Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Schmerz 2/2022

22.03.2022 | Komplexes regionales Schmerzsyndrom | CME Zertifizierte Fortbildung

Komplexes regionales Schmerzsyndrom – ein Update

verfasst von: Dr. med. Cora Rebhorn, MD, Dr. Violeta Dimova, PhD, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Frank Birklein, MD

Erschienen in: Der Schmerz | Ausgabe 2/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom (CRPS) ist eine Schmerzerkrankung, die sich an Hand oder Fuß nach Verletzung entwickelt. Derzeit wird zwischen 2 CRPS-Typen, dem CRPS I ohne und dem CRPS II mit Nervenläsion sowie zwischen einem initial warmen und einem initial kalten Subtyp in Abhängigkeit vom klinischen Erscheinungsbild differenziert. Nach einem Trauma ist eine gewisse Entzündungsreaktion als physiologisch zu betrachten. Beim akuten CRPS persistiert diese Entzündung über Monate und wird von diversen Entzündungsmediatoren im peripheren Gewebe und im Blut unterhalten. Diese anhaltende Entzündung führt zu einer Sensibilisierung des nozizeptiven Systems, lässt Somazellen proliferieren und ruft eine gestörte Endothelfunktion hervor. Das Behandlungskonzept zielt auf eine Antagonisierung der pathophysiologischen Komponenten ab und umfasst eine antiinflammatorische und analgetische Behandlung sowie die Verhinderung der Nichtnutzung und die Wiederherstellung der sensomotorischen Funktion der erkrankten Extremität.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Moseley GL, Herbert RD, Parsons T et al (2014) Intense pain soon after wrist fracture strongly predicts who will develop complex regional pain syndrome: prospective cohort study. J Pain 15:16–23PubMed Moseley GL, Herbert RD, Parsons T et al (2014) Intense pain soon after wrist fracture strongly predicts who will develop complex regional pain syndrome: prospective cohort study. J Pain 15:16–23PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Peltz E, Seifert F, Lanz S et al (2011) Impaired hand size estimation in CRPS. J Pain 12:1095–1101PubMed Peltz E, Seifert F, Lanz S et al (2011) Impaired hand size estimation in CRPS. J Pain 12:1095–1101PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bruehl S, Maihofner C, Stanton-Hicks M et al (2016) Complex regional pain syndrome: evidence for warm and cold subtypes in a large prospective clinical sample. Pain 157:1674–1681PubMed Bruehl S, Maihofner C, Stanton-Hicks M et al (2016) Complex regional pain syndrome: evidence for warm and cold subtypes in a large prospective clinical sample. Pain 157:1674–1681PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wertli M, Bachmann L, Weiner S et al (2013) Prognostic factors in complex regional pain syndrome 1: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med 45:225–231PubMed Wertli M, Bachmann L, Weiner S et al (2013) Prognostic factors in complex regional pain syndrome 1: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med 45:225–231PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Mainka T, Bischoff FS, Baron R et al (2014) Comparison of muscle and joint pressure-pain thresholds in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and upper limb pain of other origin. Pain 155:591–597PubMed Mainka T, Bischoff FS, Baron R et al (2014) Comparison of muscle and joint pressure-pain thresholds in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and upper limb pain of other origin. Pain 155:591–597PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Frettloh J, Huppe M, Maier C (2006) Severity and specificity of neglect-like symptoms in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) compared to chronic limb pain of other origins. Pain 124:184–189PubMed Frettloh J, Huppe M, Maier C (2006) Severity and specificity of neglect-like symptoms in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) compared to chronic limb pain of other origins. Pain 124:184–189PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat van Rooijen DE, Geraedts EJ, Marinus J et al (2011) Peripheral trauma and movement disorders: a systematic review of reported cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82:892–898PubMed van Rooijen DE, Geraedts EJ, Marinus J et al (2011) Peripheral trauma and movement disorders: a systematic review of reported cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82:892–898PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bean DJ, Johnson MH, Kydd RR (2014) Relationships between psychological factors, pain, and disability in complex regional pain syndrome and low back pain. Clin J Pain 30:647–653PubMed Bean DJ, Johnson MH, Kydd RR (2014) Relationships between psychological factors, pain, and disability in complex regional pain syndrome and low back pain. Clin J Pain 30:647–653PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RS et al (2010) Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the “Budapest criteria”) for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 150:268–274PubMedPubMedCentral Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RS et al (2010) Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the “Budapest criteria”) for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 150:268–274PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Beerthuizen A, Stronks DL, Van’t Spijker A et al (2012) Demographic and medical parameters in the development of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1): prospective study on 596 patients with a fracture. Pain 153:1187–1192PubMed Beerthuizen A, Stronks DL, Van’t Spijker A et al (2012) Demographic and medical parameters in the development of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1): prospective study on 596 patients with a fracture. Pain 153:1187–1192PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat van Bussel CM, Stronks DL, Huygen FJ (2014) Complex regional pain syndrome type I of the knee: a systematic literature review. Eur J Pain 18:766–773PubMed van Bussel CM, Stronks DL, Huygen FJ (2014) Complex regional pain syndrome type I of the knee: a systematic literature review. Eur J Pain 18:766–773PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Krumova EK, Frettloh J, Klauenberg S et al (2008) Long-term skin temperature measurements—A practical diagnostic tool in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 140:8–22PubMed Krumova EK, Frettloh J, Klauenberg S et al (2008) Long-term skin temperature measurements—A practical diagnostic tool in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 140:8–22PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Wuppenhorst N, Maier C, Frettloh J et al (2010) Sensitivity and specificity of 3‑phase bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome of the upper extremity. Clin J Pain 26:182–189PubMed Wuppenhorst N, Maier C, Frettloh J et al (2010) Sensitivity and specificity of 3‑phase bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome of the upper extremity. Clin J Pain 26:182–189PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer HH, Hofbauer LC, Szalay G et al (2014) Osteoprotegerin: a new biomarker for impaired bone metabolism in complex regional pain syndrome? Pain 155:889–895PubMed Kramer HH, Hofbauer LC, Szalay G et al (2014) Osteoprotegerin: a new biomarker for impaired bone metabolism in complex regional pain syndrome? Pain 155:889–895PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Dimova V, Herrnberger MS, Escolano-Lozano F et al (2020) Clinical phenotypes and classification algorithm for complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 94:e357–e367PubMed Dimova V, Herrnberger MS, Escolano-Lozano F et al (2020) Clinical phenotypes and classification algorithm for complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 94:e357–e367PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlereth T, Breimhorst M, Werner N et al (2013) Inhibition of neuropeptide degradation suppresses sweating but increases the area of the axon reflex flare. Exp Dermatol 22:299–301PubMed Schlereth T, Breimhorst M, Werner N et al (2013) Inhibition of neuropeptide degradation suppresses sweating but increases the area of the axon reflex flare. Exp Dermatol 22:299–301PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Birklein F, Drummond PD, Li W et al (2014) Activation of cutaneous immune responses in complex regional pain syndrome. J Pain 15:485–495PubMedPubMedCentral Birklein F, Drummond PD, Li W et al (2014) Activation of cutaneous immune responses in complex regional pain syndrome. J Pain 15:485–495PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Lenz FA, Gracely RH, Romanoski AJ et al (1995) Stimulation in the human somatosensory thalamus can reproduce both the affective and sensory dimensions of previously experienced pain. Nat Med 1:910–913PubMed Lenz FA, Gracely RH, Romanoski AJ et al (1995) Stimulation in the human somatosensory thalamus can reproduce both the affective and sensory dimensions of previously experienced pain. Nat Med 1:910–913PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber M, Birklein F, Neundorfer B et al (2001) Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 91:251–257PubMed Weber M, Birklein F, Neundorfer B et al (2001) Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 91:251–257PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Groeneweg JG, Huygen FJ, Heijmans-Antonissen C et al (2006) Increased endothelin‑1 and diminished nitric oxide levels in blister fluids of patients with intermediate cold type complex regional pain syndrome type 1. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 7:91PubMedPubMedCentral Groeneweg JG, Huygen FJ, Heijmans-Antonissen C et al (2006) Increased endothelin‑1 and diminished nitric oxide levels in blister fluids of patients with intermediate cold type complex regional pain syndrome type 1. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 7:91PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Bharwani KD, Dirckx M, Stronks DL et al (2017) Elevated plasma levels of sIL-2R in complex regional pain syndrome: a pathogenic role for T‑lymphocytes? Mediators Inflamm 2017:2764261PubMedPubMedCentral Bharwani KD, Dirckx M, Stronks DL et al (2017) Elevated plasma levels of sIL-2R in complex regional pain syndrome: a pathogenic role for T‑lymphocytes? Mediators Inflamm 2017:2764261PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander GM, Peterlin BL, Perreault MJ et al (2012) Changes in plasma cytokines and their soluble receptors in complex regional pain syndrome. J Pain 13:10–20PubMed Alexander GM, Peterlin BL, Perreault MJ et al (2012) Changes in plasma cytokines and their soluble receptors in complex regional pain syndrome. J Pain 13:10–20PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Dubuis E, Thompson V, Leite MI et al (2014) Longstanding complex regional pain syndrome is associated with activating autoantibodies against alpha-1a adrenoceptors. Pain 155:2408–2417PubMed Dubuis E, Thompson V, Leite MI et al (2014) Longstanding complex regional pain syndrome is associated with activating autoantibodies against alpha-1a adrenoceptors. Pain 155:2408–2417PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kohr D, Singh P, Tschernatsch M et al (2011) Autoimmunity against the beta(2) adrenergic receptor and muscarinic‑2 receptor in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 152:2690–2700PubMed Kohr D, Singh P, Tschernatsch M et al (2011) Autoimmunity against the beta(2) adrenergic receptor and muscarinic‑2 receptor in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 152:2690–2700PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Tekus V, Hajna Z, Borbely E et al (2014) A CRPS-IgG-transfer-trauma model reproducing inflammatory and positive sensory signs associated with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 155:299–308PubMed Tekus V, Hajna Z, Borbely E et al (2014) A CRPS-IgG-transfer-trauma model reproducing inflammatory and positive sensory signs associated with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 155:299–308PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo TZ, Wei T, Tajerian M et al (2020) Complex regional pain syndrome patient immunoglobulin M has pronociceptive effects in the skin and spinal cord of tibia fracture mice. Pain 161:797–809PubMedPubMedCentral Guo TZ, Wei T, Tajerian M et al (2020) Complex regional pain syndrome patient immunoglobulin M has pronociceptive effects in the skin and spinal cord of tibia fracture mice. Pain 161:797–809PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Helyes Z, Tekus V, Szentes N et al (2019) Transfer of complex regional pain syndrome to mice via human autoantibodies is mediated by interleukin-1-induced mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:13067–13076PubMedPubMedCentral Helyes Z, Tekus V, Szentes N et al (2019) Transfer of complex regional pain syndrome to mice via human autoantibodies is mediated by interleukin-1-induced mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:13067–13076PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi X, Guo TZ, Li WW et al (2021) C5a complement and cytokine signaling mediate the pronociceptive effects of complex regional pain syndrome patient IgM in fracture mice. Pain 162:1400–1415PubMed Shi X, Guo TZ, Li WW et al (2021) C5a complement and cytokine signaling mediate the pronociceptive effects of complex regional pain syndrome patient IgM in fracture mice. Pain 162:1400–1415PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kress M, Huttenhofer A, Landry M et al (2013) microRNAs in nociceptive circuits as predictors of future clinical applications. Front Mol Neurosci 6:33PubMedPubMedCentral Kress M, Huttenhofer A, Landry M et al (2013) microRNAs in nociceptive circuits as predictors of future clinical applications. Front Mol Neurosci 6:33PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Mcdonald MK, Tian Y, Qureshi RA et al (2014) Functional significance of macrophage-derived exosomes in inflammation and pain. Pain 155:1527–1539PubMedPubMedCentral Mcdonald MK, Tian Y, Qureshi RA et al (2014) Functional significance of macrophage-derived exosomes in inflammation and pain. Pain 155:1527–1539PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Mcdonald MK, Ramanathan S, Touati A et al (2016) Regulation of proinflammatory genes by the circulating microRNA hsa-miR-939. Sci Rep 6:30976PubMedPubMedCentral Mcdonald MK, Ramanathan S, Touati A et al (2016) Regulation of proinflammatory genes by the circulating microRNA hsa-miR-939. Sci Rep 6:30976PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Maihofner C, Forster C, Birklein F et al (2005) Brain processing during mechanical hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome: a functional MRI study. Pain 114:93–103PubMed Maihofner C, Forster C, Birklein F et al (2005) Brain processing during mechanical hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome: a functional MRI study. Pain 114:93–103PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Geha PY, Baliki MN, Harden RN et al (2008) The brain in chronic CRPS pain: abnormal gray-white matter interactions in emotional and autonomic regions. Neuron 60:570–581PubMedPubMedCentral Geha PY, Baliki MN, Harden RN et al (2008) The brain in chronic CRPS pain: abnormal gray-white matter interactions in emotional and autonomic regions. Neuron 60:570–581PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Mailis-Gagnon A, Giannoylis I, Downar J et al (2003) Altered central somatosensory processing in chronic pain patients with “hysterical” anesthesia. Neurology 60:1501–1507PubMed Mailis-Gagnon A, Giannoylis I, Downar J et al (2003) Altered central somatosensory processing in chronic pain patients with “hysterical” anesthesia. Neurology 60:1501–1507PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Caty G, Hu L, Legrain V et al (2013) Psychophysical and electrophysiological evidence for nociceptive dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 154:2521–2528PubMed Caty G, Hu L, Legrain V et al (2013) Psychophysical and electrophysiological evidence for nociceptive dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 154:2521–2528PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Upadhyay J, Geber C, Hargreaves R et al (2018) A critical evaluation of validity and utility of translational imaging in pain and analgesia: utilizing functional imaging to enhance the process. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 84:407–423PubMed Upadhyay J, Geber C, Hargreaves R et al (2018) A critical evaluation of validity and utility of translational imaging in pain and analgesia: utilizing functional imaging to enhance the process. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 84:407–423PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen H, Mccabe C, Harris N et al (2013) Clinical evidence of parietal cortex dysfunction and correlation with extent of allodynia in CRPS type 1. Eur J Pain 17:527–538PubMed Cohen H, Mccabe C, Harris N et al (2013) Clinical evidence of parietal cortex dysfunction and correlation with extent of allodynia in CRPS type 1. Eur J Pain 17:527–538PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Moseley GL, Gallace A, Spence C (2009) Space-based, but not arm-based, shift in tactile processing in complex regional pain syndrome and its relationship to cooling of the affected limb. Brain 132:3142–3151PubMed Moseley GL, Gallace A, Spence C (2009) Space-based, but not arm-based, shift in tactile processing in complex regional pain syndrome and its relationship to cooling of the affected limb. Brain 132:3142–3151PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Hotta J, Zhou G, Harno H et al (2017) Complex regional pain syndrome: the matter of white matter? Brain Behav 7:e647PubMedPubMedCentral Hotta J, Zhou G, Harno H et al (2017) Complex regional pain syndrome: the matter of white matter? Brain Behav 7:e647PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Matamala-Gomez M, Diaz Gonzalez AM, Slater M et al (2019) Decreasing pain ratings in chronic arm pain through changing a virtual body: different strategies for different pain types. J Pain 20:685–697PubMed Matamala-Gomez M, Diaz Gonzalez AM, Slater M et al (2019) Decreasing pain ratings in chronic arm pain through changing a virtual body: different strategies for different pain types. J Pain 20:685–697PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Mancini F, Wang AP, Schira MM et al (2019) Fine-grained mapping of cortical somatotopies in chronic complex regional pain syndrome. J Neurosci 39:9185–9196PubMedPubMedCentral Mancini F, Wang AP, Schira MM et al (2019) Fine-grained mapping of cortical somatotopies in chronic complex regional pain syndrome. J Neurosci 39:9185–9196PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Moseley GL, Zalucki N, Birklein F et al (2008) Thinking about movement hurts: the effect of motor imagery on pain and swelling in people with chronic arm pain. Arthritis Rheum 59:623–631PubMed Moseley GL, Zalucki N, Birklein F et al (2008) Thinking about movement hurts: the effect of motor imagery on pain and swelling in people with chronic arm pain. Arthritis Rheum 59:623–631PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Moseley GL, Gallace A, Di Pietro F et al (2013) Limb-specific autonomic dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome modulated by wearing prism glasses. Pain 154(11):2463–2468PubMed Moseley GL, Gallace A, Di Pietro F et al (2013) Limb-specific autonomic dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome modulated by wearing prism glasses. Pain 154(11):2463–2468PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Munts AG, Mugge W, Meurs TS et al (2011) Fixed dystonia in complex regional pain syndrome: a descriptive and computational modeling approach. BMC Neurol 11:53PubMedPubMedCentral Munts AG, Mugge W, Meurs TS et al (2011) Fixed dystonia in complex regional pain syndrome: a descriptive and computational modeling approach. BMC Neurol 11:53PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Maihofner C, Baron R, Decol R et al (2007) The motor system shows adaptive changes in complex regional pain syndrome. Brain 130:2671–2687PubMed Maihofner C, Baron R, Decol R et al (2007) The motor system shows adaptive changes in complex regional pain syndrome. Brain 130:2671–2687PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Lang AE, Angel M, Bhatia K et al (2008) Myoclonus in complex regional pain syndrome. Mov Disord 24:314–316 Lang AE, Angel M, Bhatia K et al (2008) Myoclonus in complex regional pain syndrome. Mov Disord 24:314–316
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Meulders A, Harvie DS, Bowering JK et al (2014) Contingency learning deficits and generalization in chronic unilateral hand pain patients. J Pain 15:1046–1056PubMed Meulders A, Harvie DS, Bowering JK et al (2014) Contingency learning deficits and generalization in chronic unilateral hand pain patients. J Pain 15:1046–1056PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Speck V, Schlereth T, Birklein F et al (2017) Increased prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in CRPS. Eur J Pain 21:466–473PubMed Speck V, Schlereth T, Birklein F et al (2017) Increased prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in CRPS. Eur J Pain 21:466–473PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Bean DJ, Johnson MH, Heiss-Dunlop W et al (2015) Do psychological factors influence recovery from complex regional pain syndrome type 1? A prospective study. Pain 156:2310–2318PubMed Bean DJ, Johnson MH, Heiss-Dunlop W et al (2015) Do psychological factors influence recovery from complex regional pain syndrome type 1? A prospective study. Pain 156:2310–2318PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Goebel A, Barker C, Birklein F et al (2019) Standards for the diagnosis and management of complex regional pain syndrome: results of a European pain federation task force. Eur J Pain 23:641–651PubMedPubMedCentral Goebel A, Barker C, Birklein F et al (2019) Standards for the diagnosis and management of complex regional pain syndrome: results of a European pain federation task force. Eur J Pain 23:641–651PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Zurück zum Zitat van de Vusse AC, Stomp-van den Berg SGM, Kessels AH et al (2004) Randomised controlled trial of gabapentin in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 [ISRCTN84121379]. BMC Neurol 4:13PubMedPubMedCentral van de Vusse AC, Stomp-van den Berg SGM, Kessels AH et al (2004) Randomised controlled trial of gabapentin in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 [ISRCTN84121379]. BMC Neurol 4:13PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Deer TR, Levy RM, Kramer J et al (2017) Dorsal root ganglion stimulation yielded higher treatment success rate for complex regional pain syndrome and causalgia at 3 and 12 months: a randomized comparative trial. Pain 158:669–681PubMed Deer TR, Levy RM, Kramer J et al (2017) Dorsal root ganglion stimulation yielded higher treatment success rate for complex regional pain syndrome and causalgia at 3 and 12 months: a randomized comparative trial. Pain 158:669–681PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat O’connell NE, Wand BM, Gibson W et al (2016) Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:Cd4598PubMed O’connell NE, Wand BM, Gibson W et al (2016) Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:Cd4598PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat van Hilten BJ, van de Beek WJ, Hoff JI et al (2000) Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:625–630PubMed van Hilten BJ, van de Beek WJ, Hoff JI et al (2000) Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 343:625–630PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Chevreau M, Romand X, Gaudin P et al (2017) Bisphosphonates for treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials versus placebo. Joint Bone Spine 84:393–399PubMed Chevreau M, Romand X, Gaudin P et al (2017) Bisphosphonates for treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials versus placebo. Joint Bone Spine 84:393–399PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Perez RS, Zuurmond WW, Bezemer PD et al (2003) The treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I with free radical scavengers: a randomized controlled study. Pain 102:297–307PubMed Perez RS, Zuurmond WW, Bezemer PD et al (2003) The treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I with free radical scavengers: a randomized controlled study. Pain 102:297–307PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Cacchio A, De Blasis E, De Blasis V et al (2009) Mirror therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of the upper limb in stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23(8):792–799PubMed Cacchio A, De Blasis E, De Blasis V et al (2009) Mirror therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of the upper limb in stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23(8):792–799PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Moseley GL (2004) Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Pain 108:192–198PubMed Moseley GL (2004) Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Pain 108:192–198PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson S, Hall J, Barnett S et al (2012) Using graded motor imagery for complex regional pain syndrome in clinical practice: failure to improve pain. Eur J Pain 16:550–561PubMed Johnson S, Hall J, Barnett S et al (2012) Using graded motor imagery for complex regional pain syndrome in clinical practice: failure to improve pain. Eur J Pain 16:550–561PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat den Hollander M, Heijnders N, de Jong JR et al (2018) Exposure in vivo versus pain-contingent physical therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type I: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 34:400–409 den Hollander M, Heijnders N, de Jong JR et al (2018) Exposure in vivo versus pain-contingent physical therapy in complex regional pain syndrome type I: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 34:400–409
Metadaten
Titel
Komplexes regionales Schmerzsyndrom – ein Update
verfasst von
Dr. med. Cora Rebhorn, MD
Dr. Violeta Dimova, PhD
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Frank Birklein, MD
Publikationsdatum
22.03.2022
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Der Schmerz / Ausgabe 2/2022
Print ISSN: 0932-433X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-2129
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-022-00641-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2022

Der Schmerz 2/2022 Zur Ausgabe

President´s Corner (Mitteilungen der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft e.V.)

President´s Corner (Mitteilungen der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft e.V.)

President‘s Corner (Mitteilungen der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft e. V.)

Mitteilungen der Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft e.V.

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.