Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 1/2021

28.08.2019 | Leberzirrhose | Übersichten

Behandlungsstrategien des akut-auf-chronischen Leberversagens

verfasst von: A.-R. Kabbani, T. L. Tergast, M. P. Manns, PD Dr. med. B. Maasoumy

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Ausgabe 1/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen (ACLF) ist ein Syndrom bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose bestehend aus akuter hepatischer Dekompensation (Ikterus, Aszites, hepatische Enzephalopathie, bakterielle Infektion, gastrointestinale Blutung), einem Ein- oder Mehrorganversagen und hoher Mortalität (>15 % innerhalb von 28 Tagen). Die betroffenen Organsysteme umfassen neben der Leber auch Kreislauf, Lunge, Niere, Gehirn und/oder Gerinnung. Pathophysiologisch entscheidend ist eine unkontrollierte Inflammation, welche durch Auslöser („Trigger“) sowohl bei zuvor (möglicherweise bislang nicht diagnostizierter) kompensierter als auch bei bereits dekompensierter Leberzirrhose zu einem systemischen Krankheitsbild, dem ACLF, führt. Für die Prognose ist der Verlauf der ersten 72 h entscheidend. Neben der Therapie des jeweiligen Organ- oder Systemversagens sollten die Trigger rasch identifiziert und ggf. spezifisch behandelt werden. Häufig sind diese aber nicht (mehr) sicher zu eruieren, insbesondere spielen ein kürzlicher Alkoholkonsum sowie eine bakterielle oder virale Infektion eine wichtige Rolle. Eine spezifische Therapie für das ACLF ist (zurzeit) nicht etabliert. Aktuell werden einige experimentelle Ansätze, u. a. die Gabe von G‑CSF, untersucht. Geeignete Patienten sollten zudem frühzeitig in einem Lebertransplantationszentrum vorgestellt werden.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Andriulli A, Tripodi A, Angeli P et al (2016) Hemostatic balance in patients with liver cirrhosis: Report of a consensus conference. Dig Liver Dis 48:455–467 Andriulli A, Tripodi A, Angeli P et al (2016) Hemostatic balance in patients with liver cirrhosis: Report of a consensus conference. Dig Liver Dis 48:455–467
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Angeli P, Gines P, Wong F et al (2015) Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. Gut 64:531–537 Angeli P, Gines P, Wong F et al (2015) Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. Gut 64:531–537
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Arroyo V, Moreau R, Kamath PS et al (2016) Acute-on-chronic liver failure in cirrhosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2:16041PubMed Arroyo V, Moreau R, Kamath PS et al (2016) Acute-on-chronic liver failure in cirrhosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2:16041PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Arvaniti V, D’Amico G, Fede G et al (2010) Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 139:1246–1256.e5PubMed Arvaniti V, D’Amico G, Fede G et al (2010) Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 139:1246–1256.e5PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Avgerinos A, Armonis A, Stefanidis G et al (2004) Sustained rise of portal pressure after sclerotherapy, but not band ligation, in acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology 39:1623–1630PubMed Avgerinos A, Armonis A, Stefanidis G et al (2004) Sustained rise of portal pressure after sclerotherapy, but not band ligation, in acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology 39:1623–1630PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Azam Z, Hamid S, Jafri W et al (2012) Short course adjuvant terlipressin in acute variceal bleeding: A randomized double blind dummy controlled trial. J Hepatol 56:819–824PubMed Azam Z, Hamid S, Jafri W et al (2012) Short course adjuvant terlipressin in acute variceal bleeding: A randomized double blind dummy controlled trial. J Hepatol 56:819–824PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard B, Grangé J, Khac EN et al (1999) Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis. Hepatology 29:1655–1661PubMed Bernard B, Grangé J, Khac EN et al (1999) Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis. Hepatology 29:1655–1661PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Caraceni P, Riggio O, Angeli P et al (2018) Long-term albumin administration in decompensated cirrhosis (ANSWER): An open-label randomised trial. Lancet 391:2417–2429PubMed Caraceni P, Riggio O, Angeli P et al (2018) Long-term albumin administration in decompensated cirrhosis (ANSWER): An open-label randomised trial. Lancet 391:2417–2429PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Carbonell N, Pauwels A, Serfaty L et al (2004) Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades. Hepatology 40:652–659PubMed Carbonell N, Pauwels A, Serfaty L et al (2004) Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades. Hepatology 40:652–659PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardoso FS, Gottfried M, Tujios S et al (2018) Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure. Hepatology 67:711–720PubMed Cardoso FS, Gottfried M, Tujios S et al (2018) Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure. Hepatology 67:711–720PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Cavallin M, Piano S, Romano A et al (2016) Terlipressin given by continuous intravenous infusion versus intravenous boluses in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: A randomized controlled study. Hepatology 63:983–992PubMed Cavallin M, Piano S, Romano A et al (2016) Terlipressin given by continuous intravenous infusion versus intravenous boluses in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: A randomized controlled study. Hepatology 63:983–992PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Chatauret N, Desjardins P, Zwingmann C et al (2006) Direct molecular and spectroscopic evidence for increased ammonia removal capacity of skeletal muscle in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 44:1083–1088PubMed Chatauret N, Desjardins P, Zwingmann C et al (2006) Direct molecular and spectroscopic evidence for increased ammonia removal capacity of skeletal muscle in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 44:1083–1088PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Clària J, Stauber RE, Coenraad MJ et al (2016) Systemic inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis: Characterization and role in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 64:1249–1264PubMed Clària J, Stauber RE, Coenraad MJ et al (2016) Systemic inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis: Characterization and role in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 64:1249–1264PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Drolz A, Horvatits T, Roedl K et al (2016) Coagulation parameters and major bleeding in critically ill patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 64:556–568PubMed Drolz A, Horvatits T, Roedl K et al (2016) Coagulation parameters and major bleeding in critically ill patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 64:556–568PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Drolz A, Horvatits T, Rutter K et al (2019) Lactate improves prediction of short-term mortality in critically ill patients with cirrhosis: A multinational study. Hepatology 69:258–269PubMed Drolz A, Horvatits T, Rutter K et al (2019) Lactate improves prediction of short-term mortality in critically ill patients with cirrhosis: A multinational study. Hepatology 69:258–269PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Elke G, Hartl WH, Kreymann KG et al (2018) DGEM-Leitlinie:„Klinische Ernährung in der Intensivmedizin“. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 43:341–408 Elke G, Hartl WH, Kreymann KG et al (2018) DGEM-Leitlinie:„Klinische Ernährung in der Intensivmedizin“. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 43:341–408
18.
Zurück zum Zitat European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 69:406–460 European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 69:406–460
19.
Zurück zum Zitat European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on hepatitis E virus infection. J Hepatol 68:1256–1271 European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on hepatitis E virus infection. J Hepatol 68:1256–1271
20.
Zurück zum Zitat European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 70:172–193 European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 70:172–193
21.
Zurück zum Zitat European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 69:154–181 European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 69:154–181
22.
Zurück zum Zitat European Association For The Study Of The Liver (2017) EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 67:370–398 European Association For The Study Of The Liver (2017) EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 67:370–398
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Finfer S, Liu B, Taylor C et al (2010) Resuscitation fluid use in critically ill adults: An international cross-sectional study in 391 intensive care units. Crit Care 14:R185PubMedPubMedCentral Finfer S, Liu B, Taylor C et al (2010) Resuscitation fluid use in critically ill adults: An international cross-sectional study in 391 intensive care units. Crit Care 14:R185PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat de Franchis R (2015) Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 63:743–752PubMed de Franchis R (2015) Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 63:743–752PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A et al (2017) Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: Risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 65:310–335PubMed Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A et al (2017) Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: Risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 65:310–335PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Garg V, Garg H, Khan A et al (2012) Granulocyte colony—Stimulating factor mobilizes CD34 cells and improves survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 142:505–512.e1PubMed Garg V, Garg H, Khan A et al (2012) Granulocyte colony—Stimulating factor mobilizes CD34 cells and improves survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 142:505–512.e1PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerbes A, Gülberg V, Sauerbruch T et al (2011) S3-Leitlinie „Aszites, spontan bakterielle Peritonitis, hepatorenales Syndrom“. Z Gastroenterol 49:749–779PubMed Gerbes A, Gülberg V, Sauerbruch T et al (2011) S3-Leitlinie „Aszites, spontan bakterielle Peritonitis, hepatorenales Syndrom“. Z Gastroenterol 49:749–779PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerbes AL, Labenz J (2019) Leitlinie Komplikationen der Leberzirrhose. Z Gastroenterol 57:571–573PubMed Gerbes AL, Labenz J (2019) Leitlinie Komplikationen der Leberzirrhose. Z Gastroenterol 57:571–573PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Götz M, Anders M, Biecker E et al (2017) S2k Leitlinie Gastrointestinale Blutung. Z Gastroenterol 55:883–936PubMed Götz M, Anders M, Biecker E et al (2017) S2k Leitlinie Gastrointestinale Blutung. Z Gastroenterol 55:883–936PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Gustot T, Fernandez J, Garcia E et al (2015) Clinical course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis. Hepatology 62:243–252PubMed Gustot T, Fernandez J, Garcia E et al (2015) Clinical course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis. Hepatology 62:243–252PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr et al (2007) Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 46:1853–1862PubMed Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr et al (2007) Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 46:1853–1862PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayat U, Lee PJ, Ullah H et al (2017) Association of prophylactic endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients with upper GI bleeding and cardiopulmonary unplanned events. Gastrointest Endosc 86:500–509.e1PubMed Hayat U, Lee PJ, Ullah H et al (2017) Association of prophylactic endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients with upper GI bleeding and cardiopulmonary unplanned events. Gastrointest Endosc 86:500–509.e1PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilgard P, Gerken G (2004) Hepatische Enzephalopathie. Med Klin 99:591–602 Hilgard P, Gerken G (2004) Hepatische Enzephalopathie. Med Klin 99:591–602
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Jalan R, Saliba F, Pavesi M et al (2014) Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 61:1038–1047PubMed Jalan R, Saliba F, Pavesi M et al (2014) Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 61:1038–1047PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Jalan R, Schnurr K, Mookerjee RP et al (2009) Alterations in the functional capacity of albumin in patients with decompensated cirrhosis is associated with increased mortality. Hepatology 50:555–564PubMed Jalan R, Schnurr K, Mookerjee RP et al (2009) Alterations in the functional capacity of albumin in patients with decompensated cirrhosis is associated with increased mortality. Hepatology 50:555–564PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Jalan R, Yurdaydin C, Bajaj JS et al (2014) Toward an improved definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 147:4–10PubMed Jalan R, Yurdaydin C, Bajaj JS et al (2014) Toward an improved definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 147:4–10PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Karstensen JG, Ebigbo A, Aabakken L et al (2018) Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) cascade guideline. Endosc Int Open 6:E1256–E1263PubMedPubMedCentral Karstensen JG, Ebigbo A, Aabakken L et al (2018) Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) cascade guideline. Endosc Int Open 6:E1256–E1263PubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Khanam A, Trehanpati N, Garg V et al (2014) Altered frequencies of dendritic cells and IFN-γ-secreting T cells with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int 34:505–513PubMed Khanam A, Trehanpati N, Garg V et al (2014) Altered frequencies of dendritic cells and IFN-γ-secreting T cells with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int 34:505–513PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitzberger R, Funk GC, Holzinger U et al (2009) Severity of organ failure is an independent predictor of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:1000–1006PubMed Kitzberger R, Funk GC, Holzinger U et al (2009) Severity of organ failure is an independent predictor of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:1000–1006PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch DG, Arguedas MR, Fallon MB (2007) Risk of aspiration pneumonia in suspected variceal hemorrhage: The value of prophylactic endotracheal intubation prior to endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci 52:2225–2228PubMed Koch DG, Arguedas MR, Fallon MB (2007) Risk of aspiration pneumonia in suspected variceal hemorrhage: The value of prophylactic endotracheal intubation prior to endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci 52:2225–2228PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Larsen FS, Schmidt LE, Bernsmeier C et al (2016) High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol 64:69–78PubMed Larsen FS, Schmidt LE, Bernsmeier C et al (2016) High-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: An open randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol 64:69–78PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Lau GK, Yiu HH, Fong DY et al (2003) Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology 125:1742–1749PubMed Lau GK, Yiu HH, Fong DY et al (2003) Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology 125:1742–1749PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee EW, Saab S, Kaldas F et al (2018) Coil-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (CARTO): An alternative treatment option for refractory hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 113:1187PubMed Lee EW, Saab S, Kaldas F et al (2018) Coil-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (CARTO): An alternative treatment option for refractory hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 113:1187PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Les I, Doval E, García-Martínez R et al (2011) Effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation in patients with cirrhosis and a previous episode of hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 106:1081PubMed Les I, Doval E, García-Martínez R et al (2011) Effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation in patients with cirrhosis and a previous episode of hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 106:1081PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Levesque E, Winter A, Noorah Z et al (2017) Impact of acute-on-chronic liver failure on 90-day mortality following a first liver transplantation. Liver Int 37:684–693PubMed Levesque E, Winter A, Noorah Z et al (2017) Impact of acute-on-chronic liver failure on 90-day mortality following a first liver transplantation. Liver Int 37:684–693PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis JH (2002) The rational use of potentially hepatotoxic medications in patients with underlying liver disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 1:159–172PubMed Lewis JH (2002) The rational use of potentially hepatotoxic medications in patients with underlying liver disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 1:159–172PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Lynn AM, Singh S, Congly SE et al (2016) Embolization of portosystemic shunts for treatment of medically refractory hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Transpl 22:723–731PubMedPubMedCentral Lynn AM, Singh S, Congly SE et al (2016) Embolization of portosystemic shunts for treatment of medically refractory hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Transpl 22:723–731PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Martín-Llahí M, Guevara M, Torre A et al (2011) Prognostic importance of the cause of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 140:488–496.e4PubMed Martín-Llahí M, Guevara M, Torre A et al (2011) Prognostic importance of the cause of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 140:488–496.e4PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat McPhail MJ, Auzinger G, Bernal W et al (2016) Decisions on futility in patients with cirrhosis and organ failure. Hepatology 64:986–986PubMed McPhail MJ, Auzinger G, Bernal W et al (2016) Decisions on futility in patients with cirrhosis and organ failure. Hepatology 64:986–986PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Mookerjee RP, Pavesi M, Thomsen KL et al (2016) Treatment with non-selective beta blockers is associated with reduced severity of systemic inflammation and improved survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 64:574–582PubMed Mookerjee RP, Pavesi M, Thomsen KL et al (2016) Treatment with non-selective beta blockers is associated with reduced severity of systemic inflammation and improved survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 64:574–582PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Moon D, Lee S, Kang W et al (2017) Adult living donor liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure in high—Model for end-stage liver disease score patients. Am J Transplant 17:1833–1842PubMed Moon D, Lee S, Kang W et al (2017) Adult living donor liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure in high—Model for end-stage liver disease score patients. Am J Transplant 17:1833–1842PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P et al (2013) CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL–CLIF Consortium. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 144:1426–1437PubMed Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P et al (2013) CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL–CLIF Consortium. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 144:1426–1437PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Moreau R (2016) The pathogenesis of ACLF: The inflammatory response and immune function. Semin Liver Dis 36:133–140PubMed Moreau R (2016) The pathogenesis of ACLF: The inflammatory response and immune function. Semin Liver Dis 36:133–140PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Nadim MK, Durand F, Kellum JA et al (2016) Management of the critically ill patient with cirrhosis: A multidisciplinary perspective. J Hepatol 64:717–735PubMed Nadim MK, Durand F, Kellum JA et al (2016) Management of the critically ill patient with cirrhosis: A multidisciplinary perspective. J Hepatol 64:717–735PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Neitzke G, Burchardi H, Duttge G et al (2016) Grenzen der Sinnhaftigkeit von Intensivmedizin. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 111:486–492PubMed Neitzke G, Burchardi H, Duttge G et al (2016) Grenzen der Sinnhaftigkeit von Intensivmedizin. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 111:486–492PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen-Khac E, Thevenot T, Piquet M et al (2011) Glucocorticoids plus N‑acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 365:1781–1789PubMed Nguyen-Khac E, Thevenot T, Piquet M et al (2011) Glucocorticoids plus N‑acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 365:1781–1789PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Piano S, Fasolato S, Salinas F et al (2016) The empirical antibiotic treatment of nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Hepatology 63:1299–1309PubMed Piano S, Fasolato S, Salinas F et al (2016) The empirical antibiotic treatment of nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Hepatology 63:1299–1309PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Piano S, Singh V, Caraceni P et al (2019) Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. Gastroenterology 156:1368–1380.e10PubMed Piano S, Singh V, Caraceni P et al (2019) Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. Gastroenterology 156:1368–1380.e10PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Plauth M (2013) Ernährung und Leberversagen. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 108:391–395PubMed Plauth M (2013) Ernährung und Leberversagen. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 108:391–395PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Plauth M, Schütz T, Pirlich M et al (2014) S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE und der DGVS. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 39:e1–e42 Plauth M, Schütz T, Pirlich M et al (2014) S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE und der DGVS. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 39:e1–e42
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Plauth M, Bernal W, Dasarathy S et al (2019) ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr 38:485–521PubMedPubMedCentral Plauth M, Bernal W, Dasarathy S et al (2019) ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr 38:485–521PubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Premkumar M, Saxena P, Rangegowda D et al (2019) Coagulation failure is associated with bleeding events and clinical outcome during systemic inflammatory response and sepsis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: An observational cohort study. Liver Int 39:694–704PubMed Premkumar M, Saxena P, Rangegowda D et al (2019) Coagulation failure is associated with bleeding events and clinical outcome during systemic inflammatory response and sepsis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: An observational cohort study. Liver Int 39:694–704PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Romero-Gómez M, Montagnese S, Jalan R (2015) Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 62:437–447PubMed Romero-Gómez M, Montagnese S, Jalan R (2015) Hepatic encephalopathy in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 62:437–447PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, Abbas Z et al (2014) Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014. Hepatol Int 8:453–471PubMed Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, Abbas Z et al (2014) Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014. Hepatol Int 8:453–471PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Seo YS, Park SY, Kim MY et al (2014) Lack of difference among terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide in the control of acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 60:954–963PubMed Seo YS, Park SY, Kim MY et al (2014) Lack of difference among terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide in the control of acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 60:954–963PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah N, Dhar D, El Zahraa Mohammed F et al (2012) Prevention of acute kidney injury in a rodent model of cirrhosis following selective gut decontamination is associated with reduced renal TLR4 expression. J Hepatol 56:1047–1053PubMed Shah N, Dhar D, El Zahraa Mohammed F et al (2012) Prevention of acute kidney injury in a rodent model of cirrhosis following selective gut decontamination is associated with reduced renal TLR4 expression. J Hepatol 56:1047–1053PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Shen Y, Wang XL, Wang B et al (2016) Survival benefits with artificial liver support system for acute-on-chronic liver failure: A time series-based meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 95:e2506 Shen Y, Wang XL, Wang B et al (2016) Survival benefits with artificial liver support system for acute-on-chronic liver failure: A time series-based meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 95:e2506
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Sidhu SS, Sharma BC, Goyal O et al (2018) L‑ornithine L‑aspartate in bouts of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 67:700–710PubMed Sidhu SS, Sharma BC, Goyal O et al (2018) L‑ornithine L‑aspartate in bouts of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 67:700–710PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V et al (1999) Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 341:403–409PubMed Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V et al (1999) Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 341:403–409PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Stutchfield B, Simpson K, Wigmore S (2011) Systematic review and meta-analysis of survival following extracorporeal liver support. Br J Surg 98:623–631PubMed Stutchfield B, Simpson K, Wigmore S (2011) Systematic review and meta-analysis of survival following extracorporeal liver support. Br J Surg 98:623–631PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Tergast TL, Cornberg M, Manns MP et al (2019) PS-081 Systemic arterial blood pressure determines the therapeutic window of non selective betablockers in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 70:e52 Tergast TL, Cornberg M, Manns MP et al (2019) PS-081 Systemic arterial blood pressure determines the therapeutic window of non selective betablockers in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 70:e52
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Thévenot T, Bureau C, Oberti F et al (2015) Effect of albumin in cirrhotic patients with infection other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A randomized trial. J Hepatol 62:822–830PubMed Thévenot T, Bureau C, Oberti F et al (2015) Effect of albumin in cirrhotic patients with infection other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A randomized trial. J Hepatol 62:822–830PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson J, Jones N, Al-Khafaji A et al (2018) Extracorporeal cellular therapy (ELAD) in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A multinational, prospective, controlled, randomized trial. Liver Transpl 24:380–393PubMedPubMedCentral Thompson J, Jones N, Al-Khafaji A et al (2018) Extracorporeal cellular therapy (ELAD) in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A multinational, prospective, controlled, randomized trial. Liver Transpl 24:380–393PubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Thursz MR, Richardson P, Allison M et al (2015) Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 372:1619–1628PubMed Thursz MR, Richardson P, Allison M et al (2015) Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 372:1619–1628PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Trebicka J (2016) Predisposing factors in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 36:167–173PubMed Trebicka J (2016) Predisposing factors in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 36:167–173PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Wes L, Van Egmond J, Demeulenaere L (1979) Emergency treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy with lactulose enemas. A controlled study. Acta Clin Belg 34:122–129 Van Wes L, Van Egmond J, Demeulenaere L (1979) Emergency treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy with lactulose enemas. A controlled study. Acta Clin Belg 34:122–129
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Vergis N, Atkinson SR, Knapp S et al (2017) In patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, prednisolone increases susceptibility to infection and infection-related mortality, and is associated with high circulating levels of bacterial DNA. Gastroenterology 152:1068–1077.e4PubMedPubMedCentral Vergis N, Atkinson SR, Knapp S et al (2017) In patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, prednisolone increases susceptibility to infection and infection-related mortality, and is associated with high circulating levels of bacterial DNA. Gastroenterology 152:1068–1077.e4PubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A et al (2013) Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 368:11–21PubMed Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A et al (2013) Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 368:11–21PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J et al (2014) Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology 60:715–735PubMed Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J et al (2014) Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology 60:715–735PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiss E, Paugam-Burtz C, Jaber S (2018) Shock etiologies and fluid management in liver failure. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 39:538–545PubMed Weiss E, Paugam-Burtz C, Jaber S (2018) Shock etiologies and fluid management in liver failure. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 39:538–545PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Witzke O, Baumann M, Patschan D et al (2004) Which patients benefit from hemodialysis therapy in hepatorenal syndrome? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19:1369–1373PubMed Witzke O, Baumann M, Patschan D et al (2004) Which patients benefit from hemodialysis therapy in hepatorenal syndrome? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19:1369–1373PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Behandlungsstrategien des akut-auf-chronischen Leberversagens
verfasst von
A.-R. Kabbani
T. L. Tergast
M. P. Manns
PD Dr. med. B. Maasoumy
Publikationsdatum
28.08.2019
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin / Ausgabe 1/2021
Print ISSN: 2193-6218
Elektronische ISSN: 2193-6226
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-019-00613-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2021

Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 1/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Mitteilungen der DGIIN

Mitteilungen der DGIIN

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.