nach oben

Current Cardiology Reports

Erschienen in:

08.07.2022 | Women and Cardiovascular Health (N Goldberg and S Lewis, Section Editors)

Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Care in Women

verfasst von: Rachel-Maria Brown, Samia Tamazi, Catherine R. Weinberg, Aeshita Dwivedi, Jennifer H. Mieres

Erschienen in: Current Cardiology Reports | Ausgabe 9/2022

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Research on sex and gender aspects cardiovascular disease has contributed to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality in women. However, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death of women in the United States. Disparities in cardiovascular risk and outcomes among women overall persist and are amplified for women of certain ethnic and racial subgroups. We review the evidence of racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk and care among women and describe a path forward to achieve equitable cardiovascular care for women of racial and ethnic minority groups.

Recent Findings

There is a disproportionate effect on cardiovascular outcomes in women and certain racial and ethnic groups in part due to disparities in triage, diagnosis, treatment, which lead to amplification of inequalities in women of minority racial and ethnic background. Data suggest gender and racial bias, underappreciation of nontraditional risk factors, underrepresentation of women in clinical trials and undertreatment of disease contributes to persistent differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes in women of color.

Summary

Understanding the myriad of factors that contribute to increased cardiovascular risk, and disparities in treatment and outcomes among women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds is imperative to improving cardiovascular care for this patient population.

Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, Bairey Merz CN, Chieffo A, Figtree GA, et al. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2385–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00684-x.CrossRefPubMed

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Alonso A, Beaton AZ, Bittencourt MS, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052.

• Zhao M, Woodward M, Vaartjes I, Millett ERC, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Hyun K, et al. Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Medication Prescription in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(11):e014742. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.014742. This review demonstrates that women have a lower prevalence of aspirin, statins, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prescription than men, highlighting a sex disparity in prescription for high-risk patients.

News AHA. Changing the way we view women's heart attack symptoms. 2020.

Matthew DB. Just medicine: A cure for racial inequality in American health care. 1st ed. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2015.

Library HCatCMHS: The Carmichaels and the Care of Slaves. 2019. http://carmichael.lib.virginia.edu/story/slavecare.html. Accessed 11 Jan 2022

Administration FaD. General Considerations for the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs. In: U.S. Department of Health E, and Welfare, editor. Washingon, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1977.

Harris DJ, Douglas PS. Enrollment of women in cardiovascular clinical trials funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(7):475–80. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200008173430706.CrossRefPubMed

Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(8):e254–743. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000950.CrossRefPubMed

10.

• Heron M. Deaths: Leading Causes for 2016. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2018;67(6):1–77. This report presents the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, of which heart disease is the leader.

11.

Representatives Ho. 116th Congress H. Res. 873. In: Congress US, editor. Washington, DC: GPO; 2020.

12.

Prevention CfDCa. Leading Causes of Death – Females – Non-Hispanic black – United States, 2017. Prevent CfDCa, editor. Atlanta, GA, USA2017.

13.

Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):e21-181. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.191261.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(10):e56–528. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000659.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Daviglus ML, Talavera GA, Avilés-Santa ML, Allison M, Cai J, Criqui MH, et al. Prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases among Hispanic/Latino individuals of diverse backgrounds in the United States. Jama. 2012;308(17):1775-84. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14517

16.

•• Henry SA, Mieres JH. Chapter 28 - Disparity in Care Across the CVD Spectrum. In: Aggarwal NR, Wood MJ, editors. Sex Diff Cardiac Dis. Elsevier. 2021:645-69. This chapter reviews and highlights the contributing factors to disparities in CVD in women with a focus on high risk race/ethnic subgroups of women. The authors describe the 'era of misses' which we further explore in this paper.

17.

Eaton CB, Abdulbaki AM, Margolis KL, Manson JE, Limacher M, Klein L, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in incident hospitalized heart failure in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative. Circulation. 2012;126(6):688–96. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.066688.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Statistics NCfH. Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander National Health Interview Survey. Hyattsville, MD, USA2014.

19.

Graham G. Disparities in cardiovascular disease risk in the United States. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2015;11(3):238–45. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403x11666141122220003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Hutchinson RN, Shin S. Systematic review of health disparities for cardiovascular diseases and associated factors among American Indian and Alaska Native populations. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e80973. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080973.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Doshi SR, Jiles R. Health behaviors among American Indian/Alaska Native women, 1998–2000 BRFSS. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006;15(8):919–27. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2006.15.919.CrossRef

22.

Hodge FS, Cantrell BG, Kim S. Health status and sociodemographic characteristics of the morbidly obese American Indians. Ethn Dis. 2011;21(1):52–7.PubMed

23.

Prevention CfDCa. Health Status of American Indians Compared with Other Racial/Ethnic Minority Populations --- Selected States, 2001--2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep: Centers Dis Control Prevent. 2003:1148–52.

24.

Howard BV, Lee ET, Cowan LD, Devereux RB, Galloway JM, Go OT, et al. Rising tide of cardiovascular disease in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study Circulation. 1999;99(18):2389–95. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.99.18.2389.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Mobley LR, Haney DM, Will JC. Racial/ethnic disparities in coronary heart disease risk factors among WISEWOMAN enrollees. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004;13(5):503–18. https://doi.org/10.1089/1540999041280963.CrossRef

26.

Lee ET, Cowan LD, Welty TK, Sievers M, Howard WJ, Oopik A, et al. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in three American Indian populations, aged 45–74 years, 1984–1988. The Strong Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(11):995–1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009406.

27.

Kassebaum NJ, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Dandona L, Gething PW, Hay SI, et al. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1775–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2.CrossRef

28.

Singh GK. Maternal Mortality in the United States, 1935–2007: Substantial Racial/Ethnic, Socioeconomic, and Geographic Disparities Persist. A 75th Anniversary Publication. In: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services HRaSA, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, editor. Rockville, Maryland: U.S2010.

29.

Artiga SP, O. Orgera, K. Ranji, U. Racial Disparities in Maternal and Infant Health: An Overview. 2020.

30.

Hoyert DL. Maternal mortality rates in the United States, 2019.

31.

Liese KL, Mogos M, Abboud S, Decocker K, Koch AR, Geller SE. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2019;6(4):790–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00577-w.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Howell EA, Egorova NN, Janevic T, Brodman M, Balbierz A, Zeitlin J, et al. Race and Ethnicity, Medical Insurance, and Within-Hospital Severe Maternal Morbidity Disparities. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(2):285–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000003667.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Minhas AS, Ogunwole SM, Vaught AJ, Wu P, Mamas MA, Gulati M, et al. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Complications With Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in the United States. Hypertension. 2021;78(2):480–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17104.CrossRefPubMed

34.

• Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D, Cox S, Syverson C, Seed K, et al. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Pregnancy-Related Deaths - United States, 2007-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(35):762-5. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6835a3. This study highlights that cardiomyopathy, pulmonary embolism, high blood pressure, and stroke were associated with more pregnancy-related mortalities among women of color, tying the effects of sex and race disparity from CVD to maternal mortality.

35.

Aziz F. Coronary artery disease in women: an unsolved dilemma. J Clin Med Res. 2014;6(2):86–90. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr1725w.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Cusimano MC, Pudwell J, Roddy M, Cho CK, Smith GN. The maternal health clinic: an initiative for cardiovascular risk identification in women with pregnancy-related complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(5):438.e1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.12.001.CrossRef

37.

Rich-Edwards JW, Fraser A, Lawlor DA, Catov JM. Pregnancy characteristics and women’s future cardiovascular health: an underused opportunity to improve women’s health? Epidemiol Rev. 2014;36(1):57–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt006.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Mosca L, Linfante AH, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Hayes SN, Walsh BW, et al. National study of physician awareness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation. 2005;111(4):499–510. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.Cir.0000154568.43333.82.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Isakadze N, Mehta PK, Law K, Dolan M, Lundberg GP. Addressing the Gap in Physician Preparedness To Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Women: a Comprehensive Approach to Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Women. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2019;21(9):47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-019-0753-0.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Bairey Merz CN, Andersen H, Sprague E, Burns A, Keida M, Walsh MN, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs Regarding Cardiovascular Disease in Women: The Women’s Heart Alliance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(2):123–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.024.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Vatsa N, Thobani A, Buendia L, Murphy K, Asier S, Chen Z, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Younger Black Women: Results from the 10,000 Women Community Screening Project. American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice. 2021;8: 100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100037.CrossRef

42.

Zilbermint M, Gaye A, Berthon A, Hannah-Shmouni F, Faucz FR, Lodish MB, et al. ARMC 5 Variants and Risk of Hypertension in Blacks: MH- GRID Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(14): e012508. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012508.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

• Enas EA, Chacko V, Senthilkumar A, Puthumana N, Mohan V. Elevated lipoprotein(a)--a genetic risk factor for premature vascular disease in people with and without standard risk factors: a review. Dis Mon. 2006;52(1):5-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.01.002. This review highlights the importance of considering genetic risk for CVD when treating patients, with regard to Black and South Asian patients and higher incidence of atherosclerosis.

44.

Shah AD, Kandula NR, Lin F, Allison MA, Carr J, Herrington D, et al. Less favorable body composition and adipokines in South Asians compared with other US ethnic groups: results from the MASALA and MESA studies. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40(4):639–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.219.CrossRef

45.

Palaniappan L, Wang Y, Fortmann SP. Coronary heart disease mortality for six ethnic groups in California, 1990–2000. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(7):499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.12.001.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Chowdhury R, Narayan KM, Zabetian A, Raj S, Tabassum R. Genetic studies of type 2 diabetes in South Asians: a systematic overview. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2014;10(4):258–74. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399810666140707101325.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Kooner JS, Saleheen D, Sim X, Sehmi J, Zhang W, Frossard P, et al. Genome-wide association study in individuals of South Asian ancestry identifies six new type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. 2011;43(10):984–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.921.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Eapen D, Kalra GL, Merchant N, Arora A, Khan BV. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in South Asians. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5:731–43. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s5172.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Gao Z, Chen Z, Sun A, Deng X. Gender differences in cardiovascular disease. Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices. 2019;4: 100025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100025.CrossRef

50.

Prevention CfDCa. Underlying Cause of Death 1999–2020. Prevent CfDCa, editor. Atlanta, GA2020.

51.

Vikulova DN, Grubisic M, Zhao Y, Lynch K, Humphries KH, Pimstone SN, et al. Premature Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Trends in Incidence, Risk Factors, and Sex‐Related Differences, 2000 to 2016. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(14): e012178. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012178.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Ritchey MD, Wall HK, George MG, Wright JS. US trends in premature heart disease mortality over the past 50 years: Where do we go from here? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(6):364–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2019.09.005.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Arora S, Stouffer GA, Kucharska-Newton AM, Qamar A, Vaduganathan M, Pandey A, et al. Twenty Year Trends and Sex Differences in Young Adults Hospitalized With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2019;139(8):1047–56. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037137.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Gulati M, Cooper-DeHoff RM, McClure C, Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Handberg EM, et al. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(9):843–50. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Hemingway H, Langenberg C, Damant J, Frost C, Pyörälä K, Barrett-Connor E. Prevalence of angina in women versus men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international variations across 31 countries. Circulation. 2008;117(12):1526–36. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.720953.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Murthy VL, Naya M, Taqueti VR, Foster CR, Gaber M, Hainer J, et al. Effects of sex on coronary microvascular dysfunction and cardiac outcomes. Circulation. 2014;129(24):2518–27. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.113.008507.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Reis SE, Holubkov R, Conrad Smith AJ, Kelsey SF, Sharaf BL, Reichek N, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study. Am Heart J. 2001;141(5):735–41. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2001.114198.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Nguyen PK, Nag D, Wu JC. Sex differences in the diagnostic evaluation of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011;18(1):144–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-010-9315-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Bouchardy J, Testuz A, Blanche C. Gender aspects in cardiac imaging. Cardiovasc Med. 2019;5. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2019.02069.

60.

Brush JE Jr, Krumholz HM, Greene EJ, Dreyer RP. Sex Differences in Symptom Phenotypes Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(2):e005948. https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.119.005948.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6–245. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Keteepe-Arachi T, Sharma S. Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Understanding Symptoms and Risk Factors. Eur Cardiol. 2017;12(1):10–3. https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2016:32:1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

• Greenwood BN, Carnahan S, Huang L. Patient-physician gender concordance and increased mortality among female heart attack patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(34):8569–74. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800097115. Findings from this study indicate that gender concordance between patients and physicians improves outcomes and treatment success highlighting the need for increased representation of women in cardiology.

64.

Eastwood JA, Johnson BD, Rutledge T, Bittner V, Whittaker KS, Krantz DS, et al. Anginal symptoms, coronary artery disease, and adverse outcomes in Black and White women: the NHLBI-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013;22(9):724–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.4031.CrossRef

65.

Services CfMM. ACO shared savings program quality measures. Services. CfMM, editor.2017.

66.

Boltri JM, Okosun IS, Davis-Smith M, Vogel RL. Hemoglobin A1c levels in diagnosed and undiagnosed black, Hispanic, and white persons with diabetes: results from NHANES 1999–2000. Ethn Dis. 2005;15(4):562–7.PubMed

67.

McFarlane SI, Chen SC, Whaley-Connell AT, Sowers JR, Vassalotti JA, Salifu MO, et al. Prevalence and associations of anemia of CKD: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(4 Suppl 2):S46-55. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.019.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Gu Q, Burt VL, Dillon CF, Yoon S. Trends in antihypertensive medication use and blood pressure control among United States adults with hypertension: the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001 to 2010. Circulation. 2012;126(17):2105–14. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.112.096156.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new joint national committee guidelines: new challenges of the old problem. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(19):2126–34. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.19.2126.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Nsiah-Kumi P, Ortmeier SR, Brown AE. Disparities in diabetic retinopathy screening and disease for racial and ethnic minority populations–a literature review. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009;101(5):430–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30929-9.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Narres M, Claessen H, Droste S, Kvitkina T, Koch M, Kuss O, et al. The Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease in the Diabetic (Compared to the Non-Diabetic) Population: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(1):e0147329. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147329.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Caballero AE. Type 2 diabetes in the Hispanic or Latino population: challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007;14(2):151–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e32809f9531.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Leifheit-Limson EC, D’Onofrio G, Daneshvar M, Geda M, Bueno H, Spertus JA, et al. Sex Differences in Cardiac Risk Factors, Perceived Risk, and Health Care Provider Discussion of Risk and Risk Modification Among Young Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The VIRGO Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(18):1949–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.859.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Rathore SS, Berger AK, Weinfurt KP, Feinleib M, Oetgen WJ, Gersh BJ, et al. Race, sex, poverty, and the medical treatment of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Circulation. 2000;102(6):642–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.102.6.642.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Mickelson JK, Blum CM, Geraci JM. Acute myocardial infarction: clinical characteristics, management and outcome in a metropolitan Veterans Affairs Medical Center teaching hospital. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(5):915–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00034-x.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Bugiardini R, Ricci B, Cenko E, Vasiljevic Z, Kedev S, Davidovic G, et al. Delayed Care and Mortality Among Women and Men With Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(8). https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.117.005968.

77.

Skelding KA, Boga G, Sartorius J, Wood GC, Berger PB, Mascarenhas VH, et al. Frequency of coronary angiography and revascularization among men and women with myocardial infarction and their relationship to mortality at one year: an analysis of the Geisinger myocardial infarction cohort. J Interv Cardiol. 2013;26(1):14–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/joic.12009.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Guzman LA, Li S, Wang TY, Daviglus ML, Exaire J, Rodriguez CJ, et al. Differences in treatment patterns and outcomes between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites treated for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results from the NCDR ACTION Registry-GWTG. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(6):630–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.882.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

79.

DeVon HA, Burke LA, Nelson H, Zerwic JJ, Riley B. Disparities in patients presenting to the emergency department with potential acute coronary syndrome: it matters if you are Black or White. Heart Lung. 2014;43(4):270–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2014.04.019.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Arora S, Stouffer GA, Kucharska-Newton A, Vaduganathan M, Qamar A, Matsushita K, et al. Fifteen-Year Trends in Management and Outcomes of Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Among Black and White Patients: The ARIC Community Surveillance Study, 2000–2014. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(19):e010203. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.118.010203.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Canto JG, Rogers WJ, Goldberg RJ, Peterson ED, Wenger NK, Vaccarino V, et al. Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality. JAMA. 2012;307(8):813–22. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.199.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Goff DC Jr, Nichaman MZ, Ramsey DJ, Meyer PS, Labarthe DR. A population-based assessment of the use and effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy. The Corpus Christi Heart Project. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5(3):171–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/1047-2797(94)00103-z.

83.

Hannan EL, van Ryn M, Burke J, Stone D, Kumar D, Arani D, et al. Access to coronary artery bypass surgery by race/ethnicity and gender among patients who are appropriate for surgery. Med Care. 1999;37(1):68–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199901000-00010.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139–596. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000757.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Colvin M, Smith JM, Hadley N, Skeans MA, Uccellini K, Goff R, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2018 Annual Data Report: Heart. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(s1):340–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15676.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Chouairi F, Fuery M, Clark KA, Mullan CW, Stewart J, Caraballo C, et al. Evaluation of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiac Transplantation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(17):e021067. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.021067.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Okoh AK, Selevanny M, Singh S, Hirji S, Singh S, Al Obaidi N, et al. Racial disparities and outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation as a bridge to heart transplantation. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(5):2744–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12866.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Hernandez AF, Fonarow GC, Liang L, Al-Khatib SM, Curtis LH, LaBresh KA, et al. Sex and Racial Differences in the Use of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Among Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure. JAMA. 2007;298(13):1525–32. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.13.1525.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Okunrintemi V, Spatz ES, Di Capua P, Salami JA, Valero-Elizondo J, Warraich H, et al. Patient-Provider Communication and Health Outcomes Among Individuals With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2010 to 2013. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(4). https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.117.003635.

90.

Okunrintemi V, Valero-Elizondo J, Patrick B, Salami J, Tibuakuu M, Ahmad S, et al. Gender Differences in Patient-Reported Outcomes Among Adults With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(24):e010498. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.118.010498.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

91.

Shabat S, Folman Y, Arinzon Z, Adunsky A, Catz A, Gepstein R. Gender differences as an influence on patients’ satisfaction rates in spinal surgery of elderly patients. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(10):1027–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-004-0808-z.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Gooding HC, Brown CA, Liu J, Revette AC, Stamoulis C, de Ferranti SD. Will Teens Go Red? Low Cardiovascular Disease Awareness Among Young Women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(6):e011195. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.118.011195.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

93.

Mosca L, Hammond G, Mochari-Greenberger H, Towfighi A, Albert MA. Fifteen-Year Trends in Awareness of Heart Disease in Women. Circulation. 2013;127(11):1254–63. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318287cf2f.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

94.

Mosca L, Mochari-Greenberger H, Dolor RJ, Newby LK, Robb KJ. Twelve-year follow-up of American women’s awareness of cardiovascular disease risk and barriers to heart health. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3(2):120–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.109.915538.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

95.

• García JA PD, Romano PS, Kravitz RL. Patient preferences for physician characteristics in university-based primary care clinics. Ethnic Dis. 2003;13(2):259-67. Findings from this study demonstrate that race/ethnic concordance between patients and providers leads patients to perceive providers as more empathetic and highlights the importance of diversity in the physician workforce.

96.

Villani J, Mortensen K. Decomposing the Gap in Satisfaction with Provider Communication Between English- and Spanish-Speaking Hispanic Patients. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16(2):195–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9733-0.CrossRefPubMed

97.

Herbert BM, Johnson AE, Paasche-Orlow MK, Brooks MM, Magnani JW. Disparities in Reporting a History of Cardiovascular Disease Among Adults With Limited English Proficiency and Angina. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(12):e2138780-e. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38780.

98.

Foiles Sifuentes AM, Robledo Cornejo M, Li NC, Castaneda-Avila MA, Tjia J, Lapane KL. The Role of Limited English Proficiency and Access to Health Insurance and Health Care in the Affordable Care Act Era. Health Equity. 2020;4(1):509–17. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0057.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

99.

Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Zaharris E, MacFadyen J, Danielson E, et al. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(15):1610–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.15.1610.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

100.

Wei S, Le N, Zhu JW, Breathett K, Greene SJ, Mamas MA, et al. Factors Associated With Racial and Ethnic Diversity Among Heart Failure Trial Participants: A Systematic Bibliometric Review. Circ: Heart Fail. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008685.

101.

Campbell LG, Mehtani S, Dozier ME, Rinehart J. Gender-Heterogeneous Working Groups Produce Higher Quality Science. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e79147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079147.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

102.

Raphael D. Adolescence as a gateway to adult health outcomes. Maturitas. 2013;75(2):137–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.013.CrossRefPubMed

103.

Tong IG, B. Trott, J. Romano, M. Stein, AB. The Proportion of Women Authors and the Inclusion of Sex and Gender Content Among the American College of Cardiology Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2008–2018. J Women's Health. 2021;30(11):1616–25. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8454.

104.

Lau ES, Wood MJ. How do we attract and retain women in cardiology? Clin Cardiol. 2018;41(2):264–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22921.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

105.

Mehta LS, Fisher K, Rzeszut AK, Lipner R, Mitchell S, Dill M, et al. Current Demographic Status of Cardiologists in the United States. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(10):1029–33. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3247.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

106.

Khan MS, Mahmood S, Khan SU, Fatima K, Khosa F, Sharma G, et al. Women Training in Cardiology and Its Subspecialties in the United States. Circulation. 2020;141(7):609–11. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044693.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

107.

Almond D, Chay K, Greenstone M. Civil Rights, the War on Poverty, and Black-White Convergence in Infant Mortality in the Rural South and Mississippi. SSRN Electron J. 2006. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.961021.CrossRef

108.

Johnson KA, Showell NN, Flessa S, Janssen M, Reid N, Cheskin LJ, et al. Do Neighborhoods Matter? A Systematic Review of Modifiable Risk Factors for Obesity among Low Socio-Economic Status Black and Hispanic Children. Child Obes. 2019;15(2):71–86. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2018.0044.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

109.

Sgambat K, Roem J, Brady TM, Flynn JT, Mitsnefes M, Samuels JA, et al. Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health in African American Children With CKD: An Analysis of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;78(1):66–74. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.11.013.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

110.

Clark L, Lingegowda U. Acute coronary syndromes in black Americans: Is treatment different? Should it be? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2005;7:249–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-005-0045-z.CrossRefPubMed

111.

•• Basile Ibrahim B, Barcelona V, Condon EM, Crusto CA, Taylor JY. The Association Between Neighborhood Social Vulnerability and Cardiovascular Health Risk Among Black/African American Women in the InterGEN Study. Nurs Res. 2021;70(5S Suppl 1):S3-s12. https://doi.org/10.1097/nnr.0000000000000523. Findings from this study document the role of structural racism in perpertuating health inequities and highlight the need for a multifaceted approach to address racial health inequities.

112.

Conway-Phillips R, Dagadu H, Motley D, Shawahin L, Janusek LW, Klonowski S, et al. Qualitative evidence for Resilience, Stress, and Ethnicity (RiSE): A program to address race-based stress among Black women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102277.CrossRefPubMed

113.

Black-white disparities in health care. JAMA. 1990;263(17):2344–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440170066038.CrossRef

114.

Green AR, Carney DR, Pallin DJ, Ngo LH, Raymond KL, Iezzoni LI, et al. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(9):1231–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0258-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

115.

Finucane TE, Carrese JA. Racial bias in presentation of cases. J Gen Intern Med. 1990;5(2):120–1. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02600511.CrossRefPubMed

116.

van Ryn M, Burke J. The effect of patient race and socio-economic status on physicians’ perceptions of patients. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50(6):813–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00338-x.CrossRefPubMed

117.

van Ryn M. The Implications of Social Cognition Research and Theory for the Provider Contri bution to Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Health Care. Commissioned paper prepared for the Physicians for Human Rights Committee on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diagnosis and Treatment in the U.S. Health Care System Physicians for Human Rights. 2001.

118.

Lillie-Blanton M, Maddox TM, Rushing O, Mensah GA. Disparities in Cardiac Care: Rising to the Challenge of Healthy People 2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(3):503–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.04.043.CrossRefPubMed

119.

Lundberg GP, Mehta LS, Sanghani RM, Patel HN, Aggarwal NR, Aggarwal NT, et al. Heart Centers for Women: Historical Perspective on Formation and Future Strategies to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2018;138(11):1155–65. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.035351.CrossRefPubMed

120.

Initiative ACoCDaI: Clinical Trials Research: Upping Your Game Course Overview. 2021. https://www.acc.org/CTR2020. Accessed 23 Jan 2022

121.

Michos ED, Reddy TK, Gulati M, Brewer LC, Bond RM, Velarde GP, et al. Improving the enrollment of women and racially/ethnically diverse populations in cardiovascular clinical trials: An ASPC practice statement. Am J Prevent Cardiol. 2021;8:100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100250.

122.

Trust HRE. Becoming a culturally competent health care organization. Health Res Educ Trust 2013.

123.

Wilson-Stronks A, Mutha S. From the perspective of CEOs: what motivates hospitals to embrace cultural competence? J Healthc Manag. 2010;55(5):339–51; discussion 51–2.

124.

Obermeyer Z, Powers B, Vogeli C, Mullainathan S. Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science. 2019;366(6464):447–53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342.CrossRefPubMed

125.

Tat E, Bhatt DL, Rabbat MG. Addressing bias: artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine. Lancet Digit Health. 2020;2(12):e635–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30249-1.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Care in Women
verfasst von: Rachel-Maria Brown
Samia Tamazi
Catherine R. Weinberg
Aeshita Dwivedi
Jennifer H. Mieres
Publikationsdatum: 08.07.2022
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Current Cardiology Reports / Ausgabe 9/2022
Print ISSN: 1523-3782
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-3170
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-022-01738-w

Neu im Fachgebiet Kardiologie

16.04.2024 | Chronische Herzinsuffizienz | Nachrichten

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Care in Women

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Neu im Fachgebiet Kardiologie

Sind Betablocker auch für ältere herzschwache Personen nützlich?

Stillende Frauen haben geringeres kardiovaskuläres Risiko

Selbstexpandierende TAVI-Klappen bei kleinem Aortenanulus im Vorteil

Verbesserung der HDL-Funktion als Lipidtherapie floppt in Mega-Studie

Update Kardiologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 9/2022

Advanced Echocardiographic Techniques in Cardio-Oncology: the Role for Early Detection of Cardiotoxicity

Titin-related Cardiomyopathy: Is it a Distinct Disease?

SAMSON and the Nocebo Effect: Management of Statin Intolerance

Tricuspid Valve Percutaneous Therapies

Update on Minimalist TAVR Care Pathways: Approaches to Care in 2022

Keto is Trending: Implications for Body Weight and Lipid Management

Neu im Fachgebiet Kardiologie

Sind Betablocker auch für ältere herzschwache Personen nützlich?

Stillende Frauen haben geringeres kardiovaskuläres Risiko

Selbstexpandierende TAVI-Klappen bei kleinem Aortenanulus im Vorteil

Verbesserung der HDL-Funktion als Lipidtherapie floppt in Mega-Studie

Update Kardiologie