Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 11/2018

29.08.2018 | Review

Current taxonomy of Rhodococcus species and their role in infections

verfasst von: Mohadeseh Majidzadeh, Mehdi Fatahi-Bafghi

Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | Ausgabe 11/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Rhodococcus is a genus of obligate aerobic, Gram-positive, partially acid-fast, catalase-positive, non-motile, and none-endospore bacteria. The genus Rhodococcus was first introduced by Zopf. This bacterium can be isolated from various sources of the environment and can grow well in non-selective medium. A large number of phenotypic characterizations are used to compare different species of the genus Rhodococcus, and these tests are not suitable for accurate identification at the genus and species level. Among nucleic acid-based methods, the most powerful target gene for revealing reliable phylogenetic relationships is 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA gene) sequence analysis, but this gene is unable to differentiation some of Rhodococcus species. To date, whole genome sequencing analysis has solved taxonomic complexities in this genus. Rhodococcus equi is the major cause of foal pneumonia, and its implication in human health is related to cases in immunocompromised patients. Macrolide family together with rifampicin is one of the most effective antibiotic agents for treatment rhodococcal infections.
Literatur
1.
Goodfellow M, Alderson G (1977) The actinomycete-genus Rhodococcus: a home for the ‘rhodochrous’ complex. Microbiology 100(1):99–122
2.
Yanagawa R, Honda E (1976) Presence of pili in species of human and animal parasites and pathogens of the genus corynebacterium. Infect Immun 13(4):1293–1295PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Finnerty WR (1992) The biology and genetics of the genus Rhodococcus. Annu Rev Microbiol 46(1):193–218CrossRefPubMed
4.
Klatte S, Kroppenstedt RM, Rainey FA (1994) Rhodococcus opacus sp. nov., an unusual nutritionally versatile Rhodococcus-species. Syst Appl Microbiol 17(3):355–360CrossRef
5.
6.
Goodfellow M, Alderson G, Chun J (1998) Rhodococcal systematics: problems and developments. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 74(1–3):3–20CrossRefPubMed
7.
Li Y, Kawamura Y, Fujiwara N, Naka T, Liu H, Huang X et al (2004) Rothia aeria sp. nov., Rhodococcus baikonurensis sp. nov. and Arthrobacter russicus sp. nov., isolated from air in the Russian space laboratory Mir. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54(3):827–835CrossRefPubMed
8.
Su X, Liu Y, Hashmi MZ, Hu J, Ding L, Wu M et al (2015) Rhodococcus biphenylivorans sp. nov., a polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading bacterium. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 107(1):55–63CrossRefPubMed
9.
Rowbotham T, Cross T (1977) Rhodococcus coprophilus sp. nov.: an aerobic nocardioform actinomycete belonging to the ‘rhodochrous’ complex. Microbiology 100(1):123–138
10.
Švec P, Černohlávková J, Busse H-J, Vojtková H, Pantu R, Cnockaert M et al (2015) Classification of strain CCM 4446T as Rhodococcus degradans sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65(12):4381–4387CrossRefPubMed
11.
Goodfellow M, Weaver C, Minnikin D (1982) Numerical classification of some rhodococci, corynebacteria and related organisms. Microbiology 128(4):731–745CrossRef
12.
Wang Y-X, Wang H-B, Zhang Y-Q, Xu L-H, Jiang C-L, Li W-J (2008) Rhodococcus kunmingensis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a rhizosphere soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58(6):1467–1471CrossRefPubMed
13.
Li B, Furihata K, Ding L-X, Yokota A (2007) Rhodococcus kyotonensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57(9):1956–1959CrossRefPubMed
14.
Helmke E, Weyland H (1984) Rhodococcus marinonascens sp. nov., an actinomycete from the sea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 34(2):127–138
15.
Li J, Zhao G-Z, Long L-J, Wang F-Z, Tian X-P, Zhang S et al (2012) Rhodococcus nanhaiensis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from marine sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62(10):2517–2521CrossRefPubMed
16.
Táncsics A, Benedek T, Farkas M, Máthé I, Márialigeti K, Szoboszlay S et al (2014) Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA, gyrB and catA genes and DNA–DNA hybridization reveal that Rhodococcus jialingiae is a later synonym of Rhodococcus qingshengii. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64(1):298–301CrossRefPubMed
17.
Xu J-L, He J, Wang Z-C, Wang K, Li W-J, Tang S-K et al (2007) Rhodococcus qingshengii sp. nov., a carbendazim-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57(12):2754–2757CrossRefPubMed
18.
Goodfellow M (2015) Actinobacteria. In Bergey's manual of systematics of archaea and Bacteria (eds W. B. Whitman, F. Rainey, P. Kämpfer, M. Trujillo, J. Chun, P. DeVos, B. Hedlund and S. Dedysh)
19.
Tsukamura M (1974) A further numerical taxonomic study of the rhodochrous group. Microbiol Immunol 18(1):37–44
20.
Jones AL, Goodfellow M (2012) Genus IV. Rhodococcus (Zopf 1891) emend. Goodfellow, Alderson and Chun 1998a. In Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 5, the Actino- bacteria, part a, pp. 437–464. Edited by M. Goodfellow, P. Kämpfer, H.-J. Busse, M. E. Trujillo, K. Suzuki, W. Ludwig, W. B. Whitman. New York: Springer
21.
Lechevalier MP, Lechevalier H (1970) Chemical composition as a criterion in the classification of aerobic actinomycetes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 20(4):435–443
22.
Goodfellow, M. (1992) The family nocardiaceae. In The prokaryotes ed. Balows, A., Trüper, H.G., Dworkin, M., Harder, W. and Schleifer, K.H. pp. 1188–1213. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
23.
Stackebrandt E, Smida J, Collins MD (1988) Evidence of phylogenetic heterogeneity within the genus Rhodococcus: revival of the genus Gordona (Tsukamura). J Gen Appl Microbiol 34(4):341–348CrossRef
24.
Rainey F, Klatte S, Kroppenstedt R, Stackebrandt E (1995) Dietzia, new genus including Dietzia maris comb. nov., formerly Rhodococcus maris. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 45(1):32–36
25.
Bell K, Philp J, Aw D, Christofi N (1998) The genus Rhodococcus. J Appl Microbiol 85(2):195–210CrossRefPubMed
26.
De'Clari F, Menghini T, Biaggi G, Magnoli P (1992) Septicaemia due to a new species of Rhodococcus that contaminated closed system packed red blood cells-cure with imipenem monotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 30(5):729–730CrossRefPubMed
27.
Ivshina I, Kamenskikh T, Liapunov Y (1994) IEGM catalogue of strains of regional specialized collection of alkanotrophic microorganisms. Nauka, Moscow
28.
Tikhonova E, Ermakova I, Golovlev E (1996) Response of Rhodococcus minimus cultures to changes in the concentration of the carbon source: macromolecular composition and energy metabolism. Microbiology 65(4):395–399
29.
Liu D. Molecular detection of human bacterial pathogens: CRC press; 2011CrossRef
30.
Silva P, Santos ACB, Sato DN, Silva JO, Medeiros MIC, Carneiro AMM et al (2012) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Rhodococcus equi isolated from sputum. Braz J Infect Dis 16(5):409–415CrossRefPubMed
31.
Connie R, Mahon L, Donald C (2018) Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. Elsevier ISBN: 0323613179
32.
Brown J, McNeil M, Desmond E (1999) Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordona, Actinomadura, Streptomyces, and other actinomycetes of medical importance. Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 370–398
33.
Prescott JF, Hoffman AM (1993) Rhodococcus equi. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9(2):375–384CrossRefPubMed
34.
Makrai L, Fodor L, Vendég I, Szigeti G, Dénes B, Reiczigel J et al (2005) Comparison of selective media for the isolation of Rhodococcus equi and description of a new selective plating medium. Acta Vet Hung 53(3):275–285CrossRefPubMed
35.
Barton MD, Hughes KL (1981) Comparison of three techniques for isolation of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi from contaminated sources. J Clin Microbiol 13(1):219–221PubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Woolcock JB, Farmer A, Mutimer MD (1979) Selective medium for Corynebacterium equi isolation. J Clin Microbiol 9(5):640–642PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Rowbotham T, Cross T (1977) Ecology of Rhodococcus coprophilus and associated actinomycetes in fresh water and agricultural habitats. Microbiology 100(2):231–240
38.
Glickman SE, Kilburn JO, Butler WR, Ramos LS (1994) Rapid identification of mycolic acid patterns of mycobacteria by high-performance liquid chromatography using pattern recognition software and a Mycobacterium library. J Clin Microbiol 32(3):740–745PubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Miyaji MYK, Moretti-Branchini ML et al (2002) Actinomicetos. In: Fungos patogênicos—guia prático de laboratório. v. 1, Campinas
40.
Amat GC (2004) Detección y caracterización por métodos fenotípicos y moleculares de mycolata formadores de espumas en estaciones depuradoras de aguas residuales domésticas con sistemas de fangos activos. Universitat Politècnica de València
41.
Reddy CA, Kao M (1978) Value of acid metabolic products in identification of certain corynebacteria. J Clin Microbiol 7(5):428–433PubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Butler W, Kilburn JO, Kubica GP (1987) High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of mycolic acids as an aid in laboratory identification of Rhodococcus and Nocardia species. J Clin Microbiol 25(11):2126–2131PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
de Alegría Puig CR, Pilares L, Marco F, Vila J, Martínez-Martínez L, Navas J (2017) Comparison of the Vitek MS and Bruker matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry Systems for Identification of Rhodococcus equi and Dietzia spp. J Clin Microbiol 55(7):2255–2260CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Badieyan S, Dilmaghani-Marand A, Hajipour MJ, Ameri A, Razzaghi MR, Rafii-Tabar H et al (2018) Detection and discrimination of bacterial colonies with Mueller matrix imaging. Sci Rep 8(1):10815CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Hwang CY, Lee I, Cho Y, Lee YM, Baek K, Jung Y-J et al (2015) Rhodococcus aerolatus sp. nov., isolated from subarctic rainwater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65(2):465–471CrossRefPubMed
46.
Goodfellow M, Jones AL, Maldonado LA, Salanitro J (2004) Rhodococcus aetherivorans sp. nov., a new species that contains methyl t-butyl ether-degrading actinomycetes. Syst Appl Microbiol 27(1):61–65CrossRefPubMed
47.
Guo Q-Q, Ming H, Meng X-L, Duan Y-Y, Gao R, Zhang J-X et al (2015) Rhodococcus agglutinans sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a soil sample. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 107(5):1271–1280CrossRefPubMed
48.
Ko KS, Kim Y, Seong CN, Lee SD (2015) Rhodococcus antrifimi sp. nov., isolated from dried bat dung of a cave. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65(11):4043–4048CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zhao G-Z, Li J, Zhu W-Y, Tian S-Z, Zhao L-X, Yang L-L et al (2012) Rhodococcus artemisiae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the pharmaceutical plant Artemisia annua L. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62(4):900–905CrossRefPubMed
50.
Ferreira N, Tracey R (1984) Numerical taxonomy of cholesterol-degrading soil bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 57(3):429–446
51.
Nimaichand S, Sanasam S, Zheng L-Q, Zhu W-Y, Yang L-L, Tang S-K et al (2013) Rhodococcus canchipurensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a limestone deposit site. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 63(1):114–118CrossRefPubMed
52.
Kämpfer P, Wellner S, Lohse K, Lodders N, Martin K (2013) Rhodococcus cerastii sp. nov. and Rhodococcus trifolii sp. nov., two novel species isolated from leaf surfaces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 63(3):1024–1029CrossRefPubMed
53.
Li J, Zhao G-Z, Chen H-H, Qin S, Xu L-H, Jiang C-L et al (2008) Rhodococcus cercidiphylli sp. nov., a new endophytic actinobacterium isolated from a Cercidiphyllum japonicum leaf. Syst Appl Microbiol 31(2):108–113CrossRefPubMed
54.
Yassin A, Schaal K (2005) Reclassification of Nocardia corynebacterioides Serrano et al. 1972 (approved lists 1980) as Rhodococcus corynebacterioides comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55(3):1345–1348CrossRefPubMed
55.
Kämpfer P, Dott W, Martin K, Glaeser SP (2014) Rhodococcus defluvii sp. nov., isolated from wastewater of a bioreactor and formal proposal to reclassify [Corynebacterium hoagii] and Rhodococcus equi as Rhodococcus hoagii comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64(3):755–761CrossRefPubMed
56.
Ramaprasad E, Mahidhara G, Sasikala C, Ramana CV (2018) Rhodococcus electrodiphilus sp. nov., a marine electro active actinobacterium isolated from coral reef. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68(8):2644–2649CrossRefPubMed
57.
Dastager SG, Mawlankar R, Tang S-K, Krishnamurthi S, Ramana VV, Joseph N et al (2014) Rhodococcus enclensis sp. nov., a novel member of the genus Rhodococcus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64(8):2693–2697CrossRefPubMed
58.
Goodfellow M (1984) Reclassification of Corynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dowson in the genus Rhodococcus, as Rhodococcus fascians comb. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 5(2):225–229CrossRef
59.
Ma J, Zhang L, Wang G, Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang Y et al (2017) Rhodococcus gannanensis sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from root of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 110(9):1113–1120CrossRefPubMed
60.
Jones AL, Brown JM, Mishra V, Perry JD, Steigerwalt AG, Goodfellow M (2004) Rhodococcus gordoniae sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from clinical material and phenol-contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54(2):407–411CrossRefPubMed
61.
Nguyen TM, Kim J (2016) Rhodococcus pedocola sp. nov. and Rhodococcus humicola sp. nov., two antibiotic-producing actinomycetes isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66(6):2362–2369CrossRefPubMed
62.
Ghosh A, Paul D, Prakash D, Mayilraj S, Jain RK (2006) Rhodococcus imtechensis sp. nov., a nitrophenol-degrading actinomycete. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56(8):1965–1969CrossRefPubMed
63.
Takeuchi M, Hatano K, Sedlácek I, Pácová Z (2002) Rhodococcus jostii sp. nov., isolated from a medieval grave. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52(2):409–413CrossRefPubMed
64.
Yoon J-H, Cho Y-G, Kang S-S, Kim SB, Lee ST, Park Y-H (2000) Rhodococcus koreensis sp. nov., a 2, 4-dinitrophenol-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50(3):1193–1201CrossRefPubMed
65.
Liu H, Zhang Y, Liu C, Fang B, Li C, Guan X et al (2014) Rhodococcus kronopolitis sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a millipede (Kronopolites svenhedind Verhoeff). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 106(6):1207–1214CrossRefPubMed
66.
Mayilraj S, Krishnamurthi S, Saha P, Saini HS (2006) Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a cold desert of the Himalayas, India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56(5):979–982CrossRefPubMed
67.
Singh PK, Kumari A, Chawla N, Pinnaka AK, Korpole S (2015) Rhodococcus lactis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from sludge of a dairy waste treatment plant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65(11):4215–4220CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xiao C, Liu Z, Goodfellow M (2002) Rhodococcus maanshanensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52(6):2121–2126PubMed
69.
Briglia M, Rainey F, Stackebrandt E, Schraa G, Salkinoja-Salonen M (1996) Rhodococcus percolatus sp. nov., a bacterium degrading 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 46(1):23–30
70.
Rehfuss M, Urban J (2005) Rhodococcus phenolicus sp. nov., a novel bioprocessor isolated actinomycete with the ability to degrade chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and phenol as sole carbon sources. Syst Appl Microbiol 28(8):695–701CrossRefPubMed
71.
Silva LJ, Souza DT, Genuario DB, Hoyos HAV, Santos SN, Rosa LH et al (2018) Rhodococcus psychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Deschampsia antarctica. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 111(4):629–636CrossRefPubMed
72.
Yoon J-H, Kang S-S, Cho Y-G, Lee ST, Kho YH, Kim C-J et al (2000) Rhodococcus pyridinivorans sp. nov., a pyridine-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50(6):2173–2180CrossRefPubMed
73.
Li S-H, Yu X-Y, Park D-J, Hozzein WN, Kim C-J, Shu W-S et al (2015) Rhodococcus soli sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from soil using a resuscitative technique. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 107(2):357–366CrossRefPubMed
74.
Táncsics A, Máthé I, Benedek T, Tóth EM, Atasayar E, Spröer C et al (2017) Rhodococcus sovatensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from the hypersaline and heliothermal Lake Ursu. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67(2):190–196CrossRefPubMed
75.
Yassin A (2005) Rhodococcus triatomae sp. nov., isolated from a blood-sucking bug. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55(4):1575–1579CrossRefPubMed
76.
Matsuyama H, Yumoto I, Kudo T, Shida O (2003) Rhodococcus tukisamuensis sp. nov, isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53(5):1333–1337CrossRefPubMed
77.
Goodfellow M, Chun J, Stackebrandt E, Kroppenstedt RM (2002) Transfer of Tsukamurella wratislaviensis Goodfellow et a. 1995 to the genus Rhodococcus as Rhodococcus wratislaviensis comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52(3):749–755PubMed
78.
Zhang Y-Q, Li W-J, Kroppenstedt RM, Kim C-J, Chen G-Z, Park D-J et al (2005) Rhodococcus yunnanensis sp. nov., a mesophilic actinobacterium isolated from forest soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55(3):1133–1137CrossRefPubMed
79.
Stoecker MA, Herwig RP, Staley JT (1994) Rhodococcus zopfii sp. nov., a toxicant-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 44(1):106–110
80.
Fatahi-Bafghi M (2015) Rhodococcus equi: are phenotypic tests the best method for accurate identification? Comp Clin Path 24(5):979–979CrossRef
81.
Mutimer M, Woolcock J (1983) A note on hydrolytic enzymes of Corynebacterium equi. J Appl Microbiol 55(2):367–369
82.
Venner M, Heyers P, Strutzberg-Minder K, Lorenz N, Verspohl J, Klug E (2007) Detection of Rhodococcus equi by microbiological culture and by polymerase chain reaction in samples of tracheobronchial secretions of foals. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 120(3–4):126–133PubMed
83.
Deurenberg RH, Bathoorn E, Chlebowicz MA, Couto N, Ferdous M, García-Cobos S et al (2017) Application of next generation sequencing in clinical microbiology and infection prevention. J Biotechnol 243:16–24CrossRefPubMed
84.
85.
Park G, Jin WY, Jang SJ, Kook JK, Choi J, Park GC et al (2015) Evaluation of four methods of assigning species and genus to medically important bacteria using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Microbiol Immunol 59(5):285–298CrossRefPubMed
86.
Sangal V, Nieminen L, Tucker NP, Hoskisson PA (2014) Revolutionizing prokaryotic systematics through next-generation sequencing. Methods Microbiol 41:75–101CrossRef
87.
Sellon D, Walker K, Suyemoto M, Altier C (1997) Nucleic acid amplification for rapid detection of Rhodococcus equi in equine blood and tracheal wash fluids. Am J Vet Res 58(11):1232–1237PubMed
88.
Takai S, Ikeda T, Sasaki Y, Watanabe Y, Ozawa T, Tsubaki S et al (1995) Identification of virulent Rhodococcus equi by amplification of gene coding for 15-to 17-kilodalton antigens. J Clin Microbiol 33(6):1624–1627PubMedPubMedCentral
89.
90.
Navas J, González-Zorn B, Ladrón N, Garrido P, Vázquez-Boland JA (2001) Identification and mutagenesis by allelic exchange of choE, encoding a cholesterol oxidase from the intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi. J Bacteriol 183(16):4796–4805CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
91.
Ladrón N, Fernández M, Agüero J, Zörn BG, Vázquez-Boland JA, Navas J (2003) Rapid identification of Rhodococcus equi by a PCR assay targeting the choE gene. J Clin Microbiol 41(7):3241–3245CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Táncsics A, Szoboszlay S, Kriszt B, Kukolya J, Baka E, Márialigeti K et al (2008) Applicability of the functional gene catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase as a biomarker in the detection of BTEX-degrading Rhodococcus species. J Appl Microbiol 105(4):1026–1033CrossRefPubMed
93.
Duquesne F, Houssin E, Sévin C, Duytschaever L, Tapprest J, Fretin D et al (2017) Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for Rhodococcus equi. Vet Microbiol 210:64–70CrossRefPubMed
94.
95.
Steingrube VA, Wilson RW, Brown BA, Jost K, Blacklock Z, Gibson JL et al (1997) Rapid identification of clinically significant species and taxa of aerobic actinomycetes, including Actinomadura, Gordona, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, and Tsukamurella isolates, by DNA amplification and restriction endonuclease analysis. J Clin Microbiol 35(4):817–822PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
Lal A, Seshasayee ASN (2014) The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on bacterial genomics. A systems theoretic approach to systems and synthetic biology II: Analysis and Design of Cellular Systems. Springer, pp 31–58
97.
Sangal V, Goodfellow M, Jones AL, Schwalbe EC, Blom J, Hoskisson PA et al (2016) Next-generation systematics: an innovative approach to resolve the structure of complex prokaryotic taxa. Sci Rep 6:38392CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
98.
Achtman M, Wagner M (2008) Microbial diversity and the genetic nature of microbial species. Nat Rev Microbiol 6(6):431CrossRefPubMed
99.
Moore ER, Mihaylova SA, Vandamme P, Krichevsky MI, Dijkshoorn L (2010) Microbial systematics and taxonomy: relevance for a microbial commons. Res Microbiol 161(6):430–438CrossRefPubMed
100.
Jain S, Bloom BR, Hondalus MK (2003) Deletion of vapA encoding virulence associated protein a attenuates the intracellular actinomycete Rhodococcus equi. Mol Microbiol 50(1):115–128CrossRefPubMed
101.
Takai S, Hines SA, Sekizaki T, Nicholson VM, Alperin DA, Osaki M et al (2000) DNA sequence and comparison of virulence plasmids from Rhodococcus equi ATCC 33701 and 103. Infect Immun 68(12):6840–6847CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
102.
Byrne BA, Prescott JF, Palmer GH, Takai S, Nicholson VM, Alperin DC et al (2001) Virulence plasmid of Rhodococcus equi contains inducible gene family encoding secreted proteins. Infect Immun 69(2):650–656CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
103.
Tan C, Prescott J, Patterson M, Nicholson V (1995) Molecular characterization of a lipid-modified virulence-associated protein of Rhodococcus equi and its potential in protective immunity. Can J Vet Res 59(1):51–59PubMedPubMedCentral
104.
Takai S, Sekizaki T, Ozawa T, Sugawara T, Watanabe Y, Tsubaki S (1991) Association between a large plasmid and 15-to 17-kilodalton antigens in virulent Rhodococcus equi. Infect Immun 59(11):4056–4060PubMedPubMedCentral
105.
Takai S, Watanabe Y, Ikeda T, Ozawa T, Matsukura S, Tamada Y et al (1993) Virulence-associated plasmids in Rhodococcus equi. J Clin Microbiol 31(7):1726–1729PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Ocampo-Sosa AA, Lewis DA, Navas J, Quigley F, Callejo R, Scortti M et al (2007) Molecular epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi based on traA, vapA, and vapB virulence plasmid markers. J Infect Dis 196(5):763–769CrossRefPubMed
107.
Letek M, Ocampo-Sosa AA, Sanders M, Fogarty U, Buckley T, Leadon DP et al (2008) Evolution of the Rhodococcus equi vap pathogenicity island seen through comparison of host-associated vapA and vapB virulence plasmids. J Bacteriol 190(17):5797–5805CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
108.
Valero-Rello A, Hapeshi A, Anastasi E, Alvarez S, Scortti M, Meijer WG et al (2015) An invertron-like linear plasmid mediates intracellular survival and virulence in bovine isolates of Rhodococcus equi. Infect Immun 83(7):2725–2737CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
109.
Crespi M, Messens E, Caplan AB, Van Montagu M, Desomer J (1992) Fasciation induction by the phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians depends upon a linear plasmid encoding a cytokinin synthase gene. EMBO J 11(3):795–804CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
110.
Larkin MJ, Kulakov LA, Allen CC (2005) Biodegradation and Rhodococcus-masters of catabolic versatility. Curr Opin Biotechnol 16(3):282–290CrossRefPubMed
111.
Murai N (1981) Cytokinin biosynthesis and its relationship to the presence of plasmids in strains of Corynebacterium fascians. Metabolism and molecular activities of cytokinins: Springer. p. 17–26
112.
Reh M, Schlegel H (1981) Hydrogen autotrophy as a transferable genetic character of Nocardia opaca 1b. Microbiology 126(2):327–336CrossRef
113.
Dabbs ER, Sole GJ (1988) Plasmid-borne resistance to arsenate, arsenite, cadmium, and chloramphenicol in a Rhodococcus species. Mol Gen Genet 211(1):148–154CrossRefPubMed
114.
Desomer J, Dhaese P, Van Montagu M (1988) Conjugative transfer of cadmium resistance plasmids in Rhodococcus fascians strains. J Bacteriol 170(5):2401–2405CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
115.
Dabbs ER, Gowan B, Andersen SJ (1990) Nocardioform arsenic resistance plasmids and construction of Rhodococcus cloning vectors. Plasmid 23(3):242–247CrossRefPubMed
116.
Singer M, Finnerty W (1988) Construction of an Escherichia coli-Rhodococcus shuttle vector and plasmid transformation in Rhodococcus spp. J Bacteriol 170(2):638–645CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
117.
118.
Petrovski S, Dyson ZA, Seviour RJ, Tillett D (2012) Small but sufficient: the Rhodococcus phage RRH1 has the smallest known Siphoviridae genome at 14.2 kilobases. Virol J 86(1):358–363CrossRef
119.
Riverin M, Beaudoin J, Vezina C (1970) Characterization of a nocardiophage for Nocardia restrictus. J Gen Virol 6(3):395–407CrossRefPubMed
120.
Shibayama Y, Dabbs ER (2011) Phage as a source of antibacterial genes: multiple inhibitory products encoded by Rhodococcus phage YF1. Bacteriophage 1(4):195–197CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
121.
Salifu SP, Valero-Rello A, Campbell SA, Inglis NF, Scortti M, Foley S et al (2013) Genome and proteome analysis of phage E3 infecting the soil-borne actinomycete Rhodococcus equi. Environ Microbiol Rep 5(1):170–178CrossRefPubMed
122.
Petrovski S, Seviour RJ, Tillett D (2013) Genome sequence and characterization of a Rhodococcus equi phage REQ1. Virus Genes 46(3):588–590CrossRefPubMed
123.
124.
Salifu SP, Casey S, Foley S (2013) Isolation and characterization of soilborne virulent bacteriophages infecting the pathogen Rhodococcus equi. J Appl Microbiol 114(6):1625–1633CrossRefPubMed
125.
Petrovski S, Seviour RJ, Tillett D (2013) Characterization and whole genome sequences of the Rhodococcus bacteriophages RGL3 and RER2. Arch Virol 158(3):601–609CrossRefPubMed
126.
Bonilla JA, Isern S, Findley AM, Klyczek KK, Michael SF, Saha MS et al (2017) Genome sequences of 19 Rhodococcus erythropolis cluster CA phages. Genome Announc 5(49):e01201–e01217CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
127.
Brownell G, Adams J, Bradley S (1967) Growth and characterization of nocardiophages for Nocardia canicruria and Nocardia erythropolis mating types. J Microbiol 47(2):247–256
128.
Dabbs ER (1987) A generalised transducing bacteriophage for Rhodococcus erythropolis. Mol Gen Genet 206(1):116–120CrossRef
129.
Gill JJ, Wang B, Sestak E, Young R, Chu K-H (2018) Characterization of a novel Tectivirus phage toil and its potential as an agent for biolipid extraction. Sci Rep 8(1):1062CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
130.
Hiddema R, Curran M, Ferreira N, Coetzee J, Lecatsas G (1985) Characterization of phages derived from strains of Rhodococcus australis and R. equii. Intervirology 23(2):109–111CrossRefPubMed
131.
Austin MC, Hallstrand TS, Hoogestraat DR, Balmforth G, Stephens K, Butler-Wu S et al (2016) Rhodococcus fascians infection after haematopoietic cell transplantation: not just a plant pathogen? JMM Case Rep 3(2):e005025CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
132.
Golub B, Falk G, Spink WW (1967) Lung abscess due to Corynebacterium equi report of first human infection. Ann Intern Med 66(6):1174–1177CrossRefPubMed
133.
Verville TD, Huycke MM, Greenfield RA, Fine DP, Kuhls TL, Slater LN (1994) Rhodococcus equi infections of humans. 12 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine 73(3):119–132CrossRefPubMed
134.
Samies JH, Hathaway BN, Echols RM, Veazey JM, Pilon VA (1986) Lung abscess due to Corynebacterium equi. Report of the first case in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 80(4):685–688CrossRefPubMed
135.
Meijer WG, Prescott JF (2004) Rhodococcus equi. J Vet Res 35(4):383–396CrossRef
136.
137.
Ebersole LL, Paturzo JL (1988) Endophthalmitis caused by Rhodococcus equi Prescott serotype 4. J Clin Microbiol 26(6):1221PubMedPubMedCentral
138.
Müller F, Schaal KP, von Graevenitz A, Von Moos L, Woolcock J, Wüst J et al (1988) Characterization of Rhodococcus equi-like bacterium isolated from a wound infection in a noncompromised host. J Clin Microbiol 26(4):618–620PubMedPubMedCentral
139.
Hart D, Andrew J, Peel M, Burdon J (1988) Lung infection caused by Rhodococcus. Intern Med J 18(6):790–791
140.
Novak R, Polisky EL, Janda W, Libertin CR (1988) Osteomyelitis caused by Rhodococcus equi in a renal transplant recipient. Infection 16(3):186–188CrossRefPubMed
141.
Brown E, Hendler E (1989) Rhodococcus peritonitis in a patient treated with peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 14(5):417–418
142.
Gopaul D, Ellis C, Maki A, Joseph MG (1988) Isolation of Rhodococcus rhodochrous from a chronic corneal ulcer. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 10(3):185–190CrossRefPubMed
143.
Hillerdal G, Riesenfeldt-örn I, Pedersen A, Ivanicova E (1988) Infection with Rhodococcus equi in a patient with sarcoidosis treated with corticosteroids. Scand J Infect Dis 20(6):673–677CrossRefPubMed
144.
Obana WG, Scannell KA, Jacobs R, Greco C, Rosenblum ML (1991) A case of Rhodococcus equi brain abscess. Surg Neurol 35(4):321–324CrossRefPubMed
145.
Martin T, Hogan DJ, Murphy F, Natyshak I, Ewan EP (1991) Rhodococcus infection of the skin with lymphadenitis in a nonimmunocompromised girl. J Am Acad Dermatol 24(2):328–332CrossRefPubMed
146.
Severo L, Petrillo V, Coutinho L (1987) Actinomycetoma caused by Rhodococcus spp. Mycopathologia 98(3):129–131CrossRefPubMed
147.
Byard RW, Thorner PS, Edwards V, Greenberg M (1990) Pulmonary malacoplakia in a child. Pediatr Pathol 10(3):417–424CrossRefPubMed
148.
L-x C, L-n G, Y-b H, B-l Z, J-y L (2018) Purulent meningitis caused by Rhodococcus equi: a case report. Medicine 97(24):e11156CrossRef
149.
Zhang Y, Zhou F, Jiang Z, Jin M, Xu J (2016) Rhodococcus equi infection in patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: report of a case. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 45(12):877–878PubMed
150.
Baba H, Nada T, Ohkusu K, Ezaki T, Hasegawa Y, Paterson DL (2009) First case of bloodstream infection caused by Rhodococcus erythropolis. J Clin Microbiol 47(8):2667–2669CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
151.
Magnusson H (1923) Spezifische infektionse Pneumonie beim Fohlen. Ein neuer Eiterreger beim Pferd. Arch Wiss Prakt Tierhelkd 50:22–38
152.
Prescott J (1987) Epidomiology of Rhodococcus equi infection in horses. Vet Microbiol 14(3):211–214CrossRefPubMed
153.
Magnusson H (1938) Pyaemia in foals caused by Corynebacterium equi. Vet Res 50:1459–1468
154.
Rajagopalan V, Gopalakrishnan V (1938) The occurrence of Corynebacterium equi in a she-buffalo. IGVS 8:225–284
155.
Craig J, Davies G (1940) Corynebacterium equi in bovine Pyometra. Vet J 96:417–419
156.
157.
Woodroofe GM (1950) Studies on strains of Corynebacterium equi isolated from pigs. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 28:399–409CrossRefPubMed
158.
Neave R (1951) An outbreak of ulcerative lymphangitis in young heifers in Kenya. Vet Rec 63(10):185CrossRefPubMed
159.
Roberts D (1957) Corynebacterium equi infection in a sheep. Aust Vet J 33(1):21–21CrossRef
160.
Rahman A (1957) The sensitivity of various bacteria to chemotherapeutic agents. Br Vet J 113(4):175–188CrossRef
161.
Dennis S, Bamford V (1966) The rôle of corynebacteria in perinatal lamb mortality. Vet Rec 79(4):105–108CrossRefPubMed
162.
Jasmin A, Carroll J, Baucom J (1969) Corynebacterium equi infection in the American alligator (Alligator missippiensis) and the American crocodile (Crocodilus acutus). J Comp Lab Med 3:71–72
163.
Jang S, Lock A, Biberstein E (1975) A cat with Corynebacterium equi lymphadenitis clinically simulating lymphosarcoma. Cornell Vet 65(2):232–239PubMed
164.
Stein F, Stott G (1979) Corynebacterium equi in the cottontop marmoset (Saguinus oedipus): a case report. Lab Anim Sci 29(4):519–520PubMed
165.
166.
167.
Rahman H, Baxi K (1983) Corynebacterium equi in mastitis in a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)(correspondence)[bacterial disease]. Vet Rec
168.
Garg D, Kapoor P (1986) Isolation and characterization of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi from cows with mastitis. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 7(2/3):91–95
169.
Perdrizet J, Scott D (1987) Cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190(12):1559–1561PubMed
170.
Oxenford C, Ratcliffe R, Ramsay G (1987) Rhodococcus equi infection in a cat. Aust Vet J 64(4):121CrossRefPubMed
171.
Bauwens L, Van Dyck E, DeMeurichy W, Piot P (1987) Corynebacterium equi pneumonia in three Baikal seals (Pusa sibirica). Aquat Mamm 13:17–22
172.
Carman M, Hodges R (1987) Distribution of Rhodococcus equi in animals, birds and from the environment. N Z Vet J 35(7):114–115CrossRefPubMed
173.
Yager J (1987) The pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Vet Microbiol 14(3):225–232CrossRefPubMed
174.
Carrigan M, Links I, Morton A (1988) Rhodococcus equi infection in goats. Aust Vet J 65(10):331–332CrossRefPubMed
175.
Cantor GH, Byrne BA, Hines SA, Richards H III (1998) VapA-negative Rhodococcus equi in a dog with necrotizing pyogranulomatous hepatitis, osteomyelitis, and myositis. J Vet Diagn Investig 10(3):297–300CrossRef
176.
177.
178.
Vengust M, Stæmpfli H, Prescott JF (2002) Rhodococcus equi pleuropneumonia in an adult horse. Can Vet J 43(9):706–708PubMedPubMedCentral
179.
Passamonti F, Lepri E, Coppola G, Sforna M, Proietti PC, Chiodetti I et al (2011) Pulmonary rhodococcosis in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 13(4):283–285CrossRefPubMed
180.
Karlson AG, Moses HE, Feldman WH (1940) Corynebacterium equi (Magnusson, 1923) in the submaxillary lymph nodes of swine. J Infect Dis 67:243–251CrossRef
181.
Takai S, Takeuchi T, Tsubaki S (1986) Isolation of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi and atypical mycobacteria from the lymph nodes of healthy pigs. Jpn J Vet Sci 48(2):445–448CrossRef
182.
de Morais ABC, Bolaños CAD, Alves AC, Ikuta CY, Lara GHB, Heinemann MB et al (2018) Identification of Mycobacterium species and Rhodococcus equi in peccary lymph nodes. Trop Anim Health Prod 50(6):1319–1326CrossRefPubMed
183.
Giles C, Vanniasinkam T, Ndi S, Barton M (2015) Rhodococcus equi (Prescottella equi) vaccines; the future of vaccine development. Equine Vet J 47(5):510–518CrossRefPubMed
184.
Cywes-Bentley C, Rocha JN, Bordin AI, Vinacur M, Rehman S, Zaidi TS et al (2018) Antibody to poly-N-acetyl glucosamine provides protection against intracellular pathogens: mechanism of action and validation in horse foals challenged with Rhodococcus equi. PLoS Pathog 14(7):e1007160CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
185.
Lacey MS (1936) Studies in bactemosis. XXII. Ann Appl Biol 23(2):302–310CrossRef
186.
Crespi M, Vereecke D, Temmerman W, Van Montagu M, Desomer J (1994) The fas operon of Rhodococcus fascians encodes new genes required for efficient fasciation of host plants. J Bacteriol 176(9):2492–2501CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
187.
Stamler RA, Kilcrease J, Kallsen C, Fichtner EJ, Cooke P, Heerema RJ et al (2015) First report of Rhodococcus isolates causing pistachio bushy top syndrome on ‘UCB-1’rootstock in California and Arizona. Plant Dis 99(11):1468–1476CrossRefPubMed
188.
Hietala S, Ardans A (1987) Interaction of Rhodococcus equi with phagocytic cells from R. equi-exposed and non-exposed foals. Vet Microbiol 14(3):307–320CrossRefPubMed
189.
Drancourt M, Bonnet E, Gallais H, Peloux Y, Raoult D (1992) Rhodococcus equi infection in patients with AIDS. J Inf Secur 24(2):123–131
190.
Sawai H, Sumi Y, Kurano S, Gondaira S, Kato Y, Tomiyasu I et al (1987) Granuloma formation by the glycolipids containing mycolic acid in Nocardia, Rhodococcus and related actinomycetes and their structure analysis. Yakugaku Zasshi 107(1):37–45CrossRefPubMed
191.
192.
Smola J, Katerov V, Schalen C (1994) Haemolytic and phospholipase C (PLC) activities of Rhodococcus equi. J Appl Microbiol 77(3):325–333
193.
Pei Y, Dupont C, Sydor T, Haas A, Prescott JF (2006) Cholesterol oxidase (ChoE) is not important in the virulence of Rhodococcus equi. Vet Microbiol 118(3–4):240–246CrossRefPubMed
194.
Wall DM, Duffy PS, DuPont C, Prescott JF, Meijer WG (2005) Isocitrate lyase activity is required for virulence of the intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Infect Immun 73(10):6736–6741CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
195.
Pei Y, Parreira V, Nicholson VM, Prescott JF (2007) Mutation and virulence assessment of chromosomal genes of Rhodococcus equi 103. Can J Vet Res 71(1):1–7PubMedPubMedCentral
196.
Ren J, Prescott JF (2004) The effect of mutation on Rhodococcus equi virulence plasmid gene expression and mouse virulence. Vet Microbiol 103(3–4):219–230CrossRefPubMed
197.
Sangal V, Jones AL, Goodfellow M, Sutcliffe IC, Hoskisson PA (2014) Comparative genomic analyses reveal a lack of a substantial signature of host adaptation in Rhodococcus equi (‘Prescottella equi’). Pathog Dis 71(3):352–356CrossRefPubMed
198.
Stange R, Jeffares D, Young C, Scott D, Eason J, Jameson P (1996) PCR amplification of the fas-1 gene for the detection of virulent strains of Rhodococcus fascians. Plant Pathol 45(3):407–417CrossRef
199.
Nakazawa M, Kubo M, Sugimoto C, Isayama Y (1983) Serogrouping of Rhodococcus equi. Microbiol Immunol 27(10):837–846CrossRefPubMed
200.
Lämmler C, Zimmermann B, Fuhrmann C (1997) Serological properties of Rhodococcus equi isolates of various origins determined with two typing systems. Med Sci Res. 25(3):187–189
201.
Ivshina I, Kevorkov N (1982) Identification of bacteria belonging to the genus Rhodococcus using the technique of immunodiffusion. Mikrobiologiya 51(4):636–641
202.
Ivshina I, Koblova I, Bezmaternykh G, Nesterenko O, Kvasnikov E, Shkaruba V (1986) The identification of bacteria of the genus Rhodococcus by immunodiffusion. Mikrobiol Zh 48(2):3–8PubMed
203.
Lammler C (1995) A rapid slide coagglutination test for the serological identification of Rhodococcus equi. Med Sci Res 23(9):637–638
204.
Takai S, Kawazu S, Tsubaki S (1985) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi infection in foals. Am J Vet Res 46(10):2166–2170PubMed
205.
Prescott J, Fernandez A, Nicholson V, Patterson M, Yager J, Viel L et al (1996) Use of a virulence-associated protein based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Rhodococcus equi serology in horses. Equine Vet J 28(5):344–349CrossRefPubMed
206.
Jacobsen BN (1995) A method for quantification of Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus in activated sludge by immunofluorescence microscopy. Water Res 29(1):279–283CrossRef
207.
Scortichini M, Todisco C, Varvaro L (1990) Specificity of antisera against Rhodococcus fascians (Tilford) Goodfellow in indirect immunofluorescence. J Phytopathol 129(4):327–332CrossRef
208.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2011) Susceptibility testing of mycobacteria, Nocardia and other aerobic actinomycetes. Approved standard, second edition. CLSI document M24–A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne
209.
Berghaus LJ, Giguère S, Guldbech K, Warner E, Ugorji U, Berghaus RD (2015) Comparison of Etest, disk diffusion, and broth macrodilution for in vitro susceptibility testing of Rhodococcus equi. J Clin Microbiol 53(1):314–318CrossRefPubMed
210.
Cisek AA, Rzewuska M, Witkowski L, Binek M (2014) Antimicrobial resistance in Rhodococcus equi. Acta Biochim Pol 61(4):633–638PubMed
211.
Weinstock DM, Brown AE (2002) Rhodococcus equi: an emerging pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 34(10):1379–1385CrossRefPubMed
212.
Gilbert DN, Moellering RC, Sande MA (2010) The sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy, 40th edn. Sperryville, Antimicrobial Therapy
213.
Yamshchikov AV, Schuetz A, Lyon GM (2010) Rhodococcus equi infection. Lancet Infect Dis 10(5):350–359CrossRefPubMed
214.
215.
216.
McNeil M, Brown J (1992) Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Rhodococcus equi from clinical specimens. Eur J Epidemiol 8(3):437–443CrossRefPubMed
217.
Asoh N, Watanabe H, Fines-Guyon M, Watanabe K, Oishi K, Kositsakulchai W et al (2003) Emergence of rifampin-resistant Rhodococcus equi with several types of mutations in the rpoB gene among AIDS patients in northern Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 41(6):2337–2340CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
218.
Burton AJ, Giguère S, Sturgill TL, Berghaus LJ, Slovis NM, Whitman JL et al (2013) Macrolide-and rifampin-resistant Rhodococcus equi on a horse breeding farm, Kentucky, USA. J Emerg Infect Dis 19(2):282CrossRef
219.
Giguère S, Cohen N, Keith Chaffin M, Slovis N, Hondalus M, Hines S et al (2011) Diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. J Vet Intern Med 25(6):1209–1220CrossRefPubMed
220.
Tsukamura M (1982) Numerical analysis of the taxonomy of nocardiae and rhodococci. Microbiol Immunol 26(12):1101–1119CrossRefPubMed
221.
Klatte S, Rainey FA, Kroppenstedt RM (1994) Transfer of Rhodococcus aichiensis Tsukamura 1982 and Nocardia amarae Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1974 to the genus Gordona as Gordona aichiensis comb. nov. and Gordona amarae comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 44(4):769–773
222.
Tsukamura M, Yano I (1985) Rhodococcus sputi sp. nov., nom. rev., and Rhodococcus aurantiacus sp. nov., nom. rev. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 35(3):364–368
223.
Collins M, Smida J, Dorsch M, Stackebrandt E (1988) Tsukamurella gen. Nov. harboring Corynebacterium paurometabolum and Rhodococcus aurantiacus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 38(4):385–391
224.
Apajalahti JH, Kärpänoja P, Salkinoja-Salonen MS (1986) Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus sp. nov., a chlorophenol-mineralizing actinomycete. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 36(2):246–251
225.
Hagglblom MM, Nohynek LJ, Palleroni NJ, Kronqvist K, Nurmiaho-Lassila E-L, Salkinoja-Salonen MS et al (1994) Transfer of Polychlorophenol-degrading Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus (Apajalahti et al. 1986) to the genus Mycobacterium as Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 44(3):485–493
226.
Riegel P, Kamne-Fotso M, De Briel D, Prevost G, Jehl F, Piemont Y et al (1994) Rhodococcus chubuensis Tsukamura 1982 is a later subjective synonym of Gordona sputi (Tsukamura 1978) Stackebrandt 1989 comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 44(4):764–768
227.
Mordarski M, Goodfellow M, Kaszen I, Tkacz A, Pulverer G, Schaal K (1980) Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the classification of the genus Rhodococcus Zopf 1891 (approved lists, 1980). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 30(3):521–527
228.
Nesterenko O, Nogina T, Kasumova S, Kvasnikov E, Batrakov S (1982) Rhodococcus luteus nom. nov. and Rhodococcus maris nom. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 32(1):1–14
229.
Klatte S, Jahnke K-D, Kroppenstedt RM, Rainey F, Stackebrandt E (1994) Rhodococcus luteus is a later subjective synonym of Rhodococcus fascians. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 44(4):627–630
230.
Tsukamura M (1985) Priority of Rhodococcus lentifragmentus (Kruse 1896; Tsukamura et al. 1975) Tsukamura 1978 comb. nov. over Rhodococcus ruber (Kruse 1896) Goodfellow and Alderson 1980: request for an opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 35(1):124–125
231.
Tsukamura M, Yano I, Kudo T, Miyama A (1991) Rhodococcus roseus sp. nov., nom. rev. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 41(3):385–389
232.
Rainey FA, Burghardt J, Kroppenstedt R, Klatte S, Stackebrandt E (1995) Polyphasic evidence for the transfer of Rhodococcus roseus to Rhodococcus rhodochrous. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 45(1):101–103
233.
Turfittge GE (1944) Microbiological agencies in the degradation of steroids: I. The cholesterol-decomposing organisms of soils. J Bacteriol 47(6):487
234.
Morse ME (1912) A study of the diphtheria group of organisms by the biometrical method. J Infect Dis 11:253–285CrossRef
235.
Eberson F (1918) A bacteriologic study of the diphtheroid organisms with special reference to Hodgkin's disease. J Infect Dis 23(1):1–42CrossRef
236.
Jones AL, Sutcliffe IC, Goodfellow M (2013) Prescottia equi gen. nov., comb. nov.: a new home for an old pathogen. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 103(3):655–671CrossRefPubMed
237.
Jones AL, Sutcliffe IC, Goodfellow M (2013) Proposal to replace the illegitimate genus name Prescottia Jones et al. 2013 with the genus name Prescottella gen. nov. and to replace the illegitimate combination Prescottia equi Jones et al. 2013 with Prescottella equi comb. nov. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 103(6):1405–1407CrossRefPubMed
238.
Sangal V, Jones AL, Goodfellow M, Hoskisson PA, Kämpfer P, Sutcliffe IC (2015) Genomic analyses confirm close relatedness between Rhodococcus defluvii and Rhodococcus equi (Rhodococcus hoagii). Arch Microbiol 197(1):113–116CrossRefPubMed
239.
Garrity GM (2014) Conservation of Rhodococcus equi (Magnusson 1923) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 and rejection of Corynebacterium hoagii (Morse 1912) Eberson 1918. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64(1):311–312CrossRefPubMed
240.
Tindall B (2014) The correct name of the taxon that contains the type strain of Rhodococcus equi. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64(1):302–308CrossRefPubMed
241.
Goodfellow M, Sangal V, Jones A, Sutcliffe I (2015) Charting stormy waters: a commentary on the nomenclature of the equine pathogen variously named Prescottella equi, Rhodococcus equi and Rhodococcus hoagii. Equine Vet J 47(5):508–509CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Current taxonomy of Rhodococcus species and their role in infections
verfasst von
Mohadeseh Majidzadeh
Mehdi Fatahi-Bafghi
Publikationsdatum
29.08.2018
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases / Ausgabe 11/2018
Print ISSN: 0934-9723
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-4373
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-3364-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2018

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 11/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Original Article

Chromogenic media for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A in human stool samples: evaluation in a reference setting

Original Article

A 5-year study of the performance of the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture panel in a pediatric hospital

Original Article

Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-suspected diarrhea in a French university hospital

Original Article

Evaluation of ceftriaxone prescriptions in the emergency department of a university hospital: an urgent need for improvement and alternative therapy

Original Article

Dissemination of blaOXA-370 is mediated by IncX plasmids and the Tn6435 transposon

Original Article

New clinical and seasonal evidence of infections by Human Parainfluenzavirus

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

24.04.2024 | DGIM 2024 | Kongressbericht | Nachrichten

Metformin rückt in den Hintergrund

24.04.2024 | DGIM 2024 | Kongressbericht | Nachrichten

Myokarditis nach Infekt – richtig schwierig wird es bei Profisportlern

24.04.2024 | DGIM 2024 | Kongressbericht | Nachrichten

Thrombophiliescreening – Wenn, dann richtig und nur bei therapeutischer Konsequenz

24.04.2024 | DGIM 2024 | Nachrichten

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!
weitere anzeigen

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise