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Erschienen in: Der Schmerz 1/2022

13.09.2021 | Intelligenzminderung | Pain Clinical Updates

Herausforderungen der Schmerzerfassung und -therapie bei Personen mit Intelligenzminderung und Entwicklungsstörungen

Deutsche Fassung

verfasst von: Chantel C. Barney, Randi D. Andersen, Ruth Defrin, Lara M. Genik, Brian E. McGuire, Frank J. Symons

Erschienen in: Der Schmerz | Ausgabe 1/2022

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Zusammenfassung

Einleitung

Intelligenzminderung und Entwicklungsstörungen („intellectual and developmental disabilities“ [IDD]) umfassen Zustände, die mit körperlichen Funktionsstörungen, Lern‑, Sprach‑, Verhaltensstörungen und/oder geistiger Behinderung assoziiert sind. Schmerz ist eine häufige sekundäre Störung, die die funktionellen Fähigkeiten und die Lebensqualität beeinträchtigt.

Zielsetzung

Der vorliegende Beitrag thematisiert die wissenschaftlichen und klinischen Herausforderungen der Schmerzerfassung und -therapie bei Personen mit schweren IDD.

Methoden

Dieses klinische Update ist assoziiert an die IASP-Kampagne „Global Year Against Pain in the Most Vulnerable“ von 2019 und fasst selektiv wiederkehrende Probleme sowie die beste Evidenz und das beste praktische Vorgehen zusammen.

Ergebnisse

In der Schmerzforschung der vergangenen zehn Jahre wurden unter anderem standardisierte Instrumente der Schmerzbeurteilung für Personen mit schweren IDD entwickelt. Dennoch gibt es kaum empirische Belege, dass Schmerz klinisch besser erfasst oder therapiert wird. Die Datenlage, auf die sich wirksame Schmerztherapieverfahren in der Praxis stützen können, ist limitiert. Daher sind Behandlungsansätze weitgehend empirisch und hoch variabel. Das ist problematisch, da Personen mit IDD dem Risiko ausgesetzt sind, arzneimittelbedingte Nebenwirkungen zu entwickeln. Zudem können Behandlungsansätze, die in anderen Populationen wirksam sind, den Schmerz in IDD-Populationen verstärken. In der Forschung stellen folgende Aspekte besondere Herausforderungen dar: systematische Verzerrungen bei Schmerzscores zur Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung; Identifikation valider Endpunkte für Therapiestudien; Erzielung einer ausreichenden statistischen Power angesichts kleiner Stichproben; fehlende Möglichkeit einer einfachen Untersuchung der zugrunde liegenden Schmerzmechanismen aufgrund der beeinträchtigten Fähigkeit zur Selbsteinschätzung.

Schlussfolgerung

Trotz der kritischen Herausforderungen gibt es immer wieder neue Entwicklungen in der Forschung sowie Aktivitäten zum Wissenstransfer bezüglich Schmerz und IDD. Des Weiteren gibt es laufende internationale Kooperationen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Herausforderungen der Schmerzerfassung und -therapie bei Personen mit Intelligenzminderung und Entwicklungsstörungen
Deutsche Fassung
verfasst von
Chantel C. Barney
Randi D. Andersen
Ruth Defrin
Lara M. Genik
Brian E. McGuire
Frank J. Symons
Publikationsdatum
13.09.2021
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Der Schmerz / Ausgabe 1/2022
Print ISSN: 0932-433X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2129
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-021-00589-8

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