Highlights
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Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) has prognostic value in corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
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HScore in severe COVID-19 cases can help detect sHLH
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Risk factors for suspected sHLH in severe COVID-19 are high ferritin (>1922.58 ng/mL), low platelets (<101 × 109/L) and high triglycerides (>2.28 mmol/L).
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Cytokine storm syndrome is the cause of suspected sHLH in severe COVID-19
Introduction
Patients and methods
Data collection
Definition
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of severe COVID-19
All(n = 415) | Survivors(n = 195) | Nonsurvivors(n = 220) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, Male/Female, n (%) | 244(58.80) /171(41.20) | 106(54.36)/ 89(45.64) | 138(62.73)/ 82(37.27) | 0.0839 |
Age, years, Mean (SD) | 62.63(13.49) | 57.77(12.67) | 66.93(12.74) | < 0.0001 |
age, years, n(%) | < 0.0001 | |||
<40 | 23(5.54) | 15(7.69) | 8(3.64) | |
40–60 | 137(33.01) | 92(47.18) | 45(20.45) | |
≥ 60 | 255(61.45) | 88(45.13) | 167(75.91) | |
ARDS, n(%) | 258(62.93)/ 152(37.07)a;5 | 75(38.46) /120(61.54) | 183(85.12)/ 32(14.88); 5 | < 0.0001 |
DIC, n(%) | 20(5.00) /380(95.00); 15 | 1(0.52) /193(99.48); 1 | 19(9.22) /187(90.78); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Liver injury, n(%) | 78(19.50) /322(80.50); 15 | 26(13.40) /168(86.60); 1 | 52(25.24)/ 154(74.76); 14 | 0.0028 |
Heart injury, n(%) | 104(26.00) /296(74.00); 15 | 12(6.19) /182(93.81); 1 | 92(44.66)/ 114(55.34); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Kidney injury, n(%) | 60(15.00) /340(85.00); 15 | 5(2.58) /189(97.42); 1 | 55(26.70)/ 151(73.30); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Shock, n (%) | 87(21.75) /313(78.25); 15 | 2(1.03)/ 192(98.97); 1 | 85(41.26)/ 121(58.74); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Smoking history, n(%) | 20(4.84) /393(95.16); 2 | 15(7.69)/ 180(92.31) | 5(2.29)/ 213(97.71); 2 | 0.0107 |
Alcohol history, n(%) | 21(5.08)/ 392(94.92); 2 | 15(7.69)/ 180(92.31) | 6(2.75)/ 212(97.25);2 | 0.0225 |
Comobidities | ||||
Diabetes, n(%) | 79(19.13) /334(80.87); 2 | 30(15.38)/ 165(84.62) | 49(22.48) /169(77.52); 2 | 0.0673 |
Hypertension, n(%) | 147(35.59)/ 266(64.41); 2 | 64(32.82)/ 131(67.18) | 83(38.07)/ 135(61.93); 2 | 0.2657 |
Chronic heart failure, n(%) | 39(9.44) /374(90.56); 2 | 12(6.15)/ 183(93.85) | 27(12.39)/ 191(87.61); 2 | 0.0306 |
COPD, n(%) | 13(3.15) /400(96.85); 2 | 3(1.54)/ 192(98.46) | 10(4.59)/ 208(95.41); 2 | 0.0765 |
Stroke, n(%) | 26(6.30)/ 387(93.70); 2 | 10(5.13)/ 185(94.87) | 16(7.34)/ 202(92.66); 2 | 0.3557 |
Malignant Tumor, n(%) | 19(4.60) /394(95.40); 2 | 10(5.13)/ 185(94.87) | 9(4.13)/ 209(95.87); 2 | 0.6283 |
Chronic liver disease, n(%) | 14(3.39)/ 399(96.61); 2 | 5(2.56)/ 190(97.44) | 9(4.13)/ 209(95.87); 2 | 0.3805 |
Chronic kidey disease, n(%) | 11(2.66) /402(97.34); 2 | 3(1.54)/ 192(98.46) | 8(3.67)/ 210(96.33); 2 | 0.1793 |
Hepatitis B, n(%) | 15(3.62) /399(96.38); 1 | 7(3.59)/ 188(96.41) | 8(3.65)/ 211(96.35); 1 | 0.9726 |
HIV, n (%) | 0(0.00) /414(100.00); 1 | 0(0.00)/ 195(100.00) | 0(0.00)/ 219(100.00); 1 | 1.0000 |
Autoimmue disease, n(%) | 17(4.12) /396(95.88); 2 | 7(3.59)/ 188(96.41) | 10(4.59)/ 208(95.41); 2 | 0.6105 |
Respiratory support, n(%) | < 0.0001 | |||
Intranasal oxygen inhalation | 146(37.15) | 122(63.21) | 24(12.00) | |
Mask oxygen Inhalation | 18(4.58) | 10(5.18) | 8(4.00) | |
High Flow | 67(17.05) | 24(12.44) | 43(21.50) | |
Non-invasive ventilation | 75(19.08) | 9(4.66) | 66(33.00) | |
Invasive ventilaiton | 53(13.49) | 3(1.55) | 50(25.00) | |
ECMO | 4(1.02) | 0(0.00) | 4(2.00) | |
CRRT, n(%) | 79(19.13) /334(80.87); 2 | 30(15.38)/ 165(84.62) | 49(22.48)/ 169(77.52); 2 | 0.0673 |
Inotropic support, n(%) | 87(20.96)/328(79.03) | 2(1.03)/ 193(98.97) | 85(38.64)/ 135(61.36) | < 0.0001 |
Corticosteroid treatment, n(%) | 226(54.45)/189(45.54) | 85(43.59)/ 110(56.41) | 141(64.09)/ 79(35.91) | < 0.0001 |
Co-infection, n(%) | ||||
Influenza A | 401(97.33)/ 6(1.46); 8 | 193(98.97)/ 2(1.03) | 208(95.85)/ 4(1.84); 8 | 0.0799 |
Influenza B | 402(97.57)/ 5(1.21); 8 | 195(100.00)/ 0(0.00) | 207(95.39)/ 5(2.30); 8 | 0.0101 |
Tuberculosis | 8(1.94)/ 405(98.06); 2 | 3(1.54)/ 192(98.46) | 5(2.29)/ 213(97.71); 2 | 0.8428 |
Symptoms and signs, n(%) | ||||
heart rate, (per minute) | 0.0002 | |||
≤ 100 | 37(15.42) | 28(26.17) | 9(6.77) | |
>100 | 200(83.33) | 77(71.96) | 123(92.48) | |
Total | 240(100.00) | 107(100.00) | 133(100.00) | |
Nasal stuffiness | 8(1.94)/ 405(98.06); 2 | 4(2.05) /191(97.95) | 4(1.83) /214(98.17); 2 | 1.0000 |
Nasal discharge | 12(2.91) /401(97.09); 2 | 5(2.56)/ 190(97.44) | 7(3.21)/ 211(96.79); 2 | 0.6960 |
Sneezing | 4(0.97) /408(99.03); 3 | 3(1.54)/ 192(98.46) | 1(0.46)/ 216(99.54); 3 | 0.5414 |
Sore throat | 8(1.94) /405(98.06); 2 | 4(2.05)/ 191(97.95) | 4(1.83)/ 214(98.17); 2 | 1.0000 |
Cough | 330(79.90) /83(20.10); 2 | 157(80.51)/ 38(19.49) | 173(79.36)/ 45(20.64); 2 | 0.7700 |
Sputum production | 157(38.01)/ 256(61.99); 2 | 67(34.36)/ 128(65.64) | 90(41.28)/ 128(58.72); 2 | 0.1478 |
Chest tightness | 264(63.92)/ 149(36.08); 2 | 113(57.95)/ 82(42.05) | 151(69.27)/ 67(30.73); 2 | 0.0168 |
Chest pain | 12(2.91) /401(97.09); 2 | 6(3.08)/ 189(96.92) | 6(2.75)/ 212(97.25); 2 | 0.8445 |
Hemoptysis | 7(1.69) /406(98.31); 2 | 4(2.05)/ 191(97.95) | 3(1.38)/ 215(98.62); 2 | 0.8817 |
Headache | 13(3.15)/ 400(96.85); 2 | 10(5.13)/ 185(94.87) | 3(1.38)/ 215(98.62); 2 | 0.0292 |
Myalgia | 49(11.86) /364(88.14); 2 | 29(14.87)/ 166(85.13) | 20(9.17)/ 198(90.83); 2 | 0.0739 |
Fatigue | 165(40.05) /247(59.95); 3 | 78(40.21)/ 116(59.79) | 87(39.91)/ 131(60.09); 2 | 0.9509 |
Digestive symptoms | 58(14.04)/ 355(85.96); 2 | 28(14.36)/ 167(85.64) | 30(13.76)/ 188(86.24); 2 | 0.8615 |
Discomfort of eye | 1(0.24)/ 412(99.76); 2 | 1(0.51)/ 194(99.49) | 0(0.00)/ 218(100.00); 2 | 0.4722 |
Cyanosis | 48(11.59) /366(88.41); 1 | 10(5.13)/ 185(94.87) | 38(17.35)/ 181(82.65); 1 | 0.0001 |
Rhonchial | 26(6.30) /386(93.46); 3 | 13(6.67)/ 181(92.82) | 13(5.96)/ 205(94.04); 2 | 1.0000 |
Moist rales | 76(18.40) /337(81.60); 2 | 33(16.92)/ 162(83.08) | 43(19.72)/ 175(80.28); 2 | 0.4632 |
SPO2(≤93%/>93%) | 279(67.23)/ 136(32.77) | 96(49.23)/ 99(50.77) | 183(83.18)/ 37(16.82) | < 0.0001 |
Length of hospitalization, d | 12.00(7.00,18.00); | 15.00 (11.00,20.00) | 10.00(4.00,15.00) | < 0.0001 |
Length of ICU, d | 2.00(0.00,9.00); | 0.00 (0.00,6.50); | 3.00 (1.00,9.00); | < 0.0001 |
Temperature, °C | 38.50(38.00,39.00) | 38.50 (38.00,39.00) | 38.50 (38.00,39.00) | 0.5281 |
arterial pressure, mmHg | 87.00(79.83,92.83); 21 | 86.00 (78.00,91.33);2 | 88.00 (82.00,93.67); 19 | 0.0005 |
heart rate, per mimute | 89.00(81.00,100.00); 2 | 90.00 (82.00,100.00) | 88.50 (80.00,102.00); 2 | 0.9356 |
respiratory rate | 22.00(20.00,26.00); 1 | 22.00 (20.00,26.00) | 22.00 (20.00,28.00) | 0.7331 |
<24, (per minute) | 251(60.48) | 122(62.56) | 129(58.64) | 0.3642 |
24–30, (per minute) | 87(20.96) | 40(20.51) | 47(21.36) | |
≥ 30, (per minute) | 77(18.55) | 33(16.92) | 44(20.00) | |
Total | 415(100.00) | 195(100.00) | 220(100.00) | |
SOFA | 3.00(1.00,4.00); 4 | 2.00(1.00, 3.00) | 3.00(2.00,5.00); 4 | < 0.0001 |
APACHEII | 7.00(5.00,10.00); 4 | 6.00 (4.00,7.00) | 9.00 (7.00,13.00); 4 | < 0.0001 |
Laboratory Tests | ||||
Lowest leukocyte, ×109/L | 5.44(3.83, 8.50)b; 10 | 4.45 (3.43,5.91) | 7.57 (4.63,11.60); 10 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest haemoglobin, g/L | 109.00(88.00,123.00); 10 | 110.00 (91.00,124.00) | 108.00 (86.00,122.00); 10 | 0.5267 |
Lowest patelets, ×109/L | 125.50(53.00,188.00);9 | 152.00 (86.00,217.00) | 91.00 (42.00,165.00); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest neutrophils, ×109/L | 5.38(3.00,11.36); 14 | 3.55 (2.55,8.59) | 6.99 (4.30,11.63); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest lymphocyte, ×109/L | 0.55(0.35,1.06); 11 | 0.86 (0.49,1.44) | 0.44 (0.28,0.64); 11 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest fibrinogen, g/L | 4.10(2.70,5.90); 22 | 4.50 (3.40,6.50);6 | 3.60 (2.20,5.30); 16 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest prealbumin, g/L | 83.00(45.00,117.00); 10 | 104.00 (67.00,145.00); 1 | 64.00 (33.00,98.00); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest albumin, g/L | 28.00(25.10,31.40); 8 | 30.10 (27.60,34.40) | 26.00 (23.45,28.70); 8 | < 0.0001 |
Peak D-Dimer, mg/L | 10.06(1.15,42.82) | 1.58 (0.63,14.04) | 27.31 (7.60,58.76) | < 0.0001 |
Peak total bilirubin, μg/L | 18.95(13.00,32.30); 13 | 15.40 (11.70,30.00); 2 | 22.50 (15.39,32.76); 11 | 0.0019 |
Peak alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 49.00(31.00,77.00); 12 | 48.00 (30.00,68.00) | 50.50 (31.50,87.00); 12 | 0.1652 |
Peak aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 43.00(29.00,72.00); 11 | 34.00 (24.00,50.00) | 57.00 (36.00,108.00); 11 | < 0.0001 |
Peak blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 9.20(5.97,18.00); 14 | 6.66 (5.03,9.79); 1 | 14.90 (8.10,24.30); 13 | < 0.0001 |
Peak serum creatinine, μg/L | 82.00(59.40,139.80); 13 | 70.70 (53.70,89.30) | 120.70 (69.30,276.80); 13 | < 0.0001 |
Peak triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.15(1.42,3.43); 14 | 2.16 (1.42,4.53);1 | 2.10 (1.41,3.27); 13 | 0.5062 |
Peak ferritin, μg/L | 927.22(492.02,2000.00); 18 | 600.08 (356.00,987.50);6 | 1675.09 (837.84,2000.00);12 | < 0.0001 |
Peak Interleukin −6, pg/mL | 11.18(7.92,19.57); 26 | 9.32 (6.90,13.50); 9 | 13.89 (9.99,27.90); 17 | < 0.0001 |
Peak erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 60.00(43.00,79.00); 22 | 61.00 (45.30,88.00); 4 | 59.35 (40.00,73.00); 18 | 0.0527 |
Peak C-reactive protein, mg/L | 122.60(30.50,160.00); 12 | 49.40 (8.70,121.90); 3 | 160.00 (111.00,160.40); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Peak procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.20(0.06,2.87); 17 | 0.07 (0.05,0.23); 4 | 1.08 (0.16,6.40); 13 | < 0.0001 |
Peak lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 429.00(274.00,699.00); 10 | 300.50 (221.00,403.00); 1 | 675.00 (464.00,1095.00); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Peak creatine kinase isoenzyme, U/L | 27.00(17.00,66.00); 16 | 19.50 (14.00,51.00); 1 | 34.00 (20.00,84.00); 15 | < 0.0001 |
Peak Troponin, pg/mL | 10.85(3.50,99.00); 13 | 4.40 (1.70,9.10); 1 | 70.50 (11.20,823.05); 12 | < 0.0001 |
Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of COVID-19 associated with suspected sHLH according to HScore
≤98 (n = 279) | ≥169(n = 41) | 98–169(n = 88) | P valuec | |
---|---|---|---|---|
outcome | < 0.0001 | |||
Survivor, n(%) | 182(65.23) | 0(0.00) | 13(14.77) | |
Non-survivor, n(%) | 97(34.77) | 41(100.00) | 75(85.23) | |
Total | 279(100.00) | 41(100.00) | 88(100.00) | |
Gender, Male/Female, n(%) | 153(54.84)/ 126(45.16) | 27(65.85)/14(34.15) | 60(68.18)/28(31.82) | 0.0537 |
Age, years, Mean (SD) | 63.00(52.00,72.00) | 63.00(52.00,71.00) | 65.00(57.00,72.00) | 0.2419 |
age, years, n(%) | 0.1869 | |||
<40 | 17(6.09) | 3(7.32) | 3(3.41) | |
40–60 | 101(36.20) | 11(26.83) | 25(28.41) | |
≥ 60 | 161(57.71) | 27(65.85) | 60(68.18) | |
ARDS, n(%) | 150(53.76)/129(46.24)a | 34(85.00)/6(15.00); 1 | 68(80.95)/16(19.05); 4 | < 0.0001 |
DIC, n(%) | 6(2.17)/ 271(97.83); 2 | 4(10.53)/34(89.47);3 | 10(12.66)/69(87.34); 9 | 0.0004 |
Liver, n(%) | 36(13.00)/241(87.00); 2 | 12(31.58)/26(68.42); 3 | 30(37.97)/49(62.03); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Heart, n(%) | 50(18.05)/227(81.95); 2 | 17(44.74)/21(55.26); 3 | 35(44.30)/44(55.70); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Kidney, n(%) | 17(6.14)/260(93.86); 2 | 16(42.11)/22(57.89); 3 | 26(32.91)/53(67.09); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Shock, n(%) | 31(11.19)/246(88.81); 2 | 20(52.63)/18(47.37); 3 | 34(43.04)/45(56.96); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Smoking history, n(%) | 14(5.04)/264(94.96); 1 | 2(4.88)/39(95.12) | 4(4.60)/83(95.40); 1 | 0.9111 |
Alcohol history, n(%) | 16(5.76)/262(94.24); 1 | 1(2.44)/40(97.56) | 4(4.60)/83(95.40); 1 | 0.3577 |
Comobidities | ||||
Diabetes,n(%), n(%) | 50(17.99)/228(82.01); 1 | 9(21.95)/32(78.05) | 20(22.73)/68(77.27) | 0.5630 |
Hypertension, n(%) | 97(34.89)/181(65.11); 1 | 11(26.83)/30(73.17) | 38(43.18)/50(56.82) | 0.1639 |
Chronic heart failure, n(%) | 29(10.43)/249(89.57); 1 | 2(4.88)/39(95.12) | 7(7.95)/81(92.05) | 0.2138 |
COPD, n(%) | 5(1.80)/273(98.20); 1 | 2(4.88)/39(95.12) | 6(6.82)/82(93.18) | 0.0537 |
Stroke, n(%) | 18(6.47)/260(93.53); 1 | 0(0.00)/41(100.00) | 8(9.09)/80(90.91) | 0.3853 |
Tumor, n(%) | 11(3.96)/267(96.04); 1 | 2(4.88)/39(95.12) | 5(5.68)/83(94.32) | 0.5927 |
Chronic liver disease, n(%) | 6(2.16)/272(97.84); 1 | 2(4.88)/39(95.12) | 6(6.82)/82(93.18) | 0.0907 |
Chronic kidey disease, n(%) | 7(2.52)/271(97.48); 1 | 2(4.88)/39(95.12) | 2(2.27)/86(97.73) | 0.5200 |
Hepatitis B,n(%) | 11(3.94)/268(96.06) | 3(7.32)/38(92.68) | 1(1.15)/86(98.85); 1 | 0.7610 |
HIV, n(%) | 0(0.00)/279(100.00) | 0(0.00)/41(100.00) | 0(0.00)/87(100.00); 1 | 1.0000 |
Autoimmue disease, n(%) | 7(2.52)/271(97.48); 1 | 3(7.32)/38(92.68) | 6(6.82)/82(93.18) | 0.0422 |
Respiratory support, n(%) | < 0.0001 | |||
Intranasal oxygen inhalation | 129(47.43) | 3(8.11) | 13(16.46) | |
Mask oxygen Inhalation | 16(5.88) | 1(2.70) | 1(1.27) | |
High Flow | 48(17.65) | 3(8.11) | 14(17.72) | |
Non-invasive ventilation | 35(12.87) | 12(32.43) | 26(32.91) | |
Invasive ventilaiton | 17(6.25) | 14(37.84) | 22(27.85) | |
ECMO | 1(0.37) | 3(8.11) | 0(0.00) | |
CRRT, n(%) | 50(17.99)/228(82.01); 1 | 9(21.95)/32(78.05) | 20(22.73)/68(77.27) | 0.5630 |
Inotropic support, n(%) | 33(11.83)/ 246(88.17) | 21(51.22)/ 20(48.78) | 30(34.09)/ 58(65.91) | < 0.0001 |
Corticosteroid treatment, n(%) | 133(47.67)/ 146(52.33) | 35(85.37)/ 6(14.63) | 55(62.50)/ 33(37.50) | < 0.0001 |
Co-infection, n(%) | ||||
Influenza A | 3(1.08)/ 273(98.56); 3 | 1(2.44)/ 38(92.68); 2 | 2(2.27) /84(95.45); 2 | 0.0924 |
Influenza B | 1(0.36)/275(99.28); 3 | 1(2.44)/ 38(92.68); 2 | 3(3.41) /83(94.32); 2 | 0.0127 |
Tuberculosis | 4(1.44) /274(98.56);1 | 1(2.44)/ 40(97.56) | 3(3.41)/ 85(96.59) | 1.0000 |
Symptoms and signs, n(%) | ||||
heart rate, (per minute) | 0.6759 | |||
≤ 100 | 32(21.77) | 2(3.57) | 4(6.67) | |
>100 | 113(76.87) | 26(92.86) | 56(93.33) | |
Total | 147(100.00) | 28(100.00) | 60(100.00) | |
Nasal stuffiness | 5(1.80) /273(98.20); 1 | 2(4.88) /39(95.12) | 1(1.14) 87(98.86) | 1.0000 |
Nasal discharge | 6(2.16)/272(97.84); 1 | 5(12.20)/ 36(87.80) | 1(1.14)/87(98.86) | 0.0086 |
Sneezing | 3(1.08)/ 275(98.92); 1 | 0(0.00)/40(100.00); 1 | 1(1.14)/87(98.86) | 1.0000 |
Sore throat | 4(1.44)/274(98.56); 1 | 1(2.44)/40(97.56) | 3(3.41)/ 85(96.59) | 1.0000 |
Cough | 226(81.29)/ 52(18.71); 1 | 30(73.17)/11(26.83) | 69(78.41)/ 19(21.59) | 0.4468 |
Sputum production | 104(37.41)/174(62.59); 1 | 16(39.02)/25(60.98) | 33(37.50)/55(62.50) | 0.9802 |
Chest tightness | 172(61.87)/106(38.13); 1 | 30(73.17) /11(26.83) | 58(65.91) /30(34.09) | 0.3367 |
Chest pain | 7(2.52) /271(97.48) | 1(2.44) /40(97.56) | 4(4.55)/ 84(95.45) | 0.6647 |
Hemoptysis | 5(1.80) 273(98.20); 1 | 2(4.88) /39(95.12) | 0(0.00) /88(100.00) | 1.0000 |
Headache | 9(3.24)/ 269(96.76); 1 | 2(4.88) /39(95.12) | 2(2.27)/ 86(97.73) | 0.8098 |
Myalgia | 34(12.23) /244(87.77); 1 | 3(7.32) /38(92.68) | 12(13.64) /76(86.36) | 0.5736 |
Acratia | 102(36.82)/175(63.18);2 | 26(63.41) /15(36.59) | 35(39.77)/ 53(60.23) | 0.0052 |
Digestive symptoms | 36(12.95) /242(87.05) | 9(21.95)/ 32(78.05) | 13(14.77)/ 75(85.23) | 0.3021 |
Discomfort of eye | 1(0.36)/ 277(99.64); 1 | 0(0.00)/ 41(100.00) | 0(0.00)/ 88(100.00) | 1.0000 |
Cyanosis | 27(9.71) /251(90.29); 1 | 10(24.39) /31(75.61) | 7(7.95)/ 81(92.05) | 0.0393 |
Rhonchial | 18(6.47) 259(93.17); 1 | 4(9.76) /37(90.24) | 4(4.55)/ 84(95.45) | 1.0000 |
Moist rales | 51(18.35)/ 227(81.65) | 12(29.27) /29(70.73) | 12(13.64) 76(86.36) | 0.1028 |
SPO2(≤93%/>93%) | 173(62.01)/ 106(37.99) | 32(78.05)/ 9(21.95) | 67(76.14)/ 21(23.86) | 0.0131 |
Length of hospitalization, d | 12.00(8.00,18.00)b | 17.00(11.00,22.50) | 12.00(7.00,16.00) | 0.0029 |
Length of ICU, d | 0.00(0.00,6.00) | 9.50(3.50,12.00) | 3.00(0.50,12.00) | < 0.0001 |
Temperature, °C | 38.50(38.00,39.00) | 38.50(38.00,38.90) | 38.90(38.00,39.00) | 0.4406 |
Arterial pressure, mmHg | 87.00(78.33,93.00) | 86.58(81.50,91.33) | 86.75(81.33,93.50) | 0.1593 |
Heart rate, per mimute | 89.00(82.00,99.00); 1 | 90.0081.00,100.00 | 88.00(80.00,102.00) | 0.5895 |
Respiratory rate | 0.5070 | |||
<24, (per minute) | 164(58.78) | 26(63.41) | 58(65.91) | |
24–30, (per minute) | 65(23.30) | 5(12.20) | 15(17.05) | |
≥ 30, (per minute) | 50(17.92) | 10(24.39) | 15(17.05) | |
Total | 279(100.00) | 41(100.00) | 88(100.00) | |
SOFA | 2.00(1.00,3.00) | 3.00(1.00,4.00) | 3.00(2.00,5.00) | < 0.0001 |
APACHEII | 7.00(5.00,9.00) | 8.00(6.00,11.00) | 8.00(6.00,13.00) | 0.0010 |
Laboratory Tests | ||||
Lowest leukocyte, ×109/L | 5.08(3.74,7.83)b; 4 | 6.97(4.38,9.31) | 6.77(3.81,10.53); 1 | 0.0118 |
Lowest haemoglobin, g/L | 112.00(94.00,124.00); 4 | 95.00(77.00,106.00) | 106.00(78.00,122.00); 1 | 0.0020 |
Lowest patelets, ×109/L | 151.00(81.00,197.00); 3 | 61.00(27.00,101.00) | 83.00(26.00,144.00); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest neutrophils, ×109/L | 4.73(2.76,11.46); 8 | 5.10(3.32,7.39) | 7.02(3.97,12.72); 1 | 0.0804 |
Lowest lymphocyte, ×109/L | 0.69(0.44,1.22); 5 | 0.33(0.18,0.53) | 0.43(0.28,0.66); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest fibrinogen, g/L | 4.50(3.24,6.35); 15 | 2.40(1.60,3.46) | 3.80(2.10,5.40); 2 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest prealbumin, g/L | 93.00(59.00,127.00); 4 | 51.00(28.00,85.00) | 55.00(29.00,89.00); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest albumin, g/L | 28.90(26.20,32.30); 2 | 24.40(22.30,27.60) | 26.60(23.40,28.90); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Peak D-Dimer, mg/L | 4.58(0.80,32.09); 5 | 47.82(20.06,80.00) | 17.83(3.46,63.70); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Peak total bilirubin, μg/L | 16.60(12.20,30.00); 6 | 23.98(17.38,37.80) | 25.20(16.60,32.30); 1 | 0.0007 |
Peak alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 47.00(28.00,67.00); 6 | 57.00(36.00,122.00) | 62.00(38.00,109.00); 1 | 0.0001 |
Peak aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 38.00(26.00,55.00); 5 | 85.00(52.00,215.00) | 65.00(40.00,121.00); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Peak blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 7.50(5.30,11.00); 8 | 21.66(13.50,35.30) | 14.90(8.50,24.00); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Peak serum creatinine, μg/L | 72.95(55.60,99.00); 7 | 246.10(146.00,413.70) | 105.20(67.40,263.10); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Peak triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.95(1.31,3.27); 8 | 3.27(2.33,4.27) | 2.20(1.58,3.43); 1 | 0.0001 |
Peak ferritin, μg/L | 710.11(433.23,1276.37); 11 | 2000.00(2000.00,2000.00) | 2000.00(962.51,2000.00); 2 | < 0.0001 |
Peak Interleukin −6, pg/mL | 10.20(7.26,14.98); 16 | 23.41(11.73,60.57); 1 | 14.60(8.56,26.90); 4 | < 0.0001 |
Peak erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 60.00(43.00,80.00); 10 | 65.50(49.20,79.00); 3 | 58.30(39.00,74.00); 4 | 0.5133 |
Peak C-reactive protein, mg/L | 76.68(15.60,160.00); 5 | 160.00(160.00,206.40) | 160.00(121.20,198.80); 2 | < 0.0001 |
Peak procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.11(0.05,0.50); 10 | 4.21(2.63,15.22) | 0.98(0.19,4.90); 2 | < 0.0001 |
Peak lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 349.00(241.00,534.00); 4 | 1096.00(708.00,1676.00) | 662.00(432.00,944.00); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Peak creatine kinase isoenzyme, U/L | 21.50(15.00,52.50); 9 | 47.00(32.00,85.00) | 38.00(21.00,77.00); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Peak Troponin, pg/mL | 6.15(2.40,24.60); 7 | 303.10(33.80,2202.10) | 51.50(6.44,591.40); 1 | < 0.0001 |
Risk factors for mortality of severe COVID-19
Regression Coefficient | OR (Odds Ratio) | 95% CI | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SOFA | 0.221 | 1.247 | 1.010–1.539 | 0.040 |
Lowest haemoglobin, g/L | 0.003 | 1.003 | 0.983–1.023 | 0.769 |
Lowest platelet,×109/L | 0.008 | 1.008 | 1.000–1.015 | 0.038 |
Lowest neutrophils, ×109/L | 0.025 | 1.026 | 0.987–1.066 | 0.195 |
Lowest fibrinogen, g/L | 0.042 | 1.043 | 0.999–1.089 | 0.052 |
Lowest prealbumin, g/L | 0.006 | 1.006 | 0.994–1.017 | 0.332 |
Peak D-Dimer, mg/L | −0.004 | 0.996 | 0.993–1.00 | 0.061 |
Peak aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | −0.000 | 1.000 | 0.999–1.001 | 0.910 |
Peak serum creatinine, μg/L | −0.002 | 0.998 | 0.996–1.000 | 0.126 |
Peak triglycerides, mmol/L | −0.300 | 0.741 | 0.611–0.900 | 0.003 |
Peak ferritin, ng/mL | −0.002 | 0.998 | 0.997–0.999 | < 0.001 |
Peak Interleukin −6, pg/mL | −0.000 | 1.000 | 0.999–1.000 | 0.175 |
Peak C-reactive protein, mg/L | −0.002 | 0.998 | 0.990–1.005 | 0.510 |
Peak lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | −0.000 | 1.000 | 0.999–1.000 | 0.639 |
Risk factors related to COVID-19 associated suspected sHLH
Regression Coefficient | OR (Odds Ratio) | 95% CI | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SOFA | 0.317 | 1.373 | 1.006–1.712 | 0.005 |
Lowest leukocyte, ×109/L | 0.277 | 1.319 | 1.174–1.491 | < 0.001 |
Lowest neutrophils, × 109/L | −0.011 | 0.989 | 0.976–1.001 | 0.080 |
Lowest lymphocyte, ×109/L | 0.316 | 1.372 | 1.089–1.729 | 0.007 |
Lowest prealbumin, g/L | −0.012 | 0.987 | 0.979–0.994 | 0.001 |
Lowest albumin, g/L | 0.012 | 1.013 | 0.988–1.038 | 0.300 |
Peak D-Dimer, mg/L | −0.001 | 0.998 | 0.991–1.005 | 0.632 |
Peak aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | −0.004 | 0.995 | 0.992–0.997 | 0.000 |
Peak blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 0.0004 | 1.000 | 0.989–1.011 | 0.931 |
Peak serum creatinine, μg/L | 0.001 | 1.001 | 0.999–1.003 | 0.131 |
Peak Interleukin −6, pg/mL | −0.000 | 0.999 | 0.998–1.000 | 0.880 |
Peak C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.006 | 1.006 | 1.000–1.012 | 0.036 |
Peak lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 0.003 | 1.003 | 1.001–1.005 | < 0.001 |
Peak creatine kinase isoenzyme, U/L | 0.003 | 1.003 | 0.999–1.008 | 0.080 |
Peak Troponin, pg/mL | 0.000 | 0.999 | 0.999–1.000 | 0.293 |
Age, y | 0.057 | 1.059 | 1.030–1.088 | < 0.001 |
Hscore 98–169 vs ≤98 | 1.393 | 4.028 | 1.553–10.444 | 0.004 |
Hscore ≥169 vs ≤98 | 3.125 | 22.770 | 2.227–232.800 | 0.008 |