Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Die Nephrologie 2/2021

26.01.2021 | Glomerulonephritiden | Leitthema

Renale Manifestationen bei systemischen Autoimmunerkrankungen

verfasst von: PD Dr. med. Sebastian Dolff, Prof. Dr. med. Benjamin Wilde

Erschienen in: Die Nephrologie | Ausgabe 2/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Systemische Autoimmunerkrankungen können sich in jeweils unterschiedlicher Weise auch renal manifestieren. So tritt bei bis zu 90 % der Patienten mit ANCA(antineutrophile zytoplasmatische Antikörper)-Vaskulitis eine renale Manifestation in Form einer Glomerulonephritis auf. Bei der IgG4(Immunglobulin G4)-assoziierten Erkrankung weisen Studien zufolge etwa 11 % der Patienten eine renale Beteiligung auf; dabei liegt meist eine tubulointerstitielle Nephritis (TIN) oder eine begleitende membranöse Glomerulonephritis vor. Bei der Sarkoidose schwankt der Anteil der Patienten mit renaler Beteiligung je nach Studie zwischen 5 und 50 %. Die Anti-GBM(glomeruläre Basalmembran)-Erkrankung präsentiert sich überwiegend als pulmorenales Syndrom, und bei der systemischen Sklerose kommt es bei 5–20 % der Patienten innerhalb der ersten 5 Jahre nach Diagnosestellung zu einer renalen Krise mit akutem Nierenversagen (ANV). Bei bis zu 5 % der Patienten, die sich einer Behandlung mit Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitoren unterziehen, tritt eine granulomatöse, interstitielle Nephritis auf, welche dann ebenfalls zum ANV führen kann. Auch beim systemischen Lupus erythematodes (SLE) sind häufig die Nieren mitbetroffen; etwa die Hälfte aller SLE-Patienten entwickelt im Verlauf eine Lupusnephritis. Zur Diagnose einer renalen Manifestation ist in der Regel die Durchführung einer Nierenbiopsie erforderlich. Die Therapie erfolgt in Abhängigkeit von der Grunderkrankung mit Zytostatika, Immunsuppressiva, monoklonalen Antikörpern oder Kortikosteroiden. Trotz zunächst erfolgreicher Behandlung sind Rezidive nicht zu vermeiden. Diese müssen rechtzeitig, etwa über eine Monitorisierung des Urins, erkannt werden, um eine irreversible Nierenschädigung zu vermeiden.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bienholz A, Wilde B, Kribben A (2015) From the nephrologist’s point of view: diversity of causes and clinical features of acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 8:405–414PubMedPubMedCentral Bienholz A, Wilde B, Kribben A (2015) From the nephrologist’s point of view: diversity of causes and clinical features of acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 8:405–414PubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilde B, Thewissen M, Damoiseaux J, van Paassen P, Witzke O, Tervaert JW (2010) T cells in ANCA-associated vasculitis: what can we learn from lesional versus circulating T cells? Arthritis Res Ther 12:204PubMedPubMedCentral Wilde B, Thewissen M, Damoiseaux J, van Paassen P, Witzke O, Tervaert JW (2010) T cells in ANCA-associated vasculitis: what can we learn from lesional versus circulating T cells? Arthritis Res Ther 12:204PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilde B, van Paassen P, Witzke O, Tervaert JW (2011) New pathophysiological insights and treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 79:599–612PubMed Wilde B, van Paassen P, Witzke O, Tervaert JW (2011) New pathophysiological insights and treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 79:599–612PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilde B, Dolff S, Cai X, Specker C, Becker J, Totsch M, Costabel U, Durig J, Kribben A, Tervaert JW, Schmid KW, Witzke O (2009) CD4+CD25+ T‑cell populations expressing CD134 and GITR are associated with disease activity in patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:161–171PubMed Wilde B, Dolff S, Cai X, Specker C, Becker J, Totsch M, Costabel U, Durig J, Kribben A, Tervaert JW, Schmid KW, Witzke O (2009) CD4+CD25+ T‑cell populations expressing CD134 and GITR are associated with disease activity in patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:161–171PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, Flores Suarez LF, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Pusey CD, Rasmussen N, Sinico RA, Tesar V, Vanhille P, Westman K, Savage CO (2009) Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 150:670–680PubMed de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, Flores Suarez LF, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Pusey CD, Rasmussen N, Sinico RA, Tesar V, Vanhille P, Westman K, Savage CO (2009) Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 150:670–680PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Seo P, Langford CA, Hoffman GS, Kallenberg CG, St Clair EW, Turkiewicz A, Tchao NK, Webber L, Ding L, Sejismundo LP, Mieras K, Weitzenkamp D, Ikle D, Seyfert-Margolis V, Mueller M, Brunetta P, Allen NB, Fervenza FC, Geetha D, Keogh KA, Kissin EY, Monach PA, Peikert T, Stegeman C, Ytterberg SR, Specks U (2010) Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 363:221–232PubMedPubMedCentral Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Seo P, Langford CA, Hoffman GS, Kallenberg CG, St Clair EW, Turkiewicz A, Tchao NK, Webber L, Ding L, Sejismundo LP, Mieras K, Weitzenkamp D, Ikle D, Seyfert-Margolis V, Mueller M, Brunetta P, Allen NB, Fervenza FC, Geetha D, Keogh KA, Kissin EY, Monach PA, Peikert T, Stegeman C, Ytterberg SR, Specks U (2010) Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 363:221–232PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T, Luqmani R, Morgan MD, Peh CA, Savage CO, Segelmark M, Tesar V, van Paassen P, Walsh D, Walsh M, Westman K, Jayne DR, European Vasculitis Study G (2010) Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 363:211–220PubMed Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T, Luqmani R, Morgan MD, Peh CA, Savage CO, Segelmark M, Tesar V, van Paassen P, Walsh D, Walsh M, Westman K, Jayne DR, European Vasculitis Study G (2010) Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 363:211–220PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Gou SJ, Yuan J, Chen M, Yu F, Zhao MH (2013) Circulating complement activation in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 83:129–137PubMed Gou SJ, Yuan J, Chen M, Yu F, Zhao MH (2013) Circulating complement activation in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 83:129–137PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Gou S‑J, Yuan J, Wang C, Zhao M‑H, Chen M (2013) Alternative complement pathway activation products in urine and kidneys of patients with ANCA-associated GN. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1884PubMedPubMedCentral Gou S‑J, Yuan J, Wang C, Zhao M‑H, Chen M (2013) Alternative complement pathway activation products in urine and kidneys of patients with ANCA-associated GN. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1884PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiao H, Schreiber A, Heeringa P, Falk RJ, Jennette JC (2007) Alternative complement pathway in the pathogenesis of disease mediated by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Am J Pathol 170:52–64PubMedPubMedCentral Xiao H, Schreiber A, Heeringa P, Falk RJ, Jennette JC (2007) Alternative complement pathway in the pathogenesis of disease mediated by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Am J Pathol 170:52–64PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Jayne DRW, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Abramowicz D, Ferrario F, Guillevin L, Mirapeix E, Savage COS, Sinico RA, Stegeman CA, Westman KW, van der Woude FJ, de Lind van Wijngaarden RAF, Pusey CD (2007) Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2180PubMed Jayne DRW, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Abramowicz D, Ferrario F, Guillevin L, Mirapeix E, Savage COS, Sinico RA, Stegeman CA, Westman KW, van der Woude FJ, de Lind van Wijngaarden RAF, Pusey CD (2007) Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2180PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Walsh M, Merkel PA, Peh C‑A, Szpirt WM, Puéchal X, Fujimoto S, Hawley CM, Khalidi N, Floßmann O, Wald R, Girard LP, Levin A, Gregorini G, Harper L, Clark WF, Pagnoux C, Specks U, Smyth L, Tesar V, Ito-Ihara T, de Zoysa JR, Szczeklik W, Flores-Suárez LF, Carette S, Guillevin L, Pusey CD, Casian AL, Brezina B, Mazzetti A, McAlear CA, Broadhurst E, Reidlinger D, Mehta S, Ives N, Jayne DRW (2020) Plasma exchange and glucocorticoids in severe ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 382:622–631PubMedPubMedCentral Walsh M, Merkel PA, Peh C‑A, Szpirt WM, Puéchal X, Fujimoto S, Hawley CM, Khalidi N, Floßmann O, Wald R, Girard LP, Levin A, Gregorini G, Harper L, Clark WF, Pagnoux C, Specks U, Smyth L, Tesar V, Ito-Ihara T, de Zoysa JR, Szczeklik W, Flores-Suárez LF, Carette S, Guillevin L, Pusey CD, Casian AL, Brezina B, Mazzetti A, McAlear CA, Broadhurst E, Reidlinger D, Mehta S, Ives N, Jayne DRW (2020) Plasma exchange and glucocorticoids in severe ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 382:622–631PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Prendecki M, McAdoo SP, Pusey CD (2020) Is there a role for plasma exchange in ANCA-associated vasculitis? Curr Treat Options in Rheum 6:313–324 Prendecki M, McAdoo SP, Pusey CD (2020) Is there a role for plasma exchange in ANCA-associated vasculitis? Curr Treat Options in Rheum 6:313–324
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilhorst M, Wilde B, Vriesman PV, van Paassen P, Tervaert JWC, Limburg Renal R (2013) Estimating renal survival using the ANCA-associated GN classification. J Am Soc Nephrol 24:1371–1375PubMedPubMedCentral Hilhorst M, Wilde B, Vriesman PV, van Paassen P, Tervaert JWC, Limburg Renal R (2013) Estimating renal survival using the ANCA-associated GN classification. J Am Soc Nephrol 24:1371–1375PubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Jayne D, Blockmans D, Luqmani R, Moiseev S, Ji B, Green Y, Hall L, Roth D, Henderson RB, Merkel PA, Collaborators BS (2019) Efficacy and safety of belimumab and azathioprine for maintenance of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol 71:952–963PubMedPubMedCentral Jayne D, Blockmans D, Luqmani R, Moiseev S, Ji B, Green Y, Hall L, Roth D, Henderson RB, Merkel PA, Collaborators BS (2019) Efficacy and safety of belimumab and azathioprine for maintenance of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol 71:952–963PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Guillevin L, Pagnoux C, Karras A, Khouatra C, Aumaître O, Cohen P, Maurier F, Decaux O, Ninet J, Gobert P, Quémeneur T, Blanchard-Delaunay C, Godmer P, Puéchal X, Carron P‑L, Hatron P‑Y, Limal N, Hamidou M, Ducret M, Daugas E, Papo T, Bonnotte B, Mahr A, Ravaud P, Mouthon L (2014) Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 371:1771–1780PubMed Guillevin L, Pagnoux C, Karras A, Khouatra C, Aumaître O, Cohen P, Maurier F, Decaux O, Ninet J, Gobert P, Quémeneur T, Blanchard-Delaunay C, Godmer P, Puéchal X, Carron P‑L, Hatron P‑Y, Limal N, Hamidou M, Ducret M, Daugas E, Papo T, Bonnotte B, Mahr A, Ravaud P, Mouthon L (2014) Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 371:1771–1780PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Terrier B, Pagnoux C, Perrodeau É, Karras A, Khouatra C, Aumaître O, Cohen P, Decaux O, Desmurs-Clavel H, Maurier F, Gobert P, Quémeneur T, Blanchard-Delaunay C, Bonnotte B, Carron PL, Daugas E, Ducret M, Godmer P, Hamidou M, Lidove O, Limal N, Puéchal X, Mouthon L, Ravaud P, Guillevin L (2018) Long-term efficacy of remission-maintenance regimens for ANCA-associated vasculitides. Ann Rheum Dis 77:1150–1156PubMed Terrier B, Pagnoux C, Perrodeau É, Karras A, Khouatra C, Aumaître O, Cohen P, Decaux O, Desmurs-Clavel H, Maurier F, Gobert P, Quémeneur T, Blanchard-Delaunay C, Bonnotte B, Carron PL, Daugas E, Ducret M, Godmer P, Hamidou M, Lidove O, Limal N, Puéchal X, Mouthon L, Ravaud P, Guillevin L (2018) Long-term efficacy of remission-maintenance regimens for ANCA-associated vasculitides. Ann Rheum Dis 77:1150–1156PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Charles P, Perrodeau É, Samson M, Bonnotte B, Néel A, Agard C, Huart A, Karras A, Lifermann F, Godmer P, Cohen P, Hanrotel-Saliou C, Martin-Silva N, Pugnet G, Maurier F, Sibilia J, Carron PL, Gobert P, Meaux-Ruault N, Le Gallou T, Vinzio S, Viallard JF, Hachulla E, Vinter C, Puéchal X, Terrier B, Ravaud P, Mouthon L, Guillevin L (2020) Long-term rituximab use to maintain remission of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 173:179–187PubMed Charles P, Perrodeau É, Samson M, Bonnotte B, Néel A, Agard C, Huart A, Karras A, Lifermann F, Godmer P, Cohen P, Hanrotel-Saliou C, Martin-Silva N, Pugnet G, Maurier F, Sibilia J, Carron PL, Gobert P, Meaux-Ruault N, Le Gallou T, Vinzio S, Viallard JF, Hachulla E, Vinter C, Puéchal X, Terrier B, Ravaud P, Mouthon L, Guillevin L (2020) Long-term rituximab use to maintain remission of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 173:179–187PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemna MJ, Damoiseaux J, Austen J, Winkens B, Peters J, van Paassen P, Cohen Tervaert JW (2015) ANCA as a predictor of relapse: useful in patients with renal involvement but not in patients with nonrenal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 26:537–542PubMed Kemna MJ, Damoiseaux J, Austen J, Winkens B, Peters J, van Paassen P, Cohen Tervaert JW (2015) ANCA as a predictor of relapse: useful in patients with renal involvement but not in patients with nonrenal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 26:537–542PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Saeki T, Kawano M (2014) IgG4-related kidney disease. Kidney Int 85:251–257PubMed Saeki T, Kawano M (2014) IgG4-related kidney disease. Kidney Int 85:251–257PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Raissian Y, Nasr SH, Larsen CP, Colvin RB, Smyrk TC, Takahashi N, Bhalodia A, Sohani AR, Zhang L, Chari S, Sethi S, Fidler ME, Cornell LD (2011) Diagnosis of IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:1343–1352PubMedPubMedCentral Raissian Y, Nasr SH, Larsen CP, Colvin RB, Smyrk TC, Takahashi N, Bhalodia A, Sohani AR, Zhang L, Chari S, Sethi S, Fidler ME, Cornell LD (2011) Diagnosis of IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:1343–1352PubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Saeki T, Kawano M, Mizushima I, Yamamoto M, Wada Y, Nakashima H, Homma N, Tsubata Y, Takahashi H, Ito T, Yamazaki H, Saito T, Narita I (2013) The clinical course of patients with IgG4-related kidney disease. Kidney Int 84:826–833PubMed Saeki T, Kawano M, Mizushima I, Yamamoto M, Wada Y, Nakashima H, Homma N, Tsubata Y, Takahashi H, Ito T, Yamazaki H, Saito T, Narita I (2013) The clinical course of patients with IgG4-related kidney disease. Kidney Int 84:826–833PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans RDR, Cargill T, Goodchild G, Oliveira B, Rodriguez-Justo M, Pepper R, Connolly J, Salama A, Webster G, Barnes E, Culver EL (2018) Clinical manifestations and long-term outcomes of IgG4-related kidney and retroperitoneal involvement in a United Kingdom IgG4-related disease cohort. Kidney Int Rep 4:48–58PubMedPubMedCentral Evans RDR, Cargill T, Goodchild G, Oliveira B, Rodriguez-Justo M, Pepper R, Connolly J, Salama A, Webster G, Barnes E, Culver EL (2018) Clinical manifestations and long-term outcomes of IgG4-related kidney and retroperitoneal involvement in a United Kingdom IgG4-related disease cohort. Kidney Int Rep 4:48–58PubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Arai H, Ogata S, Ozeki T, Takahashi K, Tsuboi N, Maruyama S, Inaguma D, Hasegawa M, Yuzawa Y, Hayashi H (2020) Long-term changes in renal function after treatment initiation and the importance of early diagnosis in maintaining renal function among IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis patients in Japan. Arthritis Res Ther 22:261PubMedPubMedCentral Arai H, Ogata S, Ozeki T, Takahashi K, Tsuboi N, Maruyama S, Inaguma D, Hasegawa M, Yuzawa Y, Hayashi H (2020) Long-term changes in renal function after treatment initiation and the importance of early diagnosis in maintaining renal function among IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis patients in Japan. Arthritis Res Ther 22:261PubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Quattrocchio G, Barreca A, Demarchi A, Fenoglio R, Ferro M, Del Vecchio G, Massara C, Rollino C, Sciascia S, Roccatello D (2020) Long-term effects of intensive B cell depletion therapy in severe cases of IgG4-related disease with renal involvement. Immunol Res 68:340–352PubMedPubMedCentral Quattrocchio G, Barreca A, Demarchi A, Fenoglio R, Ferro M, Del Vecchio G, Massara C, Rollino C, Sciascia S, Roccatello D (2020) Long-term effects of intensive B cell depletion therapy in severe cases of IgG4-related disease with renal involvement. Immunol Res 68:340–352PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergner R, Hoffmann M, Waldherr R, Uppenkamp M (2003) Frequency of kidney disease in chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 20:126–132PubMed Bergner R, Hoffmann M, Waldherr R, Uppenkamp M (2003) Frequency of kidney disease in chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 20:126–132PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Rizzato G, Fraioli P, Montemurro L (1995) Nephrolithiasis as a presenting feature of chronic sarcoidosis. Thorax 50:555–559PubMedPubMedCentral Rizzato G, Fraioli P, Montemurro L (1995) Nephrolithiasis as a presenting feature of chronic sarcoidosis. Thorax 50:555–559PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Löffler C, Löffler U, Tuleweit A, Waldherr R, Uppenkamp M, Bergner R (2015) Renal sarcoidosis: epidemiological and follow-up data in a cohort of 27 patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 31:306–315PubMed Löffler C, Löffler U, Tuleweit A, Waldherr R, Uppenkamp M, Bergner R (2015) Renal sarcoidosis: epidemiological and follow-up data in a cohort of 27 patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 31:306–315PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahévas M, Lescure FX, Boffa JJ, Delastour V, Belenfant X, Chapelon C, Cordonnier C, Makdassi R, Piette JC, Naccache JM, Cadranel J, Duhaut P, Choukroun G, Ducroix JP, Valeyre D (2009) Renal sarcoidosis: clinical, laboratory, and histologic presentation and outcome in 47 patients. Medicine 88:98–106PubMed Mahévas M, Lescure FX, Boffa JJ, Delastour V, Belenfant X, Chapelon C, Cordonnier C, Makdassi R, Piette JC, Naccache JM, Cadranel J, Duhaut P, Choukroun G, Ducroix JP, Valeyre D (2009) Renal sarcoidosis: clinical, laboratory, and histologic presentation and outcome in 47 patients. Medicine 88:98–106PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat van Daalen EE, Jennette JC, McAdoo SP, Pusey CD, Alba MA, Poulton CJ, Wolterbeek R, Nguyen TQ, Goldschmeding R, Alchi B, Griffiths M, de Zoysa JR, Vincent B, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM (2018) Predicting outcome in patients with anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 13:63–72PubMed van Daalen EE, Jennette JC, McAdoo SP, Pusey CD, Alba MA, Poulton CJ, Wolterbeek R, Nguyen TQ, Goldschmeding R, Alchi B, Griffiths M, de Zoysa JR, Vincent B, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM (2018) Predicting outcome in patients with anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 13:63–72PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Marques C, Carvelli J, Biard L, Faguer S, Provôt F, Matignon M, Boffa JJ, Plaisier E, Hertig A, Touzot M, Moranne O, Belenfant X, Annane D, Quéméneur T, Cadranel J, Izzedine H, Bréchot N, Cacoub P, Piedrafita A, Jourde-Chiche N, Saadoun D (2019) Prognostic factors in anti-glomerular basement membrane disease: a multicenter study of 119 patients. Front Immunol 10:1665PubMedPubMedCentral Marques C, Carvelli J, Biard L, Faguer S, Provôt F, Matignon M, Boffa JJ, Plaisier E, Hertig A, Touzot M, Moranne O, Belenfant X, Annane D, Quéméneur T, Cadranel J, Izzedine H, Bréchot N, Cacoub P, Piedrafita A, Jourde-Chiche N, Saadoun D (2019) Prognostic factors in anti-glomerular basement membrane disease: a multicenter study of 119 patients. Front Immunol 10:1665PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Heitz M, Carron PL, Clavarino G, Jouve T, Pinel N, Guebre-Egziabher F, Rostaing L (2018) Use of rituximab as an induction therapy in anti-glomerular basement-membrane disease. BMC Nephrol 19:241PubMedPubMedCentral Heitz M, Carron PL, Clavarino G, Jouve T, Pinel N, Guebre-Egziabher F, Rostaing L (2018) Use of rituximab as an induction therapy in anti-glomerular basement-membrane disease. BMC Nephrol 19:241PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Trang G, Steele R, Baron M, Hudson M (2012) Corticosteroids and the risk of scleroderma renal crisis: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int 32:645–653PubMed Trang G, Steele R, Baron M, Hudson M (2012) Corticosteroids and the risk of scleroderma renal crisis: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int 32:645–653PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. (2000) Long-term outcomes of scleroderma renal crisis. Ann Intern Med 133:600–603PubMed Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. (2000) Long-term outcomes of scleroderma renal crisis. Ann Intern Med 133:600–603PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Cozzi F, Marson P, Cardarelli S, Favaro M, Tison T, Tonello M, Pigatto E, De Silvestro G, Punzi L, Doria A (2012) Prognosis of scleroderma renal crisis: a long-term observational study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:4398–4403PubMed Cozzi F, Marson P, Cardarelli S, Favaro M, Tison T, Tonello M, Pigatto E, De Silvestro G, Punzi L, Doria A (2012) Prognosis of scleroderma renal crisis: a long-term observational study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:4398–4403PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Penn H, Quillinan N, Khan K, Chakravarty K, Ong VH, Burns A, Denton CP (2013) Targeting the endothelin axis in scleroderma renal crisis: rationale and feasibility. QJM 106:839–848PubMed Penn H, Quillinan N, Khan K, Chakravarty K, Ong VH, Burns A, Denton CP (2013) Targeting the endothelin axis in scleroderma renal crisis: rationale and feasibility. QJM 106:839–848PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. (1998) Case-control study of corticosteroids and other drugs that either precipitate or protect from the development of scleroderma renal crisis. Arthritis Rheum 41:1613–1619PubMed Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. (1998) Case-control study of corticosteroids and other drugs that either precipitate or protect from the development of scleroderma renal crisis. Arthritis Rheum 41:1613–1619PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr., Osial TA Jr., Ziegler GL, Shapiro AP, Rodnan GP (1984) Factors predicting development of renal involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. Am J Med 76:779–786PubMed Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr., Osial TA Jr., Ziegler GL, Shapiro AP, Rodnan GP (1984) Factors predicting development of renal involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. Am J Med 76:779–786PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen B, Assassi S, Arnett FC, Mayes MD (2010) Association of RNA polymerase III antibodies with scleroderma renal crisis. J Rheumatol 37:1068 (author reply 1069)PubMedPubMedCentral Nguyen B, Assassi S, Arnett FC, Mayes MD (2010) Association of RNA polymerase III antibodies with scleroderma renal crisis. J Rheumatol 37:1068 (author reply 1069)PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Montanelli G, Beretta L, Santaniello A, Scorza R (2013) Effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and glucocorticoids on the prevention and development of scleroderma renal crisis in an Italian case series. Clin Exp Rheumatol 31:135–139PubMed Montanelli G, Beretta L, Santaniello A, Scorza R (2013) Effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and glucocorticoids on the prevention and development of scleroderma renal crisis in an Italian case series. Clin Exp Rheumatol 31:135–139PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Hudson M, Baron M, Tatibouet S, Furst DE, Khanna D (2014) Exposure to ACE inhibitors prior to the onset of scleroderma renal crisis-results from the International Scleroderma Renal Crisis Survey. Semin Arthritis Rheum 43:666–672PubMed Hudson M, Baron M, Tatibouet S, Furst DE, Khanna D (2014) Exposure to ACE inhibitors prior to the onset of scleroderma renal crisis-results from the International Scleroderma Renal Crisis Survey. Semin Arthritis Rheum 43:666–672PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma P, Allison JP (2015) The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science 348:56–61PubMed Sharma P, Allison JP (2015) The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science 348:56–61PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilde B, Hua F, Dolff S, Jun C, Cai X, Specker C, Feldkamp T, Kribben A, Cohen Tervaert JW, Witzke O (2012) Aberrant expression of the negative costimulator PD‑1 on T cells in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Rheumatology 51:1188–1197PubMed Wilde B, Hua F, Dolff S, Jun C, Cai X, Specker C, Feldkamp T, Kribben A, Cohen Tervaert JW, Witzke O (2012) Aberrant expression of the negative costimulator PD‑1 on T cells in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Rheumatology 51:1188–1197PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Dolff S, Quandt D, Feldkamp T, Jun C, Mitchell A, Hua F, Specker C, Kribben A, Witzke O, Wilde B (2014) Increased percentages of PD‑1 on CD4+ T cells is associated with higher INF-gamma production and altered IL-17 production in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 43:307–313PubMed Dolff S, Quandt D, Feldkamp T, Jun C, Mitchell A, Hua F, Specker C, Kribben A, Witzke O, Wilde B (2014) Increased percentages of PD‑1 on CD4+ T cells is associated with higher INF-gamma production and altered IL-17 production in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 43:307–313PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan S, Gerber DE (2020) Autoimmunity, checkpoint inhibitor therapy and immune-related adverse events: A review. Semin Cancer Biol 64:93–101PubMed Khan S, Gerber DE (2020) Autoimmunity, checkpoint inhibitor therapy and immune-related adverse events: A review. Semin Cancer Biol 64:93–101PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Werner K, Dolff S, Dai Y, Ma X, Brinkhoff A, Korth J, Gackler A, Rohn H, Sun M, Cohen Tervaert JW, van Paassen P, Kribben A, Witzke O, Wilde B (2019) The co-inhibitor BTLA is functional in ANCA-associated vasculitis and suppresses th17 cells. Front Immunol 10:2843PubMedPubMedCentral Werner K, Dolff S, Dai Y, Ma X, Brinkhoff A, Korth J, Gackler A, Rohn H, Sun M, Cohen Tervaert JW, van Paassen P, Kribben A, Witzke O, Wilde B (2019) The co-inhibitor BTLA is functional in ANCA-associated vasculitis and suppresses th17 cells. Front Immunol 10:2843PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding H, Wu X, Gao W (2005) PD-L1 is expressed by human renal tubular epithelial cells and suppresses T cell cytokine synthesis. Clin Immunol 115:184–191PubMed Ding H, Wu X, Gao W (2005) PD-L1 is expressed by human renal tubular epithelial cells and suppresses T cell cytokine synthesis. Clin Immunol 115:184–191PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Dolff S, Witzke O, Wilde B (2019) Th17 cells in renal inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 18:129–136PubMed Dolff S, Witzke O, Wilde B (2019) Th17 cells in renal inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 18:129–136PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortazar FB, Marrone KA, Troxell ML, Ralto KM, Hoenig MP, Brahmer JR, Le DT, Lipson EJ, Glezerman IG, Wolchok J, Cornell LD, Feldman P, Stokes MB, Zapata SA, Hodi FS, Ott PA, Yamashita M, Leaf DE (2016) Clinicopathological features of acute kidney injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Kidney Int 90:638–647PubMedPubMedCentral Cortazar FB, Marrone KA, Troxell ML, Ralto KM, Hoenig MP, Brahmer JR, Le DT, Lipson EJ, Glezerman IG, Wolchok J, Cornell LD, Feldman P, Stokes MB, Zapata SA, Hodi FS, Ott PA, Yamashita M, Leaf DE (2016) Clinicopathological features of acute kidney injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Kidney Int 90:638–647PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortazar FB, Kibbelaar ZA, Glezerman IG, Abudayyeh A, Mamlouk O, Motwani SS, Murakami N, Herrmann SM, Manohar S, Shirali AC, Kitchlu A, Shirazian S, Assal A, Vijayan A, Renaghan AD, Ortiz-Melo DI, Rangarajan S, Malik AB, Hogan JJ, Dinh AR, Shin DS, Marrone KA, Mithani Z, Johnson DB, Hosseini A, Uprety D, Sharma S, Gupta S, Reynolds KL, Sise ME, Leaf DE (2020) Clinical features and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated AKI: a multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol 31:435PubMedPubMedCentral Cortazar FB, Kibbelaar ZA, Glezerman IG, Abudayyeh A, Mamlouk O, Motwani SS, Murakami N, Herrmann SM, Manohar S, Shirali AC, Kitchlu A, Shirazian S, Assal A, Vijayan A, Renaghan AD, Ortiz-Melo DI, Rangarajan S, Malik AB, Hogan JJ, Dinh AR, Shin DS, Marrone KA, Mithani Z, Johnson DB, Hosseini A, Uprety D, Sharma S, Gupta S, Reynolds KL, Sise ME, Leaf DE (2020) Clinical features and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated AKI: a multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol 31:435PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Herrmann SM, Perazella MA (2020) Immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune-related adverse renal events. Kidney Int Rep 5:1139–1148PubMedPubMedCentral Herrmann SM, Perazella MA (2020) Immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune-related adverse renal events. Kidney Int Rep 5:1139–1148PubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Manohar S, Ghamrawi R, Chengappa M, Goksu BNB, Kottschade L, Finnes H, Dronca R, Leventakos K, Herrmann J, Herrmann SM (2020) Acute interstitial nephritis and checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Kidney 1:16 Manohar S, Ghamrawi R, Chengappa M, Goksu BNB, Kottschade L, Finnes H, Dronca R, Leventakos K, Herrmann J, Herrmann SM (2020) Acute interstitial nephritis and checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Kidney 1:16
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, Brinks R, Mosca M, Ramsey-Goldman R, Smolen JS, Wofsy D, Boumpas DT, Kamen DL, Jayne D, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Diamond B, Gladman DD, Hahn B, Hiepe F, Jacobsen S, Khanna D, Lerstrom K, Massarotti E, McCune J, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Schneider M, Urowitz M, Bertsias G, Hoyer BF, Leuchten N, Tani C, Tedeschi SK, Touma Z, Schmajuk G, Anic B, Assan F, Chan TM, Clarke AE, Crow MK, Czirjak L, Doria A, Graninger W, Halda-Kiss B, Hasni S, Izmirly PM, Jung M, Kumanovics G, Mariette X, Padjen I, Pego-Reigosa JM, Romero-Diaz J et al (2019) 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 78:1151–1159PubMed Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, Brinks R, Mosca M, Ramsey-Goldman R, Smolen JS, Wofsy D, Boumpas DT, Kamen DL, Jayne D, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Diamond B, Gladman DD, Hahn B, Hiepe F, Jacobsen S, Khanna D, Lerstrom K, Massarotti E, McCune J, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Schneider M, Urowitz M, Bertsias G, Hoyer BF, Leuchten N, Tani C, Tedeschi SK, Touma Z, Schmajuk G, Anic B, Assan F, Chan TM, Clarke AE, Crow MK, Czirjak L, Doria A, Graninger W, Halda-Kiss B, Hasni S, Izmirly PM, Jung M, Kumanovics G, Mariette X, Padjen I, Pego-Reigosa JM, Romero-Diaz J et al (2019) 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 78:1151–1159PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Patschan S, Dolff S, Kribben A, Durig J, Patschan D, Wilde B, Specker C, Philipp T, Witzke O (2006) CD134 expression on CD4+ T cells is associated with nephritis and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 145:235–242PubMedPubMedCentral Patschan S, Dolff S, Kribben A, Durig J, Patschan D, Wilde B, Specker C, Philipp T, Witzke O (2006) CD134 expression on CD4+ T cells is associated with nephritis and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 145:235–242PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Bajema IM, Wilhelmus S, Alpers CE, Bruijn JA, Colvin RB, Cook HT, D’Agati VD, Ferrario F, Haas M, Jennette JC, Joh K, Nast CC, Noel LH, Rijnink EC, Roberts ISD, Seshan SV, Sethi S, Fogo AB (2018) Revision of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices. Kidney Int 93:789–796PubMed Bajema IM, Wilhelmus S, Alpers CE, Bruijn JA, Colvin RB, Cook HT, D’Agati VD, Ferrario F, Haas M, Jennette JC, Joh K, Nast CC, Noel LH, Rijnink EC, Roberts ISD, Seshan SV, Sethi S, Fogo AB (2018) Revision of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices. Kidney Int 93:789–796PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Weening JJ, D’Agati VD, Schwartz MM, Seshan SV, Alpers CE, Appel GB, Balow JE, Bruijn JA, Cook T, Ferrario F, Fogo AB, Ginzler EM, Hebert L, Hill G, Hill P, Jennette JC, Kong NC, Lesavre P, Lockshin M, Looi LM, Makino H, Moura LA, Nagata M, International Society of Nephrology Working Group on the Classification of Lupus N, Renal Pathology Society Working Group on the Classification of Lupus N (2004) The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. Kidney Int 65:521–530PubMed Weening JJ, D’Agati VD, Schwartz MM, Seshan SV, Alpers CE, Appel GB, Balow JE, Bruijn JA, Cook T, Ferrario F, Fogo AB, Ginzler EM, Hebert L, Hill G, Hill P, Jennette JC, Kong NC, Lesavre P, Lockshin M, Looi LM, Makino H, Moura LA, Nagata M, International Society of Nephrology Working Group on the Classification of Lupus N, Renal Pathology Society Working Group on the Classification of Lupus N (2004) The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. Kidney Int 65:521–530PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Alunno A, Aringer M, Bajema I, Boletis JN, Cervera R, Doria A, Gordon C, Govoni M, Houssiau F, Jayne D, Kouloumas M, Kuhn A, Larsen JL, Lerstrom K, Moroni G, Mosca M, Schneider M, Smolen JS, Svenungsson E, Tesar V, Tincani A, Troldborg A, van Vollenhoven R, Wenzel J, Bertsias G, Boumpas DT (2019) 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 78:736–745PubMed Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Alunno A, Aringer M, Bajema I, Boletis JN, Cervera R, Doria A, Gordon C, Govoni M, Houssiau F, Jayne D, Kouloumas M, Kuhn A, Larsen JL, Lerstrom K, Moroni G, Mosca M, Schneider M, Smolen JS, Svenungsson E, Tesar V, Tincani A, Troldborg A, van Vollenhoven R, Wenzel J, Bertsias G, Boumpas DT (2019) 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 78:736–745PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Dolff S, Berden JH, Bijl M (2010) Treatment of lupus nephritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 6:901–911PubMed Dolff S, Berden JH, Bijl M (2010) Treatment of lupus nephritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 6:901–911PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, Sebastiani GD, Garrido Ed Ede R, Danieli MG, Abramovicz D, Blockmans D, Mathieu A, Direskeneli H, Galeazzi M, Gul A, Levy Y, Petera P, Popovic R, Petrovic R, Sinico RA, Cattaneo R, Font J, Depresseux G, Cosyns JP, Cervera R (2002) Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 46:2121–2131PubMed Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, Sebastiani GD, Garrido Ed Ede R, Danieli MG, Abramovicz D, Blockmans D, Mathieu A, Direskeneli H, Galeazzi M, Gul A, Levy Y, Petera P, Popovic R, Petrovic R, Sinico RA, Cattaneo R, Font J, Depresseux G, Cosyns JP, Cervera R (2002) Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 46:2121–2131PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, Sebastiani GD, de Ramon Garrido E, Danieli MG, Abramovicz D, Blockmans D, Cauli A, Direskeneli H, Galeazzi M, Gul A, Levy Y, Petera P, Popovic R, Petrovic R, Sinico RA, Cattaneo R, Font J, Depresseux G, Cosyns JP, Cervera R (2010) The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 69:61–64PubMed Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D’Cruz D, Sebastiani GD, de Ramon Garrido E, Danieli MG, Abramovicz D, Blockmans D, Cauli A, Direskeneli H, Galeazzi M, Gul A, Levy Y, Petera P, Popovic R, Petrovic R, Sinico RA, Cattaneo R, Font J, Depresseux G, Cosyns JP, Cervera R (2010) The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 69:61–64PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Tam LS, Li EK, Chow KM, Gang W, Li PK (2008) Tacrolimus for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with pure class V nephritis. Rheumatology 47:1678–1681PubMed Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Tam LS, Li EK, Chow KM, Gang W, Li PK (2008) Tacrolimus for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with pure class V nephritis. Rheumatology 47:1678–1681PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, Isenberg D, Olsen NJ, Wofsy D, Eitner F, Appel GB, Contreras G, Lisk L, Solomons N, Group A (2011) Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 365:1886–1895PubMed Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, Isenberg D, Olsen NJ, Wofsy D, Eitner F, Appel GB, Contreras G, Lisk L, Solomons N, Group A (2011) Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 365:1886–1895PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, Xing C, Fu P, Ni Z, Chen J, Lin H, Liu F, He Y, He Y, Miao L, Chen N, Li Y, Gu Y, Shi W, Hu W, Liu Z, Bao H, Zeng C, Zhou M (2015) Multitarget therapy for induction treatment of lupus nephritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 162:18–26PubMed Liu Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, Xing C, Fu P, Ni Z, Chen J, Lin H, Liu F, He Y, He Y, Miao L, Chen N, Li Y, Gu Y, Shi W, Hu W, Liu Z, Bao H, Zeng C, Zhou M (2015) Multitarget therapy for induction treatment of lupus nephritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 162:18–26PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Malvar A, Alberton V, Lococo B, Ferrari M, Delgado P, Nagaraja HN, Rovin BH (2020) Kidney biopsy-based management of maintenance immunosuppression is safe and may ameliorate flare rate in lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 97:156–162PubMed Malvar A, Alberton V, Lococo B, Ferrari M, Delgado P, Nagaraja HN, Rovin BH (2020) Kidney biopsy-based management of maintenance immunosuppression is safe and may ameliorate flare rate in lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 97:156–162PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Dolff S, Abdulahad WH, Bijl M, Kallenberg CG (2009) Regulators of B‑cell activity in SLE: a better target for treatment than B‑cell depletion? Lupus 18:575–580PubMed Dolff S, Abdulahad WH, Bijl M, Kallenberg CG (2009) Regulators of B‑cell activity in SLE: a better target for treatment than B‑cell depletion? Lupus 18:575–580PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, Malvar A, Teng YKO, Contreras G, Amoura Z, Yu X, Mok CC, Santiago MB, Saxena A, Green Y, Ji B, Kleoudis C, Burriss SW, Barnett C, Roth DA (2020) Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 383:1117–1128PubMed Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, Malvar A, Teng YKO, Contreras G, Amoura Z, Yu X, Mok CC, Santiago MB, Saxena A, Green Y, Ji B, Kleoudis C, Burriss SW, Barnett C, Roth DA (2020) Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 383:1117–1128PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Hellmich B, Flossmann O, Gross WL, Bacon P, Willem Cohen-Tervaert J, Guillevin L, Jayne D, Mahr A, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Scott DGI, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani RA, European Vasculitis Study G (2007) EULAR recommendations for conducting clinical studies and/or clinical trials in systemic vasculitis: focus on anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 66:605–617PubMed Hellmich B, Flossmann O, Gross WL, Bacon P, Willem Cohen-Tervaert J, Guillevin L, Jayne D, Mahr A, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Scott DGI, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani RA, European Vasculitis Study G (2007) EULAR recommendations for conducting clinical studies and/or clinical trials in systemic vasculitis: focus on anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 66:605–617PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Renale Manifestationen bei systemischen Autoimmunerkrankungen
verfasst von
PD Dr. med. Sebastian Dolff
Prof. Dr. med. Benjamin Wilde
Publikationsdatum
26.01.2021

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2021

Die Nephrologie 2/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Mitteilungen des BDI

Mitteilungen des BDI

Einführung zum Thema

Akutes Nierenversagen

Passend zum Thema

ANZEIGE

Neue ESMO-Clinical Practice Guidelines 2023 zum fortgeschrittenen mNSCLC

Mit dem Update der Clinical Practice Guidelines 2023 zum metastasierenden nicht-kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinom (mNSCLC) trägt die ESMO der in den letzten Jahren immer weiter gewachsenen Anzahl an Therapieoptionen Rechnung. 

ANZEIGE

NOVUM Onkologie – Fortbildungsreihe zum NSCLC

Mit NOVUM Onkologie veranstaltet MSD regelmäßig Online-Fortbildungen zum Thema Lungenkarzinom. Bei dem mittlerweile etablierten Format erhalten Teilnehmende die Möglichkeit sich bei Expertendiskussionen zu praxisrelevanten Themen der pneumologischen Onkologie weiterzubilden.

ANZEIGE

Fokus Immunonkologie – NSCLC

Content Hub

Die Einführung von Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren markierte einen entscheidenden Fortschritt in der Behandlung von bestimmten Patienten mit nicht-kleinzelligem Lungenkarzinom (non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) und eröffnete seither neue Perspektiven und Chancen für Behandler und geeignete Patienten. Hier finden Sie fortlaufend aktuelle Informationen und relevante Beiträge zur Immunonkologie in dieser Indikation.

MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH