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Erschienen in: Der Internist 12/2016

31.10.2016 | Diarrhoe | Schwerpunkt: Was ist gesichert in der Therapie?

Clostridium-difficile-Infektion

Was ist gesichert in der Therapie?

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. A. Stallmach

Erschienen in: Die Innere Medizin | Ausgabe 12/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) ist in seiner Sporenform umweltresistent, wird fäkal-oral übertragen und ist bei 1–3 % der gesunden Bevölkerung nachzuweisen. Die durch C. difficile verursachten Krankheitsbilder reichen von der unkomplizierten Diarrhö bis hin zum toxischen Megakolon. Die Inzidenz, die Rezidivhäufigkeit, aber auch die Mortalität der C.-difficile-Infektionen (CDI) haben in den letzten Dekaden deutlich zugenommen. Der wichtigste Risikofaktor ist eine antibiotische Therapie bei älteren Patienten und Patienten mit schweren Komorbiditäten. Mit dem Nachweis der C. - difficile-spezifischen Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GDH), die sowohl von toxigenen als auch von nichttoxigenen Stämmen produziert wird, ist ein Screening-Test etabliert. Bestätigt wird die CDI durch Nachweis der Toxine in einer frischen, breiig-flüssigen Stuhlprobe mithilfe der Polymerase-Kettenreaktion oder eines enzymgekoppelten Immunadsorptionstests. Mit Nachweis der CDI sollte eine laufende antibiotische Therapie beendet werden. Für die Therapie milder Verläufe wird Metronidazol empfohlen, bei schwerer Krankheitsausprägung Vancomycin. Im Falle eines Rezidivs (10–25 % der Patienten) sollte die Behandlung mit Vancomycin oder Fidaxomicin erfolgen. Eine Therapieoption bei mehreren Rezidiven ist der fäkale Mikrobiomtransfer (FMT). Die Heilungsrate nach FMT liegt bei etwa 80 %. Problematisch bleibt die Behandlung der schweren, komplizierten CDI mit einem drohenden toxischen Megakolon. Der Evidenzgrad für eine medikamentöse Therapie in dieser Situation ist niedrig; die Wertigkeit von Metronidazol i. v. als additive Therapie ist umstritten. Tigecyclin i. v. ist eine alternative Option. Bei Patienten mit einem toxischen Megakolon oder einem akuten Abdomen muss eine operative Versorgung diskutiert werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Clostridium-difficile-Infektion
Was ist gesichert in der Therapie?
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. A. Stallmach
Publikationsdatum
31.10.2016
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Innere Medizin / Ausgabe 12/2016
Print ISSN: 2731-7080
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7099
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-016-0149-0

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