Background
Methods
Study design and population
Sample size
Sampling procedure
Governorates | Population size | Percentages of population | Estimated sample size | Collected sample |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beirut | 342,000 | 7 | 153 | 162 |
Mount Lebanon | 203,3000 | 42 | 911 | 925 |
North Lebanon | 638,000 | 13 | 286 | 163 |
Akkar | 324,000 | 7 | 145 | 119 |
Bekaa | 298,000 | 6 | 134 | 143 |
Baalbek El-Hermel | 245,000 | 5 | 110 | 112 |
South Lebanon | 584,000 | 12 | 262 | 269 |
Nabatieh | 379,000 | 8 | 170 | 165 |
Lebanon | 4,842,000 | 100 | 2170 | 2058 |
Data collection
Serological analyses
Ethical statement
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Characteristics | N | % |
---|---|---|
Overall | 2058 | |
Age mean (SD) | 37.8 ± 16.7 | |
Age groups, years | ||
≤ 19 | 293 | 14.2 |
20–29 | 403 | 19.6 |
30–39 | 366 | 17.8 |
40–49 | 360 | 17.5 |
50–59 | 320 | 15.5 |
≥ 60 | 200 | 9.7 |
Missing data | 116 | 5.6 |
Sex | ||
Male | 851 | 41.4 |
Female | 1207 | 58.6 |
Comorbidities | ||
Yes | 270 | 13.1 |
No | 1432 | 69.6 |
Don’t know | 356 | 17.3 |
History of positive PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 | ||
Yes | 60 | 2.9 |
No | 1642 | 79.8 |
Don’t know | 356 | 17.3 |
Presence of symptoms for who those who had a history of positive PCRa | ||
Yes | 43 | 71.6 |
No | 17 | 28.4 |
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Characteristics | N | N Positive | Crude | p-value | Weighted* | Adjusted for test performance | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 2058 | 329 | 16.0(14.4;17.6) | 15.9(14.4;17.4) | 18.5(16.8;20.2) | ||
Sex | 0.29 | 0.60 | |||||
Male | 1207 | 188 | 15.6(13.6;17.6) | 15.6(13.6;17.5) | 18.0(15.8;20.2) | ||
Female | 851 | 141 | 16.6(14.1;19.1) | 16.4(14.0;18.7) | 19.2(16.6;21.8) | ||
Age groups (years) | 0.08 | 0.08 | |||||
≤ 19 | 293 | 45 | 15.4(11.3;19.5) | 15.0(11.2;18.8) | 17.8(13.2;22.2) | ||
20–29 | 403 | 47 | 11.7(8.6;14.8) | 12.2(9.2;15.2) | 13.5(10.2;16.8) | ||
30–39 | 366 | 63 | 17.2(13.3;21.1) | 17.1(13.5;20.7) | 19.9(15.8;24.0) | ||
40–49 | 360 | 69 | 19.2(15.1;23.3) | 19.0(15.2;22.8) | 22.2(17.9;26.5) | ||
50–59 | 320 | 52 | 16.3(12.3;20.3) | 15.7(11.9;19.5) | 18.8(14.5;23.1) | ||
≥ 60 | 200 | 37 | 18.5(13.1;23.9) | 18.6(13.5;23.7) | 21.4(15.7;27.1) | ||
Governorates | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Baalbek El-Hermel | 112 | 33 | 29.5(21.1;37.9) | 29.8(21.0;38.6) | 34.1(25.3;42.9) | ||
North Lebanon | 163 | 30 | 18.4(12.5;24.3) | 18.2(12.2;24.2) | 21.3(15.0;27.6) | ||
Bekaa | 143 | 26 | 18.2(11.9;24.5) | 18.0(11.5;24.5) | 21.0(14.3;27.7) | ||
Mount Lebanon | 925 | 167 | 18.1(15.6;20.6) | 18.1(15.8;20.4) | 20.9(18.3;23.5) | ||
South Lebanon | 269 | 34 | 12.6(8.6;16.6) | 12.6(9.5;15.7) | 14.6(10.4;18.8) | ||
Akkar | 119 | 13 | 10.9(5.3;16.5) | 11.2(5.2;17.2) | 12.6(6.6;18.6) | ||
Beirut | 162 | 16 | 9.9(5.3;14.5) | 10.1(5.3;14.9) | 11.4(6.5;16.3) | ||
Nabatieh | 165 | 10 | 6.1(2.4;9.8) | 6.1(2.2;10.0) | 7.0(3.1;10.9) | ||
Comorbidities | 0.25 | 0.39 | |||||
Yes | 270 | 39 | 14.4(10.2;18.6) | 16.2(12.1;20.3) | 16.6(12.2;21.0) | ||
No | 1432 | 233 | 16.3(14.4;18.2) | 14.1(12.4;15.8) | 18.8(16.8;20.8) | ||
History of positive PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Yes | 60 | 38 | 63.3(51.1;75.5) | 63.2(51.7;74.7) | 73.3(62.1;84.5) | ||
No | 1642 | 234 | 14.3(12.6;16.0) | 14.1(12.5;15.7) | 16.5(14.7;18.3) |
Comparison of seroprevalence results with reported cases by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health
Governorates | Total Population | Weight-adjusted Seroprevalence % | Cumulative number of COVID-19* | Estimated number of subjects with previous COVID-19** n | Ratio of estimated number to Cumulative number of COVID-19 | Percentage of underestimated cases*** % (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beirut | 342,000 | 11.4 | 23,749 | 38,988 | 1.6 | 4.5(1.3;7.7) |
Mount Lebanon | 2,032,000 | 20.9 | 105,716 | 424,688 | 4.0 | 15.7(13.4;18.0) |
Baalbek El-Hermel | 245,000 | 34.1 | 14,417 | 83,545 | 5.8 | 28.2(19.9;36.5) |
Bekaa | 298,000 | 21.0 | 15,602 | 62,580 | 4.0 | 15.8(9.8;21.8) |
North Lebanon | 638,000 | 21.3 | 30,805 | 135,894 | 4.4 | 16.5(10.8;22.2) |
Akkar | 324,000 | 12.6 | 2,930 | 40,824 | 13.9 | 11.7(5.9;17.5) |
South Lebanon | 584,000 | 14.6 | 18,242 | 85,264 | 4.7 | 11.5(7.7;15.3) |
Nabatieh | 379,000 | 7.0 | 8910 | 26,530 | 3.0 | 4.6(1.4;7.8) |
Lebanon | 4,842,000 | 18.5 | 249,158 | 895,770 | 3.6 | 13.4 (11.9;14.9) |