Background
Methods
Plant material and extraction
Species (family); Voucher Numbera | Traditional uses | Parts used (% yield)b | Bioactive or potentially bioactive components | Bioactivity of crude extract |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) (Fabaceae); 24729/SRF/Cam | Leaves (9.88), bark (10.65) and roots (7.12) | |||
Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Müll.-Arg. (Euphorbiaceae); 9657/SRF/Cam | Leaves (7.84), bark (11.32) and roots (6.23) | Alchornine, alchorneinone, gentisnic acid and yohimbine [38] | ||
Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae); 9661/SRF/Cam | Leaves (10.21), bark (13.17) and roots (5.58) | Quercetin-7,4′-disulphate, quercetin, quercetin-3′,4′-disulphate, quercetin-3,4′-diacetate, rutin and quercetrin [45] | ||
Boerhavia diffusa Lin (Nyctaginaceae); 15247/SRF/Cam | Treatment of diabetes, asthma, bronchial infections [49] | Whole plant (11.42) | Boeravinones G, H [50] | |
Combretum hispidum Laws (Combretaceae); 48289/HNC | Leaves (14.32), roots (8.47) | Alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, tannins, triterpenes, sterols ans saponins [36] | ||
Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. (Acanthaceae); 24165/SRF/Cam | Whole plant (14.69) | Alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, sterols ans saponins [42] | ||
Laportea aestuans (Linn.) Chew (Urticaceae); 34812/HNC | Antihelmintic, treatment of headache, syphilitic yaws, fever, gonorrhea, rheumatism, menopausal disorder, antidote, asthma, hypertension, stomachage, diarrhea, wounds [60] | Whole plant (8.82) | Vanilic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, (6)-gingerol, capsaicin, rosemamic acid, tannic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, scopoletin, catechin, resveratrol, genistein, apigenin, kaempherol, epicatechin, epigallocathechin, ellagic acid, myricitin acid, quercetin- 3, 7, 4-trimethyl ether, quercetin–3,7,3′,4′-trimethyl ether, artemetin, kaempferol–arabinoside, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, naringin, rutin, hesperidin, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, cis-ocimene, myrcene, citronellol, neryl acetate, malvidine, lycopene, carotene, lutein, hispogenin, diosgenin, neochlorogenin, hecogenin, [61, 62] | |
Laportea ovalifolia (Schum.) Chew (Urticaceae) 44306/HNC | Leaves (12.13) and roots (6.17) | Laportoside A and laportomide A [66] | ||
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (Poaceae); 12525/SRF/Cam | Diuretic, antivenomous, treatment of measles, wound healing [67] | Whole plant (8.82) | Alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, sterols ans saponins [42] | |
Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) 22791/SRF/Cam | Treatment of mental disorders, malaria, hemorrhoids, bacterial infections, HIV, poor blood circulation, gastro-intestinal diseases, urinary tract disorders [68] | Leaves (16.13), bark (15.27) and roots (11.41) |
Chemicals
Cell cultures
Resazurin reduction assay
Flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis and detection of apoptotic cells
Caspase-Glo 3/7, caspase-Glo 8 and caspase-Glo 9 assay
Analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)
Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry
Statistical analysis
Results
Tested plant | IC50 values (μg/mL) |
---|---|
Alchornea laxiflora roots
| >80 |
Boerhavia diffusa (whole plant)
| >80 |
Combretum hispidum bark
| >80 |
Eremomastax speciosa (whole plant)
| >80 |
Laportea aestuans (whole plant)
| >80 |
Laportea ovalifolia leaves
| >80 |
Laportea ovalifolia roots
| >80 |
Spathodea campanulata leaves
| >80 |
Pennisetum purpureum (whole plant)
| 69.01 ± 7.99 |
Spathodea campanulata bark
| 63.29 ± 8.61 |
Spathodea campanulata roots
| 58.08 ± 4.27 |
Alchornea laxiflora bark
| 49.21 ± 11.16 |
Alchornea laxiflora leaves
| 43.67 ± 4.06 |
Albizia adianthifolia leaves (AAL) | 33.34 ± 3.55 |
Combretum hispidum leaves
| 32.05 ± 2.41 |
Alchornea cordifolia roots (ACR) | 27.28 ± 1.22 |
Alchornea cordifolia bark (ACB) |
12.57 ± 0.55
|
Alchornea cordifolia leaves (ACL) |
8.02 ± 0.23
|
Albizia adianthifolia bark (AAB) |
1.45 ± 0.13
|
Albizia adianthifolia roots (AAR) |
0.98 ± 0.08
|
Doxorubicin |
0.11 ± 0.03
|
Cell lines | Samples, IC50 values in μg/mL and degrees of resistancea (in brackets) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extracts | Doxorubicin | ||||
AAB | AAR | ACL | ACB | ||
CEM/ADR5000 | 6.53 ± 0.77 (4.50) | 6.52 ± 0.57 (6.65) | 22.57 ± 2.17 (2.81) | 34.87 ± 3.91 (2.77) | 108.00 ± 7.92 (975.60) |
MDA-MB-231-pcDNA |
5.99 ± 0.3
|
3.79 ± 0.44
| 29.51 ± 3.08 | 25.54 ± 3.01 |
0.61 ± 0.15
|
MDA-MB-231-BCRP Degree of resistance | 10.30 ± 1.22 (1.72) | 8.00 ± 1.01 (2.11) | 35.42 ± 3.35 (1.20) | 33.60 ± 2.14 (1.32) | 4.33 ± 0.26 (7.12) |
HCT116 (p53
+/+
) |
5.13 ± 0.64
|
4.40 ± 0.32
| 33.15 ± 2.87 | 29.07 ± 2.68 |
0.78 ± 0.16
|
HCT116 (p53
−/−
) Degree of resistance | 9.46 ± 0.88 (1.84) | 10.77 ± 0.79 (2.45) | >80 (>2.41) | >80 (2.75) | 2.25 ± 0.04 (2.88) |
U87MG |
6.29 ± 0.40
|
8.86 ± 0.69
| 38.63 ± 3.32 | >80 |
0.59 ± 0.08
|
U87MG.ΔEGFR Degree of resistance | 2.71 ± 0.35 (0.43) | 3.43 ± 0.48 (0.39) | 32.12 ± 1.19 (0.83) | 31.84 ± 2.36 (<0.40) | 3.38 ± 0.32 (5.76) |
HepG2 Degree of resistance | 7.54 ± 0.55 (3.87) | 6.84 ± 0.64 (4.26) | >80 | >80 | 2.12 ± 0.52 (>37.74) |
AML12 | 29.18 ± 3.03 | 29.14 ± 2.17 | >80 | >80 | >80 |