | 49 (26.8) | 134 (73.2) | 2 (1.1) | 181 (98.9) | |
Diarrhea
| No diarrhea | 4 (15.4) | 22 (84.6) | 0 (0.0) | 26 (100.0) |
Acute diarrhea | 36 (32.1) | 76 (67.9) | 0 (0.0) | 112 (100.0) | |
Chronic diarrhea | 52 (40.0) | 78 (60.0) | 4 (3.1) | 126 (96.69) | |
Total (same for all categories)
|
92 (34.3)
|
176 (65.7)
|
4 (1.5)
|
264 (98.5)
|
Factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp infection
Variables | Cryptosporidium spp | |
---|---|---|
Crude OR (95%CI) | Adj OR (95% CI) | |
CD4 count
| ||
<= 100 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
101-350 | 0.64 (0.35, 1.15) | 0.69 (0.37, 1.29) |
>350 | 0.66 (0.27, 1.57) | 0.82 (0.31, 2.16) |
HAART
| ||
Yes | 0.59 (0.35, 0.98)* | 0.65 (0.35, 1.24) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sex
| ||
Male | 0.77 (0.46, 1.28) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.35) |
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Duration on HAART
| ||
No HAART | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≤ 7 months | 0.59 (0.29, 1.20) | 0.62 (0.29, 1.29) |
> 7 months | 0.58 (0.32, 1.05) | 0.65 (0.35, 1.24) |
Age, years
| ||
< 35 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
> = 35 | 0.72 (0.43, 1.19) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.28) |
Clinical symptoms associated with Cryptosporidium spp infection
Reported symptoms | Cryptosporidium spp | ||
---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95%CI) | Adj OR (95% CI) | ||
Abdominal pain
| Yes | 1.22 (0.70, 2.13) | 1.11 (0.59, 2.06) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Vomiting
| Yes | 2.93 (1.61, 5.34) | 2.34 (1.22, 5.41)* |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Nausea
| Yes | 1.31 (0.78, 2.21) | 1.15 (0.64, 2.06) |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Reported weight loss
| Yes | 2.80 (1.64, 4.79) | 2.10 (1.15, 3.81)* |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Diarrhea
| No diarrhea | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Acute diarrhea | 2.61 (0.84, 8.12) | 2.22 (0.68, 7.27) | |
Chronic diarrhea | 3.67 (1.19, 11.26) | 3.35 (1.05, 10.63)* |