Background
Methods
Research design and participants
Oral health questionnaire
Clinical examination
Statistical analysis
Results
General conditions
Deciduous dental caries status
Variables | Categories | Caries prevalence | dmft | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of surveyed (No. of cases with dental caries) | Caries prevalence (%) | P-value (statistics1) | Mean ± SD | P-value (statistics2) | ||
Age (years old) | 3 | 531 (156) | 29.38 | < 0.001** (−15.992a) | 1.09 ± 2.45 | < 0.001** (304.022b) |
4 | 3626 (1141) | 38.91 | 1.68 ± 3.08 | |||
5 | 3798 (1908) | 50.24 | 2.45 ± 3.57 | |||
6 | 3198 (1769) | 55.31 | 2.71 ± 3.69 | |||
Gender | Boys | 5972 (2818) | 47.19 | 0.702 (0.146) | 2.23 ± 3.43 | 0.574 (0.562c) |
Girls | 5181 (2426) | 46.82 | 2.19 ± 3.45 | |||
Household registration | Shanghai | 10,700 (4959) | 46.35 | < 0.001** (47.890) | 2.14 ± 3.38 | < 0.001** (−8.806d) |
Non-Shanghai | 453 (285) | 62.91 | 3.76 ± 4.43 | |||
Total | – | 11,153 (5244) | 47.02 | – | 2.21 ± 3.44 | – |
Variables | Categories | No. of surveyed (No. of cases with dental caries) | Caries prevalence (%) | P-value (statistics1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Guardians | Parents | 9002 (4196) | 46.61 | 0.076 (3.149a) |
Grandparents | 802 (400) | 49.88 | ||
Education level of guardians | Illiteracy | 26 (19) | 73.08 | < 0.001** (13.436) |
Primary school | 52 (36) | 69.23 | ||
Middle school | 497 (310) | 62.37 | ||
High school | 704 (403) | 57.24 | ||
Technical secondary school | 472 (270) | 57.20 | ||
Junior college | 2065 (1033) | 50.02 | ||
Undergraduate | 4532 (1958) | 43.20 | ||
Graduate and above | 1456 (567) | 38.94 | ||
Feeding patterns | Exclusive breastfeeding | 3162 (1570) | 49.65 | < 0.001** (20.015a) |
Predominant breastfeeding | 2057 (934) | 45.41 | ||
Exclusive artificial feeding | 1133 (550) | 48.54 | ||
Predominant artificial feeding | 919 (402) | 43.74 | ||
Combination feeding | 2533 (1140) | 45.01 | ||
Eating desserts and candies (times per week) | < 1 | 503 (216) | 42.94 | < 0.001** (−4.432) |
1–2 | 908 (401) | 44.16 | ||
3–4 | 1272 (595) | 46.78 | ||
5–6 | 3217 (1427) | 44.36 | ||
7–8 | 2824 (1403) | 49.68 | ||
> 8 | 1080 (554) | 51.30 | ||
Drinking sweetened beverages (times per week) | < 1 | 3544 (1465) | 41.34 | < 0.001** (−8.810) |
1–2 | 2548 (1219) | 47.84 | ||
3–4 | 1806 (890) | 49.28 | ||
5–6 | 1259 (672) | 53.38 | ||
7–8 | 506 (265) | 52.37 | ||
> 8 | 141 (85) | 60.28 | ||
Eating sweets before sleep (days per week) | Rarely/never (< 1) | 4079 (1563) | 38.32 | < 0.001** (13.962) |
Sometimes (1–3) | 5132 (2696) | 52.53 | ||
Often (> = 4) | 593 (337) | 56.83 | ||
The age of starting tooth- brushing (years old) | < 1 | 540 (183) | 33.89 | < 0.001** (−8.635) |
1 | 1424 (598) | 41.99 | ||
2 | 3304 (1503) | 45.49 | ||
3 | 2915 (1483) | 50.87 | ||
> = 4 | 1621 (829) | 51.14 | ||
Toothbrush (times per day) | < 1 | 5096 (2414) | 47.37 | 0.063 (1.860) |
1 | 3562 (1683) | 47.25 | ||
> = 2 | 1146 (499) | 43.54 | ||
Helping children brush teeth (days per week) | Rarely/never (< 1) | 1984 (984) | 49.60 | 0.001** (−3.332) |
Sometimes (1–3) | 4480 (2115) | 47.21 | ||
Often (4–6) | 276 (124) | 44.93 | ||
Everyday (7) | 3064 (1373) | 44.81 | ||
Parental perception about children’s oral health (score) | Poor (1–2) | 800 (701) | 87.63 | < 0.001** (36.423) |
Fair (3) | 2759 (1794) | 65.02 | ||
Good (4–5) | 6245 (2101) | 33.64 | ||
Score of guardians’ oral health knowledge | 0–4 | 385 (182) | 47.27 | < 0.001** (3.516) |
5–9 | 1506 (791) | 52.52 | ||
10–14 | 7913 (3623) | 45.79 | ||
Total | – | 9804 (4596) | 46.88 | – |
Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with deciduous caries prevalence
Variables | Categories | β | Z-value | P-value | cPR | cPR 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | – | 0.371 | −15.710 | < 0.001** | 1.370 | 1.305–1.439 |
Gender | Boys | |||||
Girls | −0.033 | − 0.817 | 0.414 | 0.983 | 0.942–1.025 | |
Household registration | Non-Shanghai | |||||
Shanghai | −0.716 | −6.766 | < 0.001** | 0.722 | 0.668–0.780 | |
Guardians | Parents | |||||
Grandparents | 0.131 | 1.774 | 0.076 | 1.070 | 0.995–1.151 | |
Education level of guardians | Below high school | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
High school | −0.262 | −2.497 | 0.013* | 0.865 | 0.768–0.974 | |
College and above | −0.787 | −8.791 | < 0.001** | 0.692 | 0.644–0.743 | |
Feeding patterns | exclusive or predominant artificial feeding | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
exclusive or predominant breastfeeding | 0.064 | 1.218 | 0.223 | 1.034 | 0.980–1.092 | |
Combination feeding | −0.056 | − 0.938 | 0.348 | 0.971 | 0.911–1.033 | |
Frequency of eating desserts and candies | – | 0.069 | 4.427 | < 0.001** | 1.042 | 1.021–1.063 |
Frequency of drinking sweetened beverages | – | 0.138 | 8.778 | < 0.001** | 1.085 | 1.064–1.108 |
Eating sweets before sleep (days per week) | Rarely/never (< 1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Sometimes (1–3) | 0.577 | 13.541 | < 0.001** | 1.362 | 1.302–1.426 | |
Often (> = 4) | 0.751 | 8.443 | < 0.001** | 1.402 | 1.314–1.497 | |
The age of starting tooth- brushing | – | 0.162 | 8.607 | < 0.001** | 1.110 | 1.079–1.141 |
Toothbrush (times per day) | < 1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
1 | −0.005 | −0.112 | 0.911 | 0.997 | 0.953–1.044 | |
> = 2 | − 0.154 | −2.346 | 0.019 | 0.919 | 0.855–0.988 | |
Helping children brush teeth (days per week) | Rarely/never (< 1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Sometimes (1–3) | −0.096 | −1.772 | 0.076 | 0.950 | 0.898–1.006 | |
Often (4–6) | −0.187 | − 1.452 | 0.146 | 0.901 | 0.779–1.043 | |
Everyday (7) | −0.192 | −3.328 | 0.001 | 0.901 | 0.847–0.959 | |
Parental perception about children’s oral health | – | −0.957 | −33.800 | < 0.001** | 0.952 | 0.947–0.958 |
Score of guardians’ oral health knowledge | – | −0.030 | −4.186 | < 0.001** | 0.987 | 0.981–0.992 |
Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with deciduous caries prevalence
Variables | Categories | β | Z-value | P-value | aPR | aPR 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | – | 0.351 | 12.875 | < 0.001** | 1.342 | 1.269–1.419 |
Gender | Boys | |||||
Girls | −0.015 | − 0.331 | 0.741 | 0.992 | 0.946–1.040 | |
Household registration | Non-Shanghai | |||||
Shanghai | −0.347 | −2.811 | 0.005** | 0.843 | 0.756–0.941 | |
Guardians | Parents | |||||
Grandparents | 0.051 | 0.589 | 0.556 | 1.027 | 0.940–1.122 | |
Education level of guardians | Below high school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
High school | −0.219 | −1.884 | 0.060 | 0.886 | 0.777–1.010 | |
College and above | −0.624 | −5.900 | < 0.001** | 0.740 | 0.677–0.810 | |
Feeding patterns | exclusive or predominant artificial feeding | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
exclusive or predominant breastfeeding | 0.147 | 2.519 | 0.012* | 1.081 | 1.017–1.150 | |
Combination feeding | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.985 | 1.001 | 0.934–1.072 | |
Frequency of eating desserts and candies | – | 0.004 | 0.200 | 0.842 | 1.002 | 0.982–1.022 |
Frequency of drinking sweetened beverages | – | 0.062 | 3.289 | 0.001** | 1.035 | 1.013–1.058 |
Eating sweets before sleep (days per week) | Rarely/never (< 1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Sometimes (1–3) | 0.367 | 7.502 | < 0.001** | 1.216 | 1.155–1.281 | |
Often (> = 4) | 0.553 | 5.469 | < 0.001** | 1.298 | 1.196–1.409 | |
The age of starting tooth- brushing | – | 0.124 | 5.010 | < 0.001** | 1.079 | 1.043–1.117 |
Toothbrush (times per day) | < 1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
1 | −0.100 | −1.979 | 0.048* | 0.948 | 0.899–1.000 | |
> = 2 | −0.516 | −5.527 | < 0.001** | 0.741 | 0.661–0.831 | |
Helping children brush teeth (days per week) | Rarely/never (< 1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Sometimes (1–3) | −0.188 | −2.732 | 0.007** | 0.905 | 0.841–0.972 | |
Often (4–6) | −0.134 | −0.910 | 0.362 | 0.929 | 0.790–1.093 | |
Everyday (7) | −0.031 | −0.411 | 0.681 | 0.983 | 0.907–1.066 | |
Parental perception about children’s oral health | – | −0.939 | −32.053 | < 0.001** | 0.951 | 0.945–0.956 |
Score of guardians’ oral health knowledge | – | −0.017 | −2.007 | 0.045* | 0.992 | 0.985–0.999 |
Constant | – | 2.045 | 7.140 | < 0.001** | – | – |