Key message
Background
Methods
Infected group
Non-infected comparison group
Study information
Data analysis
Results
Infected Group | Non-Infected Group | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 246 | 763 | ||
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Maternal age (years; mean/range) | 32.6 (18–45) | 32.5 (18–49) | 0.671 | |
Age Range | ||||
18–24 | 28 (11.5%) | 70 (9.2%) | 0.309 | |
25–34 | 114 (46.3%) | 400 (52.8%) | 0.097 | |
35–49 | 101 (41.1%) | 287 (37.9%) | 0.335 | |
Ethnicity | ||||
White European | 158 (64.2%) | 600 (78.9%) | < 0.001* | 0.49 (0.36–0.67) |
Latino Americans | 59 (24.0%) | 76 (10.0%) | < 0.001* | 2.85 (1.96–4.15) |
Black non-Hispanic | 8 (3.3%) | 11 (1.4%) | 0.100 | |
Asian non-Hispanic | 4 (1.6%) | 18 (2.4%) | 0.494 | |
Arab | 17 (6.9%) | 55 (7.2%) | 0.875 | |
Nulliparous | 82 (38.5%) | 254 (37.4%) | 0.775 | |
Smoking a | 35 (14.2%) | 94 (12.3%) | 0.436 | |
Maternal comorbidities | ||||
Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 33 (13.7%) | 119 (16.8%) | 0.255 | |
Cardiovascular comorbidities | ||||
Chronic Heart Failure b | 3 (1.2%) | 7 (1.0%) | 0.744 | |
Pre-pregnancy HBP | 3 (1.2%) | 6 (0.9%) | 0.587 | |
Pulmonary comorbidities | ||||
Chronic Pulmonary Disease (not asthma) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.445 | |
Asthma | 4 (1.7%) | 25 (3.5%) | 0.144 | |
Hematologic comorbidities | ||||
Chronic Blood Disease | 1 (0.4%) | 4 (0.6%) | 1.000 | |
Thrombophilia | 3 (1.2%) | 13 (1.8%) | 0.546 | |
Antiphospholipid Syndrome | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1.000 | |
Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1.000 | |
Chronic liver disease | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0.097 | |
Rheumatic disease | 1 (0.4%) | 7 (1.0%) | 0.397 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 1 (0.4%) | 10 (1.5%) | 0.305 | |
Depressive syndrome | 2 (0.8%) | 8 (1.1%) | 0.680 | |
Current obstetric history | ||||
Gestational age at enrolment (weeks+days; mean/range) | 38 + 1 (27–42) | 38 + 6 (21–42) | < 0.001 | |
Multiple pregnancy | 6 (2.4%) | 31 (4.1%) | 0.239 | |
In Vitro Fertilization | 15 (6.1%) | 27 (3.5%) | 0.081 | |
Haemoglobin < 10 g/dL | 6 (2.5%) | 39 (5.4%) | 0.065 | |
Platelets < 100,000/μL | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0.104 | |
Pregnancy-induced hypertension c | 12 (4.9%) | 34 (4.8%) | 0.962 | |
Gestational diabetes | 17 (7.0%) | 61 (8.4%) | 0.476 | |
Intrauterine growth restriction | 13 (5.3%) | 27 (3.8%) | 0.303 | |
High Risk Preeclampsia Screening | 8 (3.7%) | 38 (5.8%) | 0.230 | |
High-risk Chromosomal Abnormality Screening | 4 (1.7%) | 18 (2.6%) | 0.428 | |
Clinical and Ultrasound Prematurity Screening | 5 (2.3%) | 21 (3.3%) | 0.461 | |
Miscarriage risk | 11 (4.5%) | 17 (2.2%) | 0.062 |
Infected Group | Non-Infected Group | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number | 246 | 763 | |
Perinatal outcome | |||
Gestational age at delivery (weeks+days; mean/range) | 38 + 4 (27–42) | 39 + 0 (23–42) | 0.010 |
Type of delivery | |||
Cesarean | 55 (22.4%) | 143 (18.7%) | 0.214 |
Eutocic | 170 (69.1%) | 506 (66.3%) | 0.419 |
Instrumental | 21 (8.5%) | 114 (14.9%) | 0.010 |
Preterm deliveries (< 37 weeks of gestational age) | 34 (13.8%) | 51 (6.7%) | 0.001 |
Spontaneous delivery (including PPROM) | 15 (6.1%) | 36 (4.7%) | 0.390 |
Induced/Elective C-section due to PPROM | 7 (2.8%) | 5 (0.7%) | 0.012 |
Iatrogenic delivery (no PPROM) | 12 (4.9%) | 10 (1.3%) | 0.001 |
Causes of preterm iatrogenic delivery: | |||
COVID-19 mild symptoms | 3/12 | 0/10 | |
Pneumonia | 3/12 | 0/10 | |
Severe preeclampsia | 4/12 | 1/10 | 0.323 |
PROM | 39 (15.8%) | 75 (9.8%) | 0.009 |
PPROM | 11 (4.5%) | 15 (2.0%) | 0.031 |
Gestational age at PPROM (weeks+days; mean/range) | 33 + 5 (28–36) | 33 + 6 (28–36) | 0.610 |
Medical and obstetrical complications | |||
Admitted in ICU | 5 (2.0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0.011 |
Days in ICU (mean/range) | 9.5 (6–14) | 2 (2–2) | |
Obstetrical complications | |||
Hemorrhagic events | 10 (4.1%) | 34 (4.5%) | 0.794 |
Abruptio placentae | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.149 |
Postpartum hemorrhage | 8 (3.3%) | 33 (4.3%) | 0.459 |
Gestational hypertensive disorders | 11 (4.5%) | 44 (5.8%) | 0.436 |
Severe preeclampsia | 6 (2.4%) | 3 (0.4%) | 0.008 |
Admitted in ICU | 2/6 | 0/3 | |
Invasive ventilation | 0/6 | 0/7 | |
Moderate preeclampsia | 5 (2.0%) | 41 (5.4%) | 0.025 |
Neonatal data | |||
Apgar 5 score < 7 | 5 (2.0%) | 8 (1.1%) | 0.325 |
Umbilical artery pH < 7.10 | 6 (3.0%) | 24 (3.8%) | 0.608 |
Admitted in NICU | 23 (9.3%) | 18 (2.4%) | 0.001 |
Days in NICU (mean/range) | 13.8 (1–48) | 10.7 (2–26) | 0.379 |
Cause of NICU admission: | |||
Prematurity | 15/23 | 12/18 | |
Respiratory distress | 2/23 | 6/18 | |
Neonatal COVID-19 PCR testing within the first 48 h | 196 (79.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Stillbirth | 3 (1.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.047 |
Neonatal mortality | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) a | 1.000 |
6 weeks mother follow-up | |||
Mastitis | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.428 |
14 days neonate follow-up | |||
Readmission due to COVID-19 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Outcomes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preterm delivery | Spontaneous preterm delivery | PROM | PPROM | NICU admission | |
Univariate analysis (OR) | |||||
SARS-CoV-2 positive | 2.23 | 1.31 | 1.72 | 2.33 | 4.27 |
95% CI | 1.41–3.54 | 0.69–2.39 | 1.14–2.62 | 1.06–5.15 | 2.26–8.05 |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.390 | 0.009 | 0.031 | 0.001 |
Multivariate analysis (aOR) | |||||
SARS-CoV-2 positive | 2.12 | 1.10 | 1.70 | 2.26 | 4.62 |
95% CI | 1.32–3.36 | 0.57–2.06 | 1.11–2.57 | 0.99–4.98 | 2.43–8.94 |
p-value | 0.002 | 0.760 | 0.013 | 0.045 | < 0.001 |
In Vitro Fertilization | 2.37 | – | – | – | – |
95% CI | 0.97–5.16 | – | – | – | – |
p-value | 0.041 | – | – | – | – |
Miscarriage Risk | 2.61 | 4.19 | – | 2.69 | – |
95% CI | 0.92–6.42 | 1.35–10.88 | – | 0.42–9.91 | – |
p-value | 0.050 | 0.006 | – | 0.198 | – |
Ethnicity | |||||
Latin American vs White European | – | 2.11 (1.04–4.09) | – | – | – |
Other Ethnic Groups vs White European | – | 0.38 (0.06–1.27) | – | – | – |
p-value | – | 0.031 and 0.188 | – | – | – |
Multiple pregnancy | – | – | 1.86*10−7 | – | 3.72 |
95% CI | – | – | 0.00 – . | – | 1.02–10.73 |
p-value | – | – | 0.981 | – | 0.025 |
Gestational Hypertensive Disorders | – | – | – | – | 3.63 |
95% CI | – | – | – | – | 1.28–8.91 |
p-value | – | – | – | – | 0.008 |