Introduction
Materials and methods
Selection of the lateral cephalometric radiographs
Measurements’ production
Measurement | Definition |
---|---|
SNA (°) | Angle formed by the SN line and the NA line 1 |
SNB (°) | Angle formed by the SN line and the NB line 1 |
ANB (°) | Angle formed by the NA line and the NB line 1 |
U1 to NA, mm | Distance from incisal edge of upper 1 to N‑B line |
U1 to NA (°) | Angle from incisal edge of upper 1 to N‑A line |
Interincisal angle (°) | The angle between the long axes of the maxillary and mandibular incisors 1 |
L1 to NB, mm | Distance from incisal edge of lower 1 to N‑B line |
L1 to NB (°) | Angle from incisal edge of lower 1 to N‑B line |
Sn to GoMe (°) | Angle formed by the SN line and the Go Me line |
Sample size calculation
Statistics
Results
Measurements | AI | Modified | OnyxCeph | P-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
SNA (°) | 82.62a | 3.12 | 80.39b | 3.46 | 79.62c | 3.85 | 0.001* |
SNB (°) | 77.31a | 3.50 | 76.64b | 3.86 | 76.44b | 4.10 | 0.001* |
ANB (°) | 5.30a | 3.22 | 3.74b | 3.30 | 3.18c | 3.45 | 0.001* |
SN/MP (°) | 37.37a | 6.75 | 37.37a | 6.27 | 39.37b | 6.53 | 0.001* |
U1/NA (°) | 22.54a | 5.37 | 26.19ab | 22.75 | 27.26b | 8.24 | 0.001* |
U1/NA (mm) | 3.84a | 1.99 | 5.84b | 3.30 | 5.59b | 3.13 | 0.001* |
L1/NB (°) | 29.43a | 5.74 | 26.70b | 10.52 | 29.97a | 7.49 | 0.001* |
L1/NB (mm) | 7.71a | 3.40 | 6.95b | 2.95 | 6.17c | 2.74 | 0.001* |
Interincisal angle (°) | 122.57a | 9.04 | 130.25ab | 71.40 | 119.61b | 12.17 | 0.001* |
Time (sec) | 3.00a | 0.00 | 31.07b | 12.02 | 57.65c | 14.55 | 0.001* |
Measurementsa | AI/Modified | Modified/OnyxCeph | AI/OnyxCeph | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Diff | 95% CI | P-value | Mean Diff | 95% CI | P-value | Mean Diff | 95% CI | P-value | |
SNA (°) | 2.22 | 1.82 to 2.61 | 0.001* | 0.77 | 0.34 to 1.19 | 0.001* | 2.992 | 2.50 to 3.48 | 0.001* |
SNB (°) | 0.66 | 0.37 to 0.94 | 0.001* | 0.20 | −0.09 to 0.51 | 0.307 ns | 0.86 | 0.50 to 1.23 | 0.001* |
ANB (°) | 1.56 | 1.36 to 1.76 | 0.001* | 0.56 | 0.27 to 0.85 | 0.001* | 2.12 | 1.85 to 2.40 | 0.001* |
SN/MP (°) | 0.001 | −0.51 to 0.51 | 1 ns | −2 | −2.67 to −1.32 | 0.001* | −1.999 | −2.81 to −1.18 | 0.001* |
U1/NA (°) | 3.65 | −0.06 to 7.36 | 0.056 ns | 1.07 | −2.68 to 4.83 | 1 ns | 4.72 | 3.60 to 5.84 | 0.001* |
U1/NA (mm) | 1.99 | 1.60 to 2.38 | 0.001* | 0.24 | −0.22 to 0.70 | 0.617 ns | 1.75 | 1.32 to 2.17 | 0.001* |
L1/NB (°) | 2.723 | 1.19 to 4.25 | 0.001* | 3.27 | 1.71 to 4.82 | 0.001* | 0.54 | −0.20 to 1.30 | 0.244 ns |
L1/NB (mm) | 0.75 | 0.40 to 1.11 | 0.001* | 0.78 | 0.58 to 0.98 | 0.001* | 1.54 | 1.13 to 1.94 | 0.001* |
Interincisal angle (°) | 7.68 | −4.45 to 19.81 | 0.384 ns | 10.63 | −1.42 to 22.69 | 0.103 ns | 2.95 | 1.60 to 4.30 | 0.001* |
Time (sec) | 28.078 | 26.02 to 30.13 | 0.001* | 26.57 | 23.93 to 29.21 | 0.001* | 54.65 | 52.16 to 57.13 | 0.001* |
Discussion
Conclusions
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The AI method followed by fine tuning of the location of landmarks (the modified AI method) was successful and can be used as an alternative to ordinary digital landmark identification for lateral cephalometric analysis. The modified AI method was the most efficient method.
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Use of AI alone was not accurate enough for landmark identification and accordingly not precise in the generation of lateral cephalometric measurements.
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Measurements were generated fastest using the AI method, followed by the modified AI method, and finally the conventional digital method.