Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Data collection
Sample collection and testing
Statistical analysis
Results
PIV-associated acute respiratory illness
PIV-1 (n = 34) No. (%) | PIV-2 (n = 13) No. (%) | PIV-3a (n = 125) No. (%) | PIV-4a (n = 46) No. (%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female sex | 16 (47.1) | 6 (46.2) | 48 (38.4) | 21 (45.7) | 0.714 |
Median age, months (IQR) | 9.0 (3.5–16.1) | 5.4 (2.6–8.6) | 3.2 (1.7–8.9) | 2.6 (1.7–9.1) | 0.003 |
Age group | |||||
< 6 months | 13 (38.2) | 7 (53.9) | 80 (64.0) | 29 (63.0) | 0.028 |
6 to < 12 months | 7 (20.6) | 5 (38.5) | 23 (18.4) | 8 (17.4) | |
12 to < 24 months | 14 (41.2) | 1 (7.7) | 22 (17.6) | 9 (19.6) | |
Received influenza vaccine | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 0.861 |
Breastfed, any | 30 (88.2) | 13 (100) | 92 (73.6) | 37 (80.4) | 0.059 |
Any underlying medical conditionb | 3 (8.8) | 2 (15.4) | 19 (15.2) | 6 (13.0) | 0.810 |
Household smoke exposure | 23 (67.7) | 10 (76.9) | 95 (76.0) | 37 (80.4) | 0.620 |
Symptom duration prior to admission, days (IQR) | 3.5 (2–5) | 2 (2–4) | 3 (2–5) | 2 (1–5) | 0.253 |
Antibiotics prior to admission | 17 (50.0) | 3 (23.1) | 42 (33.6) | 19 (41.3) | 0.210 |
Antibiotics during hospitalization | 33 (97.1) | 9 (69.2) | 115 (92.0) | 44 (95.7) | 0.010 |
Clinical presentation | |||||
Fever/feverishc | 21 (61.8) | 9 (69.2) | 77 (61.6) | 27 (58.7) | 0.923 |
Coughc | 30 (88.2) | 10 (76.9) | 90 (72.0) | 36 (78.3) | 0.258 |
Shortness of breathc | 23 (67.7) | 9 (69.2) | 55 (44.0) | 28 (60.9) | 0.045 |
Flaring/Retractionsd | 14 (41.2) | 5 (38.5) | 36 (28.8) | 15 (32.6) | 0.541 |
Retractions, onlyd | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (3.2) | 4 (8.7) | 0.492 |
Wheezingd | 20 (58.8) | 6 (46.2) | 62 (49.6) | 22 (47.8) | 0.750 |
Admission diagnosis | |||||
Reactive airway disease | 3 (8.8) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (3.2) | 1 (2.2) | 0.387 |
Bronchiolitis | 6 (17.7) | 3 (23.1) | 14 (11.2) | 10 (21.7) | 0.275 |
Bronchopneumonia | 14 (41.2) | 4 (30.8) | 48 (38.4) | 13 (28.3) | 0.563 |
Croup | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.010 |
Febrile seizure | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (3.2) | 1 (2.2) | 0.697 |
Pneumonia | 4 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (9.6) | 5 (10.9) | 0.649 |
Pertussis-like cough | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (7.2) | 4 (8.7) | 0.269 |
Rule-out sepsis | 5 (14.7) | 3 (23.1) | 40 (32.0) | 11 (23.9) | 0.211 |
Classified as LRTI | 28 (82.4) | 9 (69.2) | 84 (67.2) | 31 (67.4) | 0.382 |
Chest radiograph | |||||
Abnormal | 23/31 (74.2) | 8/11 (72.7) | 78/116 (67.2) | 28/44 (63.4) | 0.785 |
Required supplemental oxygen | 11 (32.4) | 2 (15.4) | 35 (28.0) | 14 (30.4) | 0.695 |
Required ICU admission | 5 (14.7) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (7.2) | 3 (6.5) | 0.318 |
Required mechanical ventilation | 2 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.393 |
Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 3 (2–6) | 5 (3–8) | 6 (3–8) | 5 (3–8) | 0.161 |
Codetected with ≥1 other virus | 21 (61.8) | 8 (61.5) | 64 (51.2) | 30 (65.2) | 0.338 |
Death | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | 0.431 |
Seasonality of PIV detections
Clinical features of PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3, and PIV-4 infections
Features of PIV-associated infections compared to other viral infections
PIV only* (n = 96) No. (%) | Other virus, not PIV (n = 2413) No. (%) | No virus (n = 534) No. (%) | p-value+ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female sex | 39 (40.6) | 954 (39.5) | 209 (39.1) | 0.960 |
Median age, months (IQR) | 4.2 (1.7–10.8) | 3.8 (1.8–8.5) | 2.3 (1.1–7.6) | < 0.001 |
Age group | ||||
< 6 months | 54 (56.3) | 1544 (64.0) | 382 (71.5) | 0.001 |
6 to < 12 months | 19 (19.8) | 499 (20.7) | 79 (14.8) | |
12 to < 24 months | 23 (24.0) | 370 (15.3) | 73 (13.7) | |
Received influenza vaccine | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.21) | 1 (0.2) | 0.264 |
Breastfed | 78 (81.3) | 2034 (84.3) | 453 (84.8) | 0.674 |
Any underlying medical conditiona | 12 (12.5) | 269 (11.2) | 75 (14.0) | 0.164 |
Asthma/reactive airway disease | 1 (1.0) | 65 (2.7) | 10 (1.9) | 0.285 |
Household smoke exposure | 74 (77.1) | 1851 (76.7) | 406 (76.0) | 0.939 |
Symptom duration prior to admission | 3 (1.5–4) | 3 (2–5) | 2 (1–3) | 0.002 |
Antibiotics during hospitalization | 89 (92.7) | 2193 (90.9) | 489 (91.6) | 0.746 |
Clinical presentation | ||||
Fever/feverishb | 60 (62.5) | 1279 (53.0) | 347 (65.0) | < 0.001 |
Coughb | 68 (70.8) | 1990 (82.5) | 207 (38.8) | < 0.001 |
Shortness of breathb | 48 (50.0) | 1543 (64.0) | 172 (32.2) | < 0.001 |
Flaring/Retractionsc | 32 (33.3) | 1099 (45.5) | 121 (22.7) | < 0.001 |
Retractions, onlyc | 5 (5.2) | 240 (10.0) | 30 (5.6) | 0.003 |
Wheezingc | 51 (53.1) | 1455 (60.3) | 189 (35.4) | < 0.001 |
Admission diagnosis | ||||
Reactive airway disease | 4 (4.2) | 123 (5.1) | 14 (2.6) | 0.047 |
Bronchiolitis | 10 (10.4) | 483 (20.0) | 31 (5.8) | < 0.001 |
Bronchopneumonia | 34 (35.4) | 818 (33.9) | 121 (22.7) | < 0.001 |
Croup | 2 (2.1) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.005 |
Febrile seizure | 5 (5.2) | 47 (2.0) | 28 (5.2) | < 0.001 |
Pneumonia | 14 (14.6) | 338 (14.0) | 34 (6.4) | < 0.001 |
Pneumonitis | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.04) | 1 (0.19) | 0.477 |
Pertussis-like cough | 6 (6.3) | 182 (7.5) | 22 (4.1) | 0.018 |
Rule-out sepsis | 27 (28.1) | 559 (23.2) | 282 (52.8) | < 0.001 |
Classified as LRTI | 68 (70.8) | 1878 (77.8) | 230 (43.1) | < 0.001 |
Chest radiograph | ||||
Abnormal | 60/90 (66.7) | 1734/2302 (75.3) | 203/454 (44.7) | < 0.001 |
Required supplemental oxygen | 22 (22.9) | 829/2384 (34.8) | 122/532 (22.9) | < 0.001 |
Required ICU admission | 6 (6.3) | 205 (8.5) | 62 (11.6) | 0.048 |
Required mechanical ventilation | 3 (3.1) | 82/2383 (3.4) | 22/532 (4.1) | 0.717 |
Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–8) | 0.154 |
Death | 0 (0.0) | 21 (1.0) | 9 (2.0) | 0.140 |